Cosmology - The Story of our Universe. Raghu Rangarajan Physical Research Laboratory Ahmedabad
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1 Cosmology - The Story of our Universe Raghu Rangarajan Physical Research Laboratory Ahmedabad
2 What is Cosmology? Study of our Universe today galaxies, clusters, superclusters Understanding the past history and future evolution of our Universe PAST PRESENT FUTURE
3 Cosmology - The Story of our Universe How old is the Universe? Existed forever or does it have a beginning? Will it exist forever, or have an end? What governs the motion of the stars?
4 Cosmology - The Story of our Universe Curiosity led to the development of science astronomy and mathematics in all societies Position and motion of stars and planets in the sky Calendar, navigation Telescope 17 th c. Galileo, Kepler
5 Cosmology - The Story of our Universe Curiosity led to the development of science astronomy and mathematics in all societies Gravity Galileo study falling bodies on Earth Kepler s laws of Planetary Motion Newton s law of Gravitation universal 17 th c. Einstein s theory of Gravity General Relativity Application to the Universe early 20 th c.
6 Observational Astronomy and Theory of General Relativity has given us today an understanding of the Cosmos
7 Course Outline I. Overview of what we know about our Universe II. Laws governing the evolution of the Universe III. Constituents of our Universe (radiation, matter incl. dark matter, dark energy) IV. Formation of Structure V. Physics of the very early Universe (t < 10-6 s) Interface with Particle Physics
8 Course Outline Tuesdays 5:00 6:30 pm, Fridays 5:30 7:00 pm, till Tuesday, Sept. 7 (5:00 7:00 pm) Assessment Attendance, Test Reading material Send to raghavan@prl.res.in
9 Course Outline I. Overview of what we know about our Universe II. Laws governing the evolution of the Universe III. Constituents of our Universe (radiation, matter incl. dark matter, dark energy) IV. Formation of Structure V. Physics of the very early Universe (t < 10-6 s) Interface with Particle Physics
10 Cosmology Make observations of our Universe today galaxies, clusters, superclusters Understand the past history and future evolution of our Universe PAST PRESENT FUTURE
11 PRESENT Stars with planets Galaxies Clusters of Galaxies Superclusters Voids
12 Galaxies Spherical, elliptical, spiral, irregular NGC 7331
13 Andromeda Galaxy
14 Galaxy Cluster
15 Superclusters and Voids
16 Present Structure: Galaxies, Clusters, Superclusters What is the Universe made up of?
17 Background radiation Ignore radiation from stars and galaxies Background of photons in the microwave Cosmic Microwave Background (2.725 K) Cosmic Neutrino Background (undetected) (light m < one-millionth electron mass, neutral, also from sun)
18 Luminous matter Protons, neutrons, electrons (interactions produce light)
19 Dark matter Dark matter ~ 10 Luminous matter
20 Dark Energy All distant galaxies are moving away from each other (spectra redshifted) Hubble 1929 Not because of intrinsic velocities but because space is expanding (Gen. Rel.) Universe is expanding
21 Dark Energy Observations indicate that the expansion rate of the Universe was decreasing for the first 9 billion years after the Big Bang and has been increasing for the last 5 billion years The earlier period of deceleration is understood. But we do not know what is causing this acceleration
22 Dark Energy Can be explained by modifying Einstein s equations in General Relativity by including 1. a constant term (Cosmological Constant), or 2. some new matter with a different equation of state than regular matter (Quintessence) in the energy density of the Universe Referred to as Dark Energy
23 Composition of our Universe Photons and neutrinos Protons, neutrons and electrons Dark Matter Dark Energy Quantify: Averaged over the Universe, how much contribute to the energy density (remember, mass is a form of energy)
24 Composition of our Universe Photons and neutrinos negligible
25 Composition of our Universe Photons and neutrinos negligible Protons, neutrons and electrons 5%
26 Composition of our Universe Photons and neutrinos negligible Protons, neutrons and electrons 5% Dark Matter 25% (DM/LM in galaxies ~ 10, overall ~ 5)
27 Composition of our Universe Photons and neutrinos negligible Protons, neutrons and electrons 5% Dark Matter 25% Dark Energy 70%
28 Composition of our Universe
29 Composition of our Universe
30 Cosmology PRESENT Astronomical Observations (Structure and Composition) PAST? FUTURE?
31 Questions? Was the Universe always like the present? Will the Universe continue to be like the present? All distant galaxies are moving away from each other (spectra redshifted) Universe is expanding
32 The Past Go back in time, all material that is in all galaxies around us was in a smaller and smaller region INITIAL STATE (14 b years ago) At the earliest instant, density very high All matter breaks down to elementary particles at high energies All matter moving out very fast
33 The Past Go back in time, all material that is in all galaxies around us was in a smaller and smaller region INITIAL STATE At the earliest instant, density/energy very high Expansion rate very high THE BIG BANG
34 THE BIG BANG Not an explosion of concentrated matter in space An initial state of rapid expansion of space (filled with matter) everywhere Coined by an opponent of the model
35 After the Big Bang First second hot primordial soup of electrons, protons, neutrons, dark matter 1 s 3 min light nuclei (helium, lithium,..) 400,000 years Atoms form 300 million years First stars form 1 billion years First galaxies form 9 billion years Universe is accelerating Solar system formed 14 billion years Today
36 The Future Universe keep expanding May continue to accelerate or may not Different expanding scenarios (also cyclic Universe models)
37 The Future Universe keep expanding All distant galaxies move away but galaxies retain their structure for a long time (100 trillion years) Galaxies move apart, Stars move apart, Stars break up Universe filled with dilute gas, dark and cold (50 b y) [Solar system destroyed long before that (6b y) ]
38 Summary We live in an expanding Universe Initial condition was a very dense, energetic, fast expanding state The Big Bang Today Universe of stars and galaxies, clusters and voids - structure Accelerated expansion today. Unsure about future
39 Outstanding Issues Why the Big Bang? Quantum Gravity What is the Dark Matter? LHC Can not make a definitive prediction of the future as some parameters are not measured yet. Observations may tell us more about the nature of Dark Energy
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