Potential & Kinetic Energy, Heat Transfer
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- Caren Wilkinson
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1 Question 1: Match column A to column B: (10) Column A Column B Answer: 1.1 producer A energy transfer through space fossil fuels B Volts kinetic energy C stored energy energy measurement D green plants glass E heat energy currents F chemical energy aluminium G Joules thermal energy H convection potential energy I conductor radiation J insulator 1.10 K energy of movement Question 2: Define the following in detail: (7) 2.1 energy system 2.2 energy transformation 2.3 energy transfer 2.4 thermal equilibrium 2.5 conduction 2.6 convection 2.7 radiation 1 of 12
2 Question 3: Refer to the diagram below, then answer the questions which follow: 3.1 This diagram illustrates the process of. (1) 3.2 Explain how energy is transferred during this process. (3) 3.3 An object that can transfer energy between its particles is called a/an and an object that cannot transfer energy is called a/an. (2) 3.4 What is the main method of heat transfer in liquids? (1) 3.5 What is the main method of heat transfer through space? (1) Question 4: The experiment illustrated below was done to determine which of the five materials tested is the best conductor of heat. Five rods, made of different materials, with a pin attached by a thin layer of candle wax, were heated. The time it took for the wax to melt and the pin to drop was measured for each material and the results were tabulated. Material Time in seconds before pin fell glass 450 copper 50 aluminium 67 lead 200 brass 75 2 of 12
3 4.1 What is the aim of the experiment? (1) 4.2 What are the dependent variables in this experiment? (2) 4.3 What are the independent variables in this experiment? (2) 4.4 What are the fixed variables in this experiment? (2) 4.5 Display the data of this experiment in a graph of your own choice. 3 of 12
4 Question 5: Identify the type of energy system illustrated in each image and complete the system diagram for each: (16) INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT Question 6: Answer the following questions in full: 6.1 Explain the energy transfer in a simple food chain. (4) 4 of 12
5 6.2 Discuss the law of energy conservation and energy transformation, using riding a bicycle as an example. (4) Question 7: Study the diagram below and answer each question with reasons: 7.1 At what point in this diagram is the potential energy of the cart at its most? (2) 7.2 What type of energy did the cart use to move from point W to point X? (2) 7.3 What type of energy will the cart gain from point X to point Y? (2) Question 8: The Grade 7 Science class has to complete the following experiment to demonstrate convection currents in water: Fill a glass beaker with water. Place the jar on a tripod with a funnel inside that touches the bottom of the glass beaker. Carefully add a few drops of red food colouring through the funnel. Heat the experiment with the flame from a bunsen burner. 5 of 12
6 8.1 Draw and label a scientific diagram of the experiment. (7) 8.2 Draw arrows on your diagram to show the direction of the convection current. (2) 8.3 What will you observe? (2) 8.4 Explain why this observation will be made. (3) 8.5 Using your knowledge of convection currents, explain why you are advised to stay low to the ground when there is a fire in a room? (2) 6 of 12
7 Question 9: Refer to the diagram, then answer the questions which follow: white paper black paper aluminium foil clear cling wrap Four identical boxes were covered with four different materials of different colours and placed in direct sunlight. The temperature inside each box was measured before the experiment and again after six hours. 9.1 What is the aim of the experiment? (1) 9.2 This experiment illustrates the transfer of heat energy by, which is known as. (2) 9.3 Identify the dependent variables in this experiment. (2) 9.4 Identify the independent variables in this experiment. (2) 9.5 What are the fixed or constant variables in this experiment? (2) 9.6 Is this a fair test? Explain what could have an influence on the fairness of this test. (2) 9.7 Formulate a hypothesis for this experiment. Explain your hypothesis. (3) 7 of 12
8 MEMO: Question 1: Match column A to column B: (10) Question 2: Define the following in detail: (7) 2.1 energy system An energy system is a set of parts that work together to release energy, which has the ability to do work. It consists of input, a process and output that can be measured. 2.2 energy transformation Energy transformation happens when energy changes from one form to another, example potential energy is transformed into kinetic energy. 2.3 energy transfer When energy is passed on from one link in the system to another, then energy is transferred, e.g. food chain. 2.4 thermal equilibrium The point at which two objects, which started with different temperatures, reach the same temperature. 2.5 conduction The transfer of energy between objects that are in direct physical contact with each other 2.6 convection The transfer of heat energy through the movement of particles in a liquid or a gas. 2.7 radiation The transfer of heat energy through waves, without any physical contact or movement of particles. Question 3: Column A Column B Answer: 1.1 producer A energy transfer through space 1.1 D 1.2 fossil fuels B Volts 1.2 F 1.3 kinetic energy C stored energy 1.3 K 1.4 energy measurement D green plants 1.4 G 1.5 glass E heat energy 1.5 J 1.6 currents F chemical energy 1.6 H 1.7 aluminum G Joules 1.7 I 1.8 thermal energy H convection 1.8 E 1.9 potential energy I conductor 1.9 C 1.10 radiation J insulator 1.10 A K energy of movement Refer to the diagram below, then answer the questions which follow: 3.1 This diagram illustrates the process of conduction. (1) 3.2 Explain how energy is transferred during this process. (3) When energy is transferred to an object, the particles of the object start to move and vibrate faster. As the particles move, they bump into other particles and energy is transferred from one particle to the next. This process is called conduction. 8 of 12
9 MEMO: 3.3 An object that can transfer energy between its particles is called a conductor and an object that cannot transfer energy is called an insulator. (2) 3.4 What the main method of heat transfer in liquids? (1) convection 3.5 What is the main method of heat transfer through space? (1) radiation Question 4: The experiment illustrated below was done to determine which of the five materials tested is the best conductor of heat. Five rods, made of different materials, with a pin attached by a thin layer of candle wax, were heated. The time it took for the wax to melt and the pin to drop was measured for each material and the results were tabulated. 4.1 What is the aim of the experiment? (1) The aim is to test the conductivity of different solid materials. 4.2 What are the dependent variables in this experiment? (2) The time in seconds it took before the pin fell. 4.3 What are the independent variables in this experiment? (2) The glass, copper, aluminium, lead and brass rods that are tested for conductivity. 4.4 What are the fixed variables in this experiment? (2) The heat of the flame of the bunsen burner, the wax and the pin. 4.5 Display the data of this experiment in a graph of your own choice. (5) Testing conductivity of five materials, measuring the time in seconds the material took to conduct the heat. Time in seconds for pin to drop glass copper aluminium lead brass Materials 9 of 12
10 MEMO: Question 5: Identify the type of energy system illustrated in each image and complete the system diagram for each: (16) electrical system biological system INPUT potential energy in mains electricity or cells/ batteries PROCESS electrical current flows through wires OUTPUT light energy - light bulb shines INPUT chemical potential energy in food PROCESS digestion of food to release energy stored in food OUTPUT kinetic energy - muscles move to make person run mechanical system thermal system INPUT potential energy in the coiled spring PROCESS Someone sitting on horse, pushing down on spring OUTPUT kinetic energy - horse moves up and down INPUT potential electrical energy in kettle PROCESS kettle heats up due to thermal transfer OUTPUT kinetic energy - water begins to boil Question 6: Answer the following questions in full: 6.1 Explain the energy transfer in a simple food chain. (4) The first source of energy in any food chain is the Sun. The energy from the Sun is trapped in plants, which then produce their own food through the process of photosynthesis. Plants are the producers in a food chain. Plants are then eaten by consumers (herbivores) and the energy is passed on to the animals. From there the energy is passed on from one organism to another. 6.2 Discuss the law of energy conservation and energy transformation, using riding a bicycle as an example. (4) The law of conservation of energy states that energy is changed from one form to another, but never disappears. It means energy can neither be created nor destroyed, but converted from one form to another. If you eat food, your body stores the potential energy. This energy is transformed in your body to kinetic energy which gives your muscles the strength to ride the bicycle. When you ride the bicycle, all the energy in your body is not transformed to kinetic energy, some of the energy is transformed to heat energy (when you sweat). (Just one example of how the energy is transformed, but not lost). 10 of 12
11 MEMO: Question 7: Study the diagram below and answer each question with reasons: 7.1 At what point in this diagram is the potential energy of the cart at its most? (2) At point W. The cart will have the most potential energy at the highest point of the rollercoaster. 7.2 What type of energy did the cart use to move from point W to point X? (2) Kinetic energy. The potential energy of the cart at the top of the roller coaster is transformed into kinetic energy when the cart goes down the slope. 7.3 What energy will the cart gain from point X and Y? (2) Potential energy. As the cart moves from X to Y, it gains potential energy for the next downslope. 8.1 Draw and label a scientific diagram of the experiment. (7) food colouring in flask funnel with food colouring glass beaker with water tripod stand Bunsen burner 8.2 Draw arrows on your diagram to show the direction of the convection currents. (2) 8.3 What will you observe? (2) The food colouring will start moving through the water in a circular pattern as the water is heated. 8.4 Explain why this observation will be made. (3) When water is heated, the water particles rise. Heated particles expand and become less dense or packed together. These particles are then pushed to the side by the rising particles of more hot water. Those particles at the surface cool down and lose their kinetic energy, becoming more dense again and falling back to the bottom of the beaker. 8.5 Using your knowledge of convection currents, explain why you are advised to stay low to the ground when there is a fire in a room? (2) When the particles of air heat up, they become less dense and rise up. That means that the convection currents will make the smoke rise up. If you stay low you will be less at risk of smoke inhalation. 11 of 12
12 MEMO: Question 9: Refer to the diagram, then answer the questions which follow: Four identical boxes were covered by four different materials of different colours and placed in direct sunlight. The temperature inside each box was measured before the experiment and again after six hours. 9.1 What is the aim of the experiment? (1) The aim of the experiment is to investigate the amount of radiant heat absorbed by different coloured surfaces. 9.2 This experiment illustrates the transfer of heat energy by waves, which is known as radiation. (2) 9.3 Identify the dependent variables in this experiment. (2) The temperature measured inside each of the boxes after six hours. 9.4 Identify the independent variables in this experiment. (2) The four boxes each covered in different materials: white paper, black paper, aluminium foil and clear cling wrap. 9.5 What are the fixed or constant variables in this experiment? (2) The number of hours each box is placed in the Sun and the position of each box (to ensure that each box gets exactly the same amount of sunlight). 9.6 Is this a fair test? Explain what could have an influence on the fairness of this test. (2) Yes, it is a fair test, but the time of the day and the exact position of the boxes in the Sun can have an influence on the outcome of the experiment. 9.7 Formulate a hypothesis for this experiment. Explain your hypothesis. (3) The temperature inside the box covered with the black paper will be the highest and the temperature inside the box covered with aluminium foil will be the lowest. Dark colours absorb heat energy and shiny colours reflect heat energy. 12 of 12
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