Moisture Control. It s The Dew Point. Stupid! Its not the humidity.
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1 Moisture Control Its not the humidity. It s The Dew Point Stupid! Mike Schell EpiphanyTec Inc. Santa Barbara, CA [email protected] Matching great technology to market need!
2 Topics SHR of Buildings vs Equipment Why Dew Point Is Important New Developments In DP Sensing
3 Question Why have reports of mold in buildings increased over the past 5-7 years?
4 Answer
5 HVAC Equipment AC Systems Economizer Control Dehumidification Control Humidification Control No Control Of Ventilation (OA is a major source of moisture in cooling seasons)
6 Sensible Heat Ratio A Rating Of Air Conditioning Equipment Sensible / Dry Bulb Cooling Latent Cooling / Dehumidification Ratio of sensible cooling to total cooling capacity Typically controlling temp would control humidity!
7 20 Years of Energy Conservation Lighting Retrofits Windows/Window Films Lower Energy Appliances Higher Thermal Performance Of Walls Setback Controls All Reduce Sensible Load!
8 SHR Of Buildings Vs Equipment At Sensible Design Conditions: SHR of Equipment Source: TIAX, Matching The SHR of AC Equipment With Building Load SHR
9 SHR Of Buildings Vs Equipment At Latent Design Conditions: SHR of Equipment Source: TIAX, Matching The SHR of AC Equipment With Building Load SHR
10 SHR Of Buildings Vs Equipment At Part Load Conditions (High RH Low Temp): SHR of Equipment Source: TIAX, Matching The SHR of AC Equipment With Building Load SHR
11 What Does This Mean? We can no longer assume that controlling temperature also controls humidity. some of the moisture problems we are seeing in buildings are a result of this disconnect.
12 Some Further Complications AC systems that are oversized Finding of ASHRAE Research 2003 If cooling systems run for less than 15 min: Water has no time to run off coils With coil off, water is re-evaporated into space as air moves over coil No moisture is removed from the air Moisture removal capability of coil is nullified
13 Dealing With The Latent Load Solutions: CO2 Control To Control OA To Minimum Required For Good Air Quality Latent Energy Recovery On OA Specialized Dehumidification Equipment Heat Pipes Cool-Reheat Strategies Eliminate Systems-Off Setback Schedule Measure & Control The Right Thing
14 How To Grow Mold & Rot
15 Mold Growth Cycle Source: ASHRAE Humidity Control Design Guide
16 Definitions Relative Humidity The ability for air to hold moisture at a give temperature. (Will vary with temperature) Dew Point The temperature at which water will condense from air. (Independent of Temperature) Grains/Lb of Dry Air The ratio of weight of water in air to weight of air. (Independent of temperature).
17 Relative Humidity Relative Vs Absolute Humidity Absolute Humidity %RH %RH grains per pound of dry air 53 Dewpoint 100%RH
18 ASHRAE Design Guide
19 Design Handbook RH Levels below 50% will not make a building safe from mold. What matters is the relative humidity at the source of the mold. Cold surfaces and high dew points combine to produce condensation, which creates more frequent and serious mold growth than simple high relative humidity. Source: ASHRAE Humidity Control Design Guide
20 Moisture Control Targets Clean Building Mold Conditions Mold Present Mold Proliferation Summer Winter Safe Zone Discomfort Mold Spores Released
21 Problems With RH RH Varies With Temp A 1ºF change in temp will cause a 2% change in humidity Not An Efficient Control Measure Because Of Temperature Interference Accuracy/Durability/Quality Most People Are Familiar With This Measure
22 Summary Surface temperatures close to Dew Point conditions will result in mold growth Control strategies should ensure Dew Point never approaches temperature of cold surfaces Dew Point can be used to assess conditions in a building for mold if temperature of exposed cold surfaces is know. Once mold appears it will thrive in a variety of conditions. Key strategy is to operate building to prevent liquid moisture that will support mold.
23 Economizer Control Outside Air For Free Cooling OA Temp Control Ignores High Latent Loads Differential Enthalpy Low cost sensor are not accurate or do not work Can increase latent/cooling load in buildings under some conditions ASHRAE Design Guide Solution: Dew Point And Temperature 55ºF Dew Point, lower OA than RA temp.
24 Dew Point Rule The Dew Point should not exceed the temperature of the coldest surfaces in the space. Where are the coldest surfaces?
25 The Dew Point Challenge Dew Point Can Be Calculated Using Temperature & Humidity But, It Involves A Complex Calculation
26 The Dew Point Challenge Chilled Mirror Instrumentation the Measures Dew Point Directly Is Priced More For Laboratory Applications But, proliferation of low cost microprocessors is making Dew Point easier to measure
27 Infrared Sensors Infrared Sensor Can Be Used To Measure The Number Of Water Molecules In Air Which Is A Direct Dew Point Measurement
28 Infrared Measurement Principals 1.5
29 Water Vapor Measurement Grains/lb PPM (Vol) DP Hg VP HVAC Range , , , , , , , , , Instrument Range 10 2, , , (6.04) (11.32) (18.56) (30.42) (34.10) (38.75) (45.15) (55.64) (65.61) (75.03) (84.08) Based On Sea Level Pressures
30 Path Length Improvements
31 Surface Humidity Measurement
32 On Board Calculation Of Dew Point /Mixing Ratio ± 2% RH, ± 0.45ºF Space Sensing
33 Example: Higher Quality OA Sensors Choice RH, Enthalpy, Dew Point One Sensor Controls # Of Units OEM Sensors For Equipment Microprocessor Based Accurate Temp, RH, Dew Point Environmental Coating For Long Life
34 Conclusion Using Dew Point as a humidity control parameter will allow separate control of latent and sensible components of cooling. Dew Point/Mixing Ratio measurements are becoming much more affordable
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