Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering
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1 Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering by Dr. Deepankar Choudhury Professor Department of Civil Engineering IIT Bombay, Powai, Mumbai , India. URL: Lecture - 8
2 Module 3 Engineering Seismology IIT Bombay, DC 2
3 Plate Tectonics IIT Bombay, DC 3
4 Layers of the Earth Crust: Continental crust (25-40 km ) Oceanic crust (~6 km) Mantle Upper mantle (650 km) Lower mantle (2235 km) Core Outer core: liquid (2270 km) Inner core: solid (1216 km) Values in brackets represent the approximate thickness of each layer IIT Bombay, DC 4
5 Continental drift Theory that continents and plates move on the surface of the Earth proposed by Alfred Wegener in Alfred Wegener IIT Bombay, CE 684, CE 402, DC 5
6 Evidence for continental drift Matching coastlines Matching mountains Matching rock types and rock ages Matching glacier deposits Matching fossils IIT Bombay, DC 6
7 Evidence for continental drift Matching coastlines IIT Bombay, DC 7
8 Evidence for continental drift Matching mountain ranges IIT Bombay, DC 8
9 Evidence for continental drift Matching rock types and ages of rocks IIT Bombay, DC 9
10 Evidence for continental drift Matching glacier deposits 300 million years ago IIT Bombay, DC 10
11 Theory of Plate tectonics The theory of Plate tectonics was proposed in 1960s based on the theory of continental drift. This is the Unifying theory that explains the formation and deformation of the Earth s surface. According to this theory, continents are carried along on huge slabs (plates) on the Earth s outermost layer (Lithosphere). Earth s outermost layer is divided into 12 major Tectonic Plates (~80 km deep). These plates move relative to each other a few centimeters per year. IIT Bombay, DC 11
12 Tectonic plates of Earth IIT Bombay, DC 12
13 Tectonic plates of Earth Subduction zone Strike-slip (transform) IIT Bombay, DC Uncertain plate boundary Ridge axis faults 13
14 Major Earthquakes IIT Bombay, DC 14
15 Types of plate boundaries Divergent plate boundaries: where plates move apart Convergent Plate boundaries: where plates come together Transform plate boundaries: where plates slide past each other IIT Bombay, DC 15
16 Types of plate boundaries Divergent (Tension) Convergent (Compression) Transform (shearing) IIT Bombay, DC 16
17 Types of plate boundaries IIT Bombay, DC 17
18 Divergent Plate Boundaries Plates move away from each other (tension) New lithosphere is formed normal faults Causes volcanism not very explosive IIT Bombay, DC 18
19 Convergent Plate Boundary Plates move toward each other (compression) lithosphere is consumed reverse/thrust faults and folds Mountain building explosive volcanism IIT Bombay, DC 19
20 Ocean- Continent convergent margin Ocean-continent plates collide Ocean plate subducts below continent Forms a subduction zone Earthquakes and volcanoes IIT Bombay, DC 20
21 Ocean-ocean convergent margin 2 oceanic plates collide One plate dives (subducts) beneath other Forms subduction zone Earthquakes and volcanoes IIT Bombay, DC 21
22 Continent-continent convergent margin 2 continental plates collide Neither plate wants to subduct Collision zone forms high mountains Earthquakes, no volcanoes example: Himalayas IIT Bombay, DC 22
23 Plate Tectonics IIT Bombay, DC 23
24 Transform plate margin Two plates slide past each other strike slip faults. Lithosphere is neither consumed nor destroyed. Earthquakes, no volcanoes Responsible for most of the earthquakes IIT Bombay, DC 24
25 What drives plate movement? Ultimately: heat transported from core and mantle to surface Heat transported by convection Core is ~5,000 C and surface is ~0 C Where mantle rises: rifting Where mantle dives: subduction zones IIT Bombay, DC 25
26 Types of Faults and Seismic Waves IIT Bombay, DC 26
27 Elastic Rebound Theory
28 Sequence of elastic rebound: Stresses
29 Sequence of elastic rebound: Bending
30 Sequence of elastic rebound: Rupture
31 Sequence of elastic rebound: Rebound
32 Fault A fracture (crack) in the earth, where the two sides move past each other and the relative motion is parallel to the fracture. 90 dip = vertical fault plane, 0 strike = north parallel fault plane
33 Surface Trace of a fault
34 Different Fault Types n) shear)
35 Normal Dip-slip fault hanging wall moves down A Normal dip slip fault
36 Reverse Dip-slip fault Hanging wall moves up This is also called a Thrust Fault. A reverse dip-slip fault
37 Strike-slip fault Displacement in horizontal direction A strike-slip fault
38 Strike-Slip Fault Left Lateral
39 Strike-Slip Fault Right Lateral
40 Oblique-slip fault Displacement in both vertical and horizontal directions An oblique-slip fault
41 Blind/Hidden faults
42 Sequence of Events 1) Tectonic loading of faults 2) Earthquakes 3) Seismic waves 4) Shaking (ground motion) 5) Structural failure
43 Seismic Waves (Earthquake s energy is transmitted through the earth as seismic waves) Two types of seismic waves Body waves- transmit energy through earth s interior Primary (P) wave- rocks vibrate parallel to direction of wave Compression and expansion (slinky example) Secondary (S) wave- rocks move perpendicular to wave direction Rock shearing (rope-like or wave in a stadium) Surface waves- transmit energy along earth s surface Rock moves from side to side like snake Rolling pattern like ocean wave
44 Primary waves P-waves, compressional or longitudinal. Typical crustal velocity: 6 km/s ( ~13,500 mph) Travel through solids, liquids, or gases Material movement is in the same direction as wave movement Behavior: Cause dilation and contraction (compression) of the earth material through which they pass. Arrival: They arrive first on a seismogram. Even for P waves (which can travel all the way through) we see some changes in the path at certain points within Earth. This is due to the discontinuities present at different boundaries in earth structure
45 Secondary waves S waves (secondary) Typical crustal velocity: 3 km/s ( ~6,750 mph) Behavior: Cause shearing and stretching of the earth material through which they pass. Generally cause the most severe shaking; very damaging to structures. Travel through solids only shear waves - move material perpendicular to wave movement Arrival: Second on a seismogram. S-wave velocity drops to zero at the core-mantle boundary or Gutenberg Discontinuity
46 Shadow Zone - no earthquake waves
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