Q-Format number representation. Lecture 5 Fixed Point vs Floating Point. How to store Q30 number to 16-bit memory? Q-format notation.

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1 Lecture 5 Fixed Point vs Floating Point Objectives: Understand fixed point representations Understand scaling, overflow and rounding in fixed point Understand Q-format Understand TM32C67xx floating point representations Understand relationship between the two in C6x architecture Reference: "What Every Computer cientist hould Know About Floating-Point Arithmetic" by David GoldbergACM Computing urveys 23, 5 (March 1991). Lecture 5 - Fixed point vs Floating point 5-1 Q-Format number representation N-bit fixed point, 2 s complement number is given by: x = b N-1 N 1 N 2 1 N 12 + bn b1 2 + b 2 imaginary binary point Difficult to work with due to possible overflow & scaling problems Often normalise number to some fractional representation (e.g. between ± 1) x = b N-1 1 N 2 N 1 N 12 + bn b1 2 + b 2 imaginary binary point Lecture 5 - Fixed point vs Floating point 5-2 Q-format notation How to store Q3 number to 16-bit memory? Q-format representation: if N=16, 15 bit fractional representation Q15 format Rule: Q m + Q m Q m Q m x Q n Q m+n Assume 16-bit data format, Q15 x Q15 Q3 X Q15 Q15 Q toring Q3 number to 16-bit memory requires rounding or truncation: Q3 Rounding: if r =, round down, r = 1, round up rounding by addition a '1' here 15 r + 1 MPY A3,A4,A6 ; A3 x A4 A6 NOP ; Delay slot K 4h,A6 ; rounding add HR A6,15,A6 ; truncate bottom 15 bits TH A6,*A7 ; A6 mem[a7] Lecture 5 - Fixed point vs Floating point 5-3 Lecture 5 - Fixed point vs Floating point 5-4

2 Avoid overflow with afe add routine in C to avoid overflow - saturation add instruction Always clip to max (or min) possible et bit 9 of the CR register to indicate saturation has occurred Lecture 5 - Fixed point vs Floating point 5-5 Lecture 5 - Fixed point vs Floating point 5-6 ingle Precsion Floating Point number Easy (and lazy) way of dealing with scaling problem 32-bit single precision floating point: single precision x = 8-bit exp s exp bit frac 1. frac MB is sign-bit (same as fixed point) 8-bit exponent in bias-127 integer format (i.e., add 127 to it) 23-bit to represent only the fractional part of the mantissa. The MB of the mantissa is ALWAY 1, therefore it is not stored < x < Double Precision Floating Point number 64-bit double precision floating point: double precision bit exp 52-bit frac Odd register (e.g. A5) Even register (e.g. A4) x s = < exp frac x < MB is sign-bit (same as fixed point) 11-bit exponent in bias-123 integer format (i.e., add 123 to it) 52-bit to represent only the fractional part of the mantissa. The MB of the mantissa is ALWAY 1, therefore it is not stored 38 Lecture 5 - Fixed point vs Floating point 5-7 Lecture 5 - Fixed point vs Floating point 5-8

3 Convert 5.75 to P FP Examples 5.75 to binary: x 2 2 exponent in bias-127 is = 129 = 1 b The fractional part is after we drop the hidden 1 bit. Answer: = 4B8 (hex) Convert.1 to DP FP.1 to binary: (11 repeats) x 2-4 exponent in bias-123 is = 119 = b The fractional part is after we drop the hidden 1 bit and rounding Answer: = 3FB A (hex). Problems of Q-format Wrong Q-format representation will give totally wrong results Even correct use of Q-format notation may reduce precision For this example, Q12 result is totally wrong, and Q8 result is imprecise: Q Q * Q Q Q Lecture 5 - Fixed point vs Floating point 5-9 Lecture 5 - Fixed point vs Floating point 5-1 Data types used by C6x DPs pecial P numbers IEEE floating point standard has a set of special numbers: pecial ign (s) Exponent (e) Fraction (f) Hex Value Decimal + x. - 1 x x3f x4 2. +Inf 255 x7f8 + -Inf xff8 - NaN x 255 Nonzero x7fff FFFF not a number LFPN 254 All 1 s x7f7f FFFF e+38 FPN 1 All s x e-38 Lecture 5 - Fixed point vs Floating point 5-11 Lecture 5 - Fixed point vs Floating point 5-12

4 pecial DP numbers TM32C67x Internal ystem Architecture Double precision floating point special numbers: pecial Exponent (e) Fraction (f) Hex Value Decimal + x. - x x3ff x4 2. +Inf 247 x7ff + -Inf 247 xfff - NaN 247 Nonzero x7fff FFFF FFFF FFFF not a number LFPN 246 All 1 s x7fef FFFF FFFF FFFF e+38 FPN 1 All s x e-38 External Memory P E R I P H E R A L Regs (A-A15/31) Internal Memory Internal Buses.D1.M1.L1.1 CPU.D2.M2.L2.2 Regs (B-B15/31) Lecture 5 - Fixed point vs Floating point 5-13 Lecture 5 - Fixed point vs Floating point 5-14 Four functional units for each datapath Mapping of instructions to functional units..l.d.m K 2 AND B CLR EXT C K KH AB LDB LDDW. Unit NOT OR ET HL HR HL UB UB2 XOR ZERO ABP ABDP CMPGTP CMPEQP CMPLTP CMPGTDP CMPEQDP CMPLTDP RCPP RCPDP RQRP RQRDP PDP.D Unit (B/H/W) TB (B/H/W) (B/H/W) UB UBAB (B/H/W) ZERO AB AND CMPEQ CMPGT CMPLT LMBD NORM MPY MPYH MPYLH MPYHL.L Unit NOT P OR DP UBP AT UBDP UB INTP UB INTDP UBC PINT XOR DPINT ZERO PRTUNC DPTRUNC DPP.M Unit MPY MPYH MPYP MPYDP MPYI MPYID No Unit Used NOP IDLE Lecture 5 - Fixed point vs Floating point 5-15 Lecture 5 - Fixed point vs Floating point 5-16

5 Detailed internal datapaths Data path A Data path B Lecture 5 - Fixed point vs Floating point 5-17

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