starbursts are formation of stars from galaxy collisions(gas compresses); they are not "bursts" outward. but "inward" to make stars;

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1 HIGHLIGHTS(PARTLY FROM OUTLINE) #Ch. 14, from center of milky way(sgr A, is our 4 million Msun black hole; NGC-4258 has 40 million Msun black hole assuming only thing within 0.2 pc from center on pg. 441): non -active BLACK HOLE Sgr A* at center; note that if orbit is circular, orbital speed is faster at small radius; if elliptical, orbit can be faster at closer radius of a longer ellipse, slower if shorter ellipse starbursts are formation of stars from galaxy collisions(gas compresses); they are not "bursts" outward. but "inward" to make stars; interaction between stars in a galaxy merger is non-stellar(non-blackbody) emission. It is relatively uniform at all frequencies.; the synchrotron radiation itself decreases with increasing frequency **The order of the logical cause of this gamma radiation, plus all other frequencies are: galaxy merger, starbursts(from compressed gas), quasars(in its definition, is: an "active" galaxy), x-rays. Redshifts (z) approximated from expansion of space-time: β = v/c pg. 420 is list of redshifts from f= ( ((1+ β) /(1- β)))fo approaching λ= ( ((1+ β)/(1- β))) λ 0 receding; (Δλ/ λ 0) + 1 = λ/ λ 0 z = Δλ/ λ 0 is the redshift; Add 1 to z and you get the factor the wavelength increased by over the lab wavelength Put it this way... a redshift greater than 1 is a very,very big expansion,

2 so shifted wavelength can be more than double the lab wavelength. Quasars can have redshifts up to 6.4(13 billion yrs ago); math: v =.96c for redshift of 6(12.7 bill yrs ago from pg. 420); pg.427: synchrotron radiation shows top and bottom electrons spiraling using right hand rule correctly, but center, are actually protons. #Chapter 15: Normal and Active Galaxies: Building Blocks of the Universe distance= v/ho where v is calculated from redshift formula; km/sec/mpc where 50-65km/sec/Mpc from supernova data; radiation can be thermal(blackbody), non-thermal(synchrotron), or a combo of both "non-thermal radiation" governs in an active galaxy; #Chapter 16: Hubble s Law and Dark Matter: The Large-Scale Structure of the Cosmos You have 2 orbiting galaxies with mass m and M(binary system): if m = M, vorb = pi*d/t, where D is ave. distance found by parallax; vorb=vmin+vmax/2; you can get M+m from D^3/T^2 and take 1/2 of that value to get M This is same as before for Kepler's laws. where R =D/2 for M=m,..or R= D for M>>m, or use Doppler info normal spiral galaxies and large ellipticals are between 10^11 and 10^12 Msun irregular galaxies are between 10^8 and 10^9 Msun dwarf ellipticals and dwarf irregulars are between 10^6 and 10^7 Msun cluster masses are between 10^13 and 10^14 Msun found by statistical analysis of gravitational binding

3 Dark energy is 73 % Dark Matter is 23 % Norm. matter is 4 % = 96% dark pg. 433: intracluster gas can be more than 10 million K; note that this is hot enough for fusion; May 27,2011: x-rays given off in filaments surrounding voids accounts for missing normal matter in the universe(density decreases and temp. increases) intracluster gas can be up to 40 million K using speed of protons(most of matter) to be 1000km/sec(mostly primordial gas) stars rarely collide, but the gas compresses ellipticals are getting redder because because stars burn out and aren't replaced ; spirals and irregular galaxies are blue as long as gas available for stellar evolution; galactic cannibalism occurs if one galaxy >>other galaxy(sagittarius dwarf now and magellanic clouds soon) merger of two spirals can cause elliptical galaxy as a result with an x-ray halo where the galaxy's original disc was Mhole = (1/200)*Mbulge in spiral; NGC-4258 has 40 million Msun within.2pc(.2pc is greater than schwartzchild radius where kepler's laws are obeyed with revolving stars); quasar epoch : lots 10 billion yrs ago lasting only a few million yrs chandra x-ray discovered a binary black hole, gravitational energy will be released in a galaxy merger; quasar feedback(regulation):absorbed energy from hole in quasar expels gas from galaxy, simultaneously shutting down star formation and quasar's fuel supply;

4 inactive galaxies can someday go active from nearby satellite galaxies, etc.(crating radio, seyfert, and others, but not quasars); brightest active galaxies(radio galaxies) are associated with large elliptical(elliptical is the effect); v=(ho)*d gives quasar at 4000 Mpc at 2.8x10^8 m/sec; v/c =2.8/3 =.9, so, v =.9c and is relativistic; at 5200 Mpc, v~c(actually.9c); (70km/sec/Mpc)*(1000Mpc) =.7x10^8 m/sec; v/c =.7/3 =.25, so, v=.25c; local supercluster(virgo supercluster) is Mpc across(10^15 Msun of material) and contain clusters within Mpc of Virgo; We(local cluster) live 18 Mpc from center; biggest voids are 100 Mpc across(interiors of giant bubbles); pg.447: Great Wall is 70 Mpc out of plane of page and 200 Mpc across!!! wow! Nothing in universe is bigger than this 200Mpc range; ****QUASAR ABSORPTION LINES: v=.8c for PHL 938; redshift is 1.954(5200 Mpc away)...but some redshifts show.613(gas moving away at.4c) from "intervening gas" 2200 Mpc away from quasar where absorption is taking place***** FIG pg.393(grav. brightening),fig pg. 450, FIG pg. 451(GRAV. LENSING), FIG pg. 452(DARK MATTER MAP FROM LENSING) #Chapter 17: Cosmology: The Big Bang and the Fate of the Universe pg baryons are 3 quarks, like protons and neutrons, for example; 300 Mpc from earth is a wall 250 Mpc(200 Mpc range) x 50 Mpc(sloan great wall); fig 17.1 is 67,000 galaxies in a 120 deg wide slice within a few degrees of the celestial equator chart assumes 70km/sec/Mpc;

5 It is like galactic collagen The coma cluster, above, is part of the Sloan Great wall. Universe is isotropic over the 200 Mpc range, which leads to the Olber s Paradox which can be explained by the theory that light has not yet reached us, so the sky is not uniformly bright..because light hasn t had time to reach us yet from the big bang.yet. The Universe is finite, but it is still evolving, and some light hasn t reached us yet from the beginning and light hasn t reached us from what is being created right now in stellar evolution pg. 460(sec. 17.2): 14 billion years is 70 km/sec//mpc: volume is increasing, so temp. and density is decreasing; Pressure is decreasing because of the pressure gradient outward; this outward pressure is either without or greater than dark energy pg. 461 We are confined to the skin of an 11 dimensional expanding balloon; you cannot visualize this The analogy of nothing inside the balloon and nothing outside balloon only works for 3 dimensions ; we only know about the skin; supposedly, in 11-D, there is no void from the past and no void in the future; the Big Bang happened everywhere A wavelength in an expanding universe(balloon) will redshift, so we can get the age of the universe from redshift formula 9x10^-27 kg/m^3 is critical density, ρ c, which is only 5H atoms per cubic meter; our universe is very close to this now. Picture for pg.464 below

6 density,ρ, critical density, ρc cosm. constant delta(einsteinian curvature), Λ cosm density parameter Ωo, = ρ/ ρc (and is opposite to Λ) pg.466 is supernova data and dark energy; now we need top take into account, acceleration; pg.468 pic is different than the good one, pg.471

7 pg.470 (sec. 17.4) says the universe is precisely critical density Ωo =1, but from pg. 476(sec. 17.7), has to be or something; it couldn t have been that way at the beginning or the density would be far from critical today, so universe expansion is different now than before - COBE found 2.7K background which is the result of the cause: the redshift of gamma from the big bang; Energy from all the microwaves of the CMB(CBR) > 10 Energy of all stars after big bang was radiation dominated (photons) and then was just matter dominated, BUT is now Dark Energy dominated most mass is dark matter mass like in elusive subatomic particles like neutrinos SURFACE OF LAST SCATTERING(referenced around Earth as observer at a distance of 14,000 Mpc(redshift of 1100))): inside this photosphere of last scattering universe transparent to photons, but outside is opaque; even though earth is expanding on the skin of a balloon, in 3 dimensions within 14,000 Mpc, but each direction is different: Deep Thoughts: 1)in vacuum space: we are looking at light back in time

8 2)in plane: same shell as us, but these are local areas which expand and redshift outward 3)outside of vacuum space: we are looking at shells which expanded further than our shell? deep pg ,000 years is last interaction with matter from microwave photons(actually 380,000 years) Universe is relatively flat now! Big Bang Order of Events: Big bang!!! t = 0 sec.; temperature unknown at sec, T = K T = K, all forces are starting to separate from GUT era K ios GUT where all forces look the same; - from sec to sec is is inflation era due to vacuum energy(think of hypernova where supernova was stalled by black hole, but once far enough away, field of gravity reduces enough to allow expansion) vacuum energy is called quintessence Einstein s dark energy is different and winning in theory over vacuum energy sec is length in time to get to factor(10-25 to meters to go from to sec); fyi: I calculated sec for length in time; every source has different data: (10-34 sec is vacuum energy from book, to sec is Wikipedia) 10-6 sec to 1 sec, baryons(neutrons and protons) formed t= 1 sec; neutrinos stopped interacting; wavelength that is less than 10x10^-12 m is classified as gamma radiation; 4 trillion deg. C or 2x10^12 K or 175 MeV/particle is the quark-gluon plasma : nm = picometers pretty tiny wavelength xrays emitted,by definition, by e-s outside the nucleus (you can bombard a n=1 e- with an external e- to cause e_ to go from 2-1 in some heavy atoms)while gamma rays are emitted by nucleus t=3 min is 0.9x 10 9 K (900 million K); ionized deuterium, then Helium, and then Lithium;

9 after minutes(long time for big bang), ¼ He like now neutral atoms at 100,000 years and temp. is a few 1000K(neutral atom transparency begins); 400,000 years is completely transparent(380,000 years from book) and 3000K (photons go from opaque to transparent); Calculation: v=hd the speed of light = m/s 380,000 years after big bang was still 13.8 billion years ago; I fudged *10^9 below Look back time, t 0 = *10^9 LY Look back distance, d=( *10^9 LY)/(3.26*10^6 LY/Mpc)= Mpc v=71*( *10^9)*1000/(3.26*10^6)= m/s β =v/c= / = present time, t = (1/sqrt(1-β 2 ))* *10^9 LY by utilizing special rel. time dialation is = (1/(sqrt( ^2)))* *10^9= LY, but we need gen. relativistic and quintessence approach because we overshot it; it should be 46 *10^9 LY from pg. 475 for sphere of last scattering.oh well present distance, d=(1/sqrt(1-β 2 ))* ( *10^9 LY)/(3.26*10^6 LY/Mpc)= Mpc, but should be 14000Mpc from pg. 475, so we need gen. relativistic approach z=sqrt((1+β)/(1-β)) - 1= = λ=3x10^6/2.725= nm NOW from Wien s law λ= (z+1) λ 0 ; λ 0 = λ/(z+1)= / = nm=1.02µm is close enough; it should have been about 1µm THEN (380,000 years after big bang)

10 this is the time of last scattering, where the temp. was only approx K BACK THEN!!! from a graph of microwave radiation TODAY from the internet, nm =.11 cm is the wavelength that it is TODAY (about 1/10 of a cm and is microwave) from Wein s law: (3*10^6/( ))= K, TODAY, like from COBE. This was red-shifted by the expansion of the universe. It was at 3000K approx. 14 billion years ago, BACK THEN. 3*10^6/3000=1000nm=1µm at 380,000 yrs after big bang(still 14 billion years ago) BACK THEN and was near IR; t= 200 million years(re-radiation from the stars(from stellar evolution)) (14 billion)/(200 million)= 5*14 = the universe is only appprox. 70 times recycled from massive blue stars Universe is now flat: 100 trillion trillion trillion trillion times = 100 (10 12 ) 4 from vacuum energy expansion era caused flatness.

11 Universe formed by irregularities making clumps. Fig on pg. 479 is dark matter and normal matter only as the universe evolves. There is no dark energy in this picture. (remember dark matter was unaffected by radiation(like neutrinos)) from radio podcast: not uv, but xray photons from after big bang started materializing to mass(you can see antiparticale from its road trip from shooting xray photon into cloud chamber; positive and neg. attract; positron is pos. charged so attracted to the e- and opp. happened in big bang forming mass from radiation) from the vacuum ******FINAL************Good Luck!!!