Novel sensor techniques for monitoring temperature and moisture changes in building stone. Presented by Sudarshan Srinivasan
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1 Novel sensor techniques for monitoring temperature and moisture changes in building stone Presented by Sudarshan Srinivasan
2 Outline Background Use of electrical resistance based sensors Introduction Sorption - desorption studies Simulated environmental studies Stone wall monitoring at Derrygonelly New multi electrode probe Design development Capillary test in stone Fibre Optic Relative Humidity sensors Design development Wetting and Drying test Summary
3 Background Stone decay sequence
4 Background Salt weathering Controlled by temperature and moisture regimes Wetting Rapid temperature changes Multiple flaking
5 Background Climate change scenario Higher frequency of more temperate winters and warm summers Winters become wetter extreme amounts of precipitation Summer intensity of severe rain increase Sea levels continue to rise Effects on building stone Higher temperatures Higher precipitation Wind-driven rain Combination effects ( temperature + precipitation + wind ) Increased salinity of ground water
6 Background Attribution of defect types in buildings 5% of the defect types are attributed by dampness
7 Background Quarterly output of construction industry in UK Total output in billion Around 35% contributed by repair, maintenance and improvement
8 Monitoring tools Moisture measurement methods Gravimetric method - Core extraction Electrical method - Resistance/Conductance based - Capacitance based Microwave method Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Optical method - Fibre Optic sensors (FOS) Temperature measurement methods Thermocouples Thermistors Fibre optic sensors Infra-red thermometer
9 Background Variations in temperature and moisture in buildings Seasonal changes Hourly temperature changes Continuous monitoring is essential!
10 Monitoring tools Moisture measurement methods Gravimetric method - Core extraction Electrical method - Resistance/Conductance based - Capacitance based Microwave method Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Optical method - Fibre Optic sensors (FOS) Temperature measurement methods Thermocouples Thermistors Fibre optic sensors Infra-red thermometer
11 Use of Electrical resistance based sensors for continuous monitoring of stone structures
12 Electrical resistance based moisture sensors Relationship between Electrical resistance vs. moisture content =
13 Electrical resistance based moisture sensors Direct measurement technique: Two pin electrodes
14 Electrical resistance based moisture sensors Direct measurement technique: Electrode array sensors Direction of movement of water 1 2 Electrodes 3 Electric field Change in resistance due to Moisture movement Ions (Chlorides) Temperature R R mm 1. 35mm.8 25mm.6 mm.4.2 5mm Elapsed time, t (h)
15 Electrical resistance based moisture sensors Indirect measurement technique: Brick-ceramic moisture sensor Stone moisture sensor Wood moisture sensor (Duff Probes)
16 Development of Electrical resistance based sensors
17 Sorptivity studies Perpendicular orientation Temperature Cabinet Weigh Balance To data logging system Water ingress Rigid Frame Grilled Stainless steel holder Fixed Water level Surface Ability of ER sensors in perpendicular orientation to monitor capillary ingress of water influence of exposure length of electrodes:, 2 and 5mm exposure Sorptivity study by capillary rise test - with and without ER sensors Monitoring drying rates by weight measurements and ER sensors
18 Electrical resistance measurements Electrical resistance ratio Rt/R cm 2cm 3cm 4cm 5cm Derivative of resistance ratio cm 2cm 3cm 4cm 5cm Time (mins) Time (mins) 6 Depth (mm) S = mm/min 1/2 y = x R 2 =.9883 d = S t + 1/ 2 o d o Square root of time (min.5 )
19 Drying rate measurements Weight based measurement ER based measurement Weight loss/area (g/m 2 ) Electrical resistance ratio Rt/R cm 2 cm 3 cm Time (mins) Time (mins) Therefore ER sensors can be used to monitor both wetting and drying front
20 Monitoring simulated environment Heat Water + Salt cm cm.5 1. cm 2. cm cm IR T Ambient temp. & RH Wind Electrical Resistance sensor Thermistor Variables examined Wetting/drying in response to heating and cooling Ambient Temperature Wind Speed Measurement tools Electrical resistance sensors Thermistors Infra red thermometer
21 Monitoring simulated environment Temperature profile with time (wet+2 C) No wind Temperature ( C) Wind Temperature ( C) Depth (cm) Depth (cm) Heating pattern along depth (2 C + wet + no wind) 1 Heating pattern along depth (2 C + wet + wind) Depth (cm) Temperature ( C) Depth (cm) Temperature ( C) Cooling pattern along depth (2 C + wet + no wind) 45 1 Cooling pattern along depth (2 C + wet + wind) 45
22 Electrical resistance measurements No wind Wind Electrical resistance readings (2 C / 5% RH + 7 angle of bulb+wet+no wind) Electrical resistance readings (2 C / 5% RH + 7 angle of bulb+wet+wind) Resistance Ratio (Rt/R) Time (mins).5 cm 1 cm 2 cm 5 cm 1 cm Resistance Ratio (Rt/R) Time (mins).5 cm 1 cm 2 cm 5 cm 1 cm Resistance Ratio (Rt/R) Electrical resistance readings (5 C / 5% RH + 7 angle of bulb+wet+no wind).5 cm 1. cm 2. cm 5. cm 1. cm Resistance Ratio (Rt/R) Electrical resistance readings (5 C / 5% RH + 7 angle of bulb+wet+wind).5 cm 1 cm 2 cm 5 cm 1 cm Time (mins) Time (mins)
23 Monitoring simulated environment Electrical resistance measurements: Time of arrival of moisture front Ambient temperature Wind conditions.5cm Arrival of moisture front (mins) 1cm 2cm 5cm 1cm Summer (2 C) Without wind With wind Winter (5 C) Without wind With wind
24 Test wall monitoring Plan
25 Installing sensors in test wall P3-25cm P2-cm P1-5cm P6-25cm P5-cm P4-5cm
26 ER remote monitoring system Data logger + Multiplexer+ wireless modem
27 Test wall monitoring South-West wall 1 Test wall-1 Electrical resistance ratio (Rt/R) P1-5cm P2-cm P3-25cm P4-5cm P5-cm P6-25cm Time (days)
28 Test wall monitoring South-East wall 1 Test wall-2 Electrical resistance e ratio (Rt/R) P7-5cm P8-cm P9-25cm P1-5cm P11-cm P12-25cm Time (Days)
29
30 Test wall monitoring South-West wall 1 Test wall-1 (211) Electrical resistance ratio (Rt/R) P1-5cm P2-cm P3-25cm P4-5cm P5-cm P6-25cm Time (days)
31 Test wall monitoring South-East wall 1 Test wall-2 (211) Electrical resistanc ce ratio (Rt/R) P7-5cm P8-cm P9-25cm P1-5cm P11-cm P12-25cm Time (Days)
32 Test wall monitoring North-East wall 1 Test wall-3 (211) Electrical resistance e ratio (Rt/R) P13-5cm P14-cm P-25cm P16-5cm P17-cm P18-25cm Time (Days)
33 Test wall monitoring North-West wall 1 Test wall-4 (211) Electrical resistanc ce ratio (Rt/R) P19-5cm P2-cm P21-25cm P22-5cm P23-cm P24-25cm Time (Days)
34 Critical appraisal of two pin electrodes Easy and inexpensive technique Ability to measure sorptivity and desorptivity Thermistors temperature profile Number of sensors needed for monitoring temperature and moisture profile Numerous holes to be drilled Invasive method A single probe consisting of multiple electrodes has to be designed
35 Development of new multi-electrode probe
36 New Multi-Electrode Probe Manufactured probe
37 Capillary rise test Sandstone block 1X1X8 mm3 New multi electrode probe 2mm to 6mm Two pin electrode 25 mm
38 Capillary rise test Resistance ratio (R Rt/Ro) Electrical resistance measurements mm Time (mins)
39 Development of Fibre Optic Relative Humidity sensors
40 Fibre optic sensors (FOS) Advantages of FOS in monitoring structures Small and light weight Easy to multiplex High Sensitivity Non destructive long-term monitoring system Chemically inert (does not corrode) Immune to Electromagnetic interference Can transmit Optical signals easily over several miles Disadvantages Careful handling
41 FBG as Fibre Optic Sensor Reflectance spectrum Transmittance spectrum Reflectance spectrum Temperature/stress/strain/h umidity by coating overlay Transmittance spectrum λb: the Bragg wavelength, is defined by: n: the average refractive index of the grating Λ : the grating period.
42 Fibre Optic RH probe FO connectors New RH probe design Glue RH & Temperature FOS Porous tubing Sectional View
43 Fibre Optic RH probe Fabrication Humidity sensor Temp. sensor Polycarbonate tube 1cm dia., 2cm long Least cavity vol. 3mm 3
44 Fibre Optic RH probe Calibration Bragg Wavelength (nm) y =.82x R 2 =.9998 Bragg Wavelength (nm) C 2 C 3 C 4 C 5 C Temperature ( C) Relative Humidity, RH (%)
45 Monitoring Building Stone Wetting and Drying tests Climatic Cabinet 2 C/65% RH To data logging system Water level Sample dimension XX8 mm ER sensors (.5cm, 1cm, 2cm & 5cm) Temperature sensor (.5cm, 1cm, 2cm & 5cm) FOS-RH probe (3cm) Capacitance based RH probe (3cm) Ambient temp. 2 C
46 Monitoring Building Stone Capillary rise test RH Temperature Relative Humidity (%RH) FOS RH probe Capacitance RH probe Temperarue ( C) FOS RH probe Capacitance RH probe Time (min) Time (mins) Time of arrival of moisture front : Depth (cm) Time of arrival of moisture front (mins)
47 Monitoring Building Stone Drying RH Temperature Relative Humidity (%RH) FOS RH probe Capacitance RH probe Temperature ( C) FOS RH probe Capacitance RH probe Time (hrs) Time (hrs) Saturation of commercial RH probe
48 Summary Two pin ER sensors provide a relatively inexpensive and reliable means of measuring moisture changes in stone A number of holes need to be drilled for two pin ER measurement technique A new miniature multi electrode probe can be used for monitoring moisture ingress in stone Commercial RH sensor probes have been ineffective in monitoring drying phase in stone Novel fibre optic sensors can be effectively used for monitoring wetting and drying phases in stone Thank you
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