Fire Pump Layout and Sizing. Victoria B. Valentine, P.E.
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1 Fire Pump Layout and Sizing Victoria B. Valentine, P.E.
2 Learning Outcomes Identify the appropriate sections of NFPA 20 that apply to sizing and layout of fire pumps. Identify the components of a fire pump and driver. Describe the purpose of the various components of a fire pump and driver. Describe the steps necessary for appropriately sizing a fire pump. Discuss the variables that impact the layout of a fire pump and how they are addressed. 2
3 Outline Review of Fire Pump Basics Selecting a Fire Pump and Enclosure Fire Pump Layout 3
4 Learning Outcomes Identify the appropriate sections of NFPA 20 that apply to sizing and layout of fire pumps. Identify the components of a fire pump and driver. Describe the purpose of the various components of a fire pump and driver. 4
5 Learning Outcomes Describe the steps necessary for appropriately sizing a fire pump Discuss the variables that impact the layout of a fire pump and how they are addressed 5
6 NFPA 20 Administration Referenced Publications Definitions General Requirements Centrifugal Pumps Vertical Shaft Turbine Pumps Positive Displacement Pumps 6
7 NFPA 20 Electric Drive for Pumps Electric Drive Controllers and Accessories Diesel Engine Drive Engine Drive Controllers Steam Turbine Drive Acceptance Testing 7
8 Related Standards NFPA 22, Water Tanks for Private Fire Protection NFPA 24, Private Fire Service Mains and their Appurtenances NFPA 25, Inspection, Testing and Maintenance of Water-Based Fire Protection Systems NFPA 70, National Electric Code NFPA 110, Emergency & Standby Power Systems 8
9 Review of Fire Pump Basics Types of Fire Pumps Pressure Maintenance Pumps (Jockey Pumps) Types of Drivers Fire Pump Enclosures Fire Pump Controllers Pressure Sensing Issues Low Suction Issues 9
10 Fire Pumps 10
11 Horizontal Split Case Fire Pump 11
12 In-Line Pump 12
13 Vertical Shaft Turbine Pump 13
14 Jockey Pump 14
15 Electric Motor Driver 15
16 Diesel Engine Driver 16
17 Fire Pump Enclosure 17
18 Fire Pump Enclosure Access (Testing / Service / Repair) Piping (10X Rule) By-Pass Backflow Devices / Strainers / Check Valves / Suction Control Devices / Control Valves Pump and Driver Controller / Transfer Switch / Pressure Sensing Lines 18
19 Fire Pump Enclosure Wiring / Main Electrical Service Fuel Tanks (Diesel) Jockey Pump Relief Devices / Drains Heaters or Ventilation Test Header Piping Closed Loop Metering 19
20 Fire Pump Location & Protection Purpose is two fold: Fire Pump must be protected from interruption of service. 20
21 Fire Pump Protection NFPA 20 - Section requires protection from: Explosion and fire Flood and earthquake Rodents and insects Windstorm and freezing Vandalism Other adverse conditions 21
22 Fire Pump Protection Purpose is two fold: Personnel at fire pump must be protected. 22
23 Fire Pump Protection Section states: In the event of fire pump operation, qualified personnel shall respond to the fire pump location to determine that the fire pump is operating in a satisfactory manner. 23
24 Fire Pump Location NFPA 20 requires the location of and access to the fire pump room be pre-planned with the fire department. 24
25 Fire Pump Location NFPA 20 does not require fire pump to be located indoors or give specifics for acceptable locations. NFPA 20 provides a performance-based specification that must be met. 25
26 Fire Pump Location Most fire pumps are located indoors in Pump Houses or Pump Rooms in order to comply with these requirements. 26
27 Fire Pump Location Fire Pump Located Outdoors: Must Still Comply with Section Must be 50ft away from building Annex recommends at least a roof or deck to protect from rain and the sun 27
28 Fire Pump Outdoors 28
29 Fire Pump Location Fire Pump Located Outdoors: Must till Comply with Section Must be 50ft away from building Annex recommends at least a roof or deck to protect from rain and the sun 29
30 Separation: During a fire, a person is at the pump to monitor for proper operation. This person needs to be protected. This is accomplished by: Separating the pump house from the building. Fire Resistive Construction. 30
31 Pump House: Separation: Must be 50 ft away from building Pump Room: 2 hr fire-rated Building not sprinklered or high-rise 1 hr fire-rated Building sprinklered (not including high-rise buildings) 31
32 Separation: 32
33 Separation: The Not Sprinklered column is to provide guidance for unsprinklered buildings: Sprinklers are required in pump rooms in fully sprinklered buildings per NFPA 13 33
34 Pump Houses 34
35 Pump Houses 50 ft away from structure Pump Houses are generally constructed of non-combustible materials so that they are not threatened by nearby fire. Pump house with combustible roof is acceptable if sprinklered. 35
36 Pump Rooms 36
37 Pump Rooms Must be dedicated to fire pump and associated equipment. No Storage allowed Domestic Water Distribution equipment allowed. 37
38 Pump Rooms Must be separated from the rest of the building 2 hour separation non sprinklered buildings 2 hour separation High-rise buildings 1 hour separation fully sprinklered buildings (non high-rise). 38
39 Pump Rooms Should have direct access to outside. When this is not possible: Access through an enclosed passageway to an enclosed stairwell or exit. Passageway must have fire resistance rating at least equal to fire pump room. 39
40 Size of Pump House/Room Pump House/Room shall be sized to fit all necessary equipment and accommodate: Clearance for installation and maintenance Clearance for Electrical equipment Orientation of pump to suction piping 40
41 Clearances (IBC) Fire pump and automatic sprinkler system riser rooms shall be designed with adequate space for all equipment necessary for the installation, as defined by the manufacturer, with sufficient working room around the stationary equipment. 41
42 Clearances (IBC) Clearances around equipment to elements of permanent construction, including other installed equipment and appliances, shall be sufficient to allow inspection, service, repair or replacement 42
43 Clearances (IBC) Fire pump rooms shall be provided with a door(s) and unobstructed passageway large enough to allow removal of the largest piece of equipment 43
44 Clearances Working clearances around controllers shall comply with NFPA 70, National Electrical Code, Article
45 Equipment Access 45
46 Controller / Transfer Switch 46
47 Controller / Transfer Switch Isolation Switch Alternate Power Isolation Switch Circuit Breaker Transfer Switch Motor Contactor Phase Reversal 47
48 Limited Service Controller
49 Equipment Protection Pump Room/House Not Sprinklered Not Sprinklered Fully Sprinklered Fully Sprinklered Buildings Exposing Pump Room/House Not Sprinklered Fully Sprinklered Not Sprinklered Fully Sprinklered Required Separation 2 Hour Fire-Rated Or 15.3m (50 ft) 1 Hour Fire-Rated Or 15.3m (50 ft) Note: Special Requirements for High-rise (10) 49
50 Pressure Sensing Issues Setting Jockey & Main Fire Pump Start Pressures Anywhere from 5 psi to 10 psi over main fire pump start point (Jockey should start first) Jockey pump sized so that GPM rating does not exceed flow from single sprinkler Insurance carrier will usually specify pressure they want jockey pump set at. Section 4.25 Pressure Maintenance Pumps
51 Pressure Sensing Issues
52 Electronic Pressure Monitor 52
53 Transducer Pressure Switch 53
54 Pressure Recorder 54
55 Pressure Sensing Lines Check Valve At System Piping Check Valve At Controller 55
56 Pressure Sensing Lines FIRE PUMP CONTROLLER 2 - Check Valves Minimum 5 ft. (1.5 m) Separation FIRE PUMP Water Supply Line System Check Valve JOCKEY PUMP JOCKEY PUMP CONTROLLER 2 - Check Valves Minimum 5 ft. (1.5 m) Separation (hole drilled in clapper)
57 Pressure Relief Devices NFPA 20 Standard does not want these devices used unless absolutely necessary (diesel fire pumps) due to potential failure of device which could impair fire protection water supply
58 Pressure Relief Valve 58
59 Selecting A Fire Pump & Enclosure What Type Fire Pump? What Size? (GPM/PSI) What Type Fire Pump Driver? Emergency Power? What Type of Enclosure? (Size)
60 Selecting A Fire Pump & Enclosure Test Header Location Flow Testing Earthquake Protection? Specifications/Insurance Requirements? Last but not least Cost? Resource Assistance Manufactures Representative 60
61 Fire Pump Size & Water Supply Fire Protection Demand (GPM / PSI) Fire Protection System Demand Water Supply Adjustments (Water Purveyor AHJ) Seasonal / 5%, 5 psi, 10%, 10 psi, AHJ Limit water flow per main size (GPM) Water Rationing Environmental Consideration Section 4.6 (03) (07) (10) Liquid Supplies
62 Fire Pump Size & Water Supply Water Supply Quality of Water Supply (Ponds, Rivers) Local Water Purveyor Raw Water Supply On-Site (Tanks, Ponds, Rivers) 62
63 Fire Pump Sizing - Impact Performance Reliability Economics 63
64 NFPA 20 Fire Pump Criteria Pumps shall furnish 150% capacity at not less than 65% of total rated head Shutoff head shall not exceed 140% of rated head Gage Pressure suction at suction flange shall be 0 psi or higher Exception for suction tanks may drop to -3 psi 64
65 Centrifugal Force 65
66 Impeller 66
67 Flow Characteristics 67
68 Other Pump Criteria Local water purveyors may have additional requirements that limit suction pressure to higher pressures (10 psi 20 psi) 68
69 Low Suction Control Devices Throttling Valve (Preferred Method per NFPA 20) Break Tank (NFPA 20 Criteria) Low Suction Control Units (Note: Low Suction Cutoff Devices that shut pumps down Do Not Comply With NFPA 20) Section (07) (10) 69
70 Laminar & Turbulent Flow Laminar Flow Turbulent Flow 70
71 Balanced &Unbalance Flow 71
72 Figure 5-5 Suction pipe arrangements for horizontal split-case pumps 72
73 Table 5.25b (03) (10 Times Rule) Section (07) (10) 73
74 Balanced but Turbulent Flow 74
75 Installation Avoid air leaks and air pockets. Air bubbles and unbalanced flow create problems for fire pump impeller Increased corrosion Install air release valves when air pockets are unavoidable.
76 Eccentric Reducers
77 Use the Correct Reducer Correct Eccentric Reducer Not Correct Concentric Reducer National Fire Sprinkler Association
78 Suction Pipe Three ways water can enter the pump Straight run to suction flange Vertical bend into suction flange Horizontal bend into suction flange Each can work, but different rules apply! 78
79 Straight Run or Vertical Bend 79
80 Figure A
81 Figure A
82 Figure A
83 Horizontal Bend Only allowed if the length, x, is greater than 10 times the pipe diameter 83
84 Figure A
85 Devices Check valves, backflow preventers shall be 10 pipe diameters from suction flange Backflow preventer with butterfly valves are permitted when located a minimum of 50 feet from suction flange. Pressure sensing line for low pressure Water level devices Suction strainers
86 Devices in Suction Pipe Low Pressure Cut-off Devices In suction piping Monitors pressure Closes if pressure gets too low Not permitted by NFPA 20 86
87 Devices in Suction Pipe Low Pressure Throttling Devices In discharge piping Monitors pressure in suction piping If pressure gets too low, partially closes but allows flow to continue Allowed by NFPA 20 87
88 Low Suction Throttling Device
89 Fire Pump Layout Centrifugal fire pumps shall not be used where a static suction lift is required (suction side must be flooded) Section (03) (07) (10) 89
90 Vertical Shaft Turbine Pump 90
91 Pump Capacities Churn (0%) Capacity (100%) Fire Pump Sizing Peak (150%) Exception for supply limitations, but must be able to supply system demand. Must remember that when the pump supply demand exceeds 100% of the discharge capacity, the discharge pressure capabilities decrease 91
92 Fire Pump Rated at PSI 80 PSI Pump must provide a minimum of % 92
93 Fire Pump Sizing The estimated performance of the fire pump between 100% and 150% of rated flow can be calculated using the following formula: y = -0.7x +170 x = Flow expressed as a percentage of rated flow y = Pressure created by the pump (net pressure) expressed as a percent of rated pressure 93
94 Fire Pump Sizing Size selection normally varies from 90% to 140% pump capacity Normally once you exceed 125% capacity you will have to increase pump size to adjust for discharge pressure Can not be less than system demand Can not over pressure components Lowest levels most significant problem Can use variable speed drivers 94
95 Basic Hydraulics Flow - Volume of water moving through a system or past a point in a given period of time Measured in gpm or L/min Pressure - The energy available to do work, move water Measured in psi or bar Head - Another way of expressing energy based on equivalent height of a fluid column Measured in feet or meters 95
96 Pressure Head Relationship For Water If.433 psi = 1 foot or the inverse is 2.31 feet = 1 psi then; P = Pressure, in psi P = X H H = Height, elevation of water in feet Inverse: H = P X 2.31 This can be used to determine the level of water in a tank if you have ability to gage at bottom of tank (hydrant) Note: Older fire pumps are rated in feet head versus PSI 96
97 What pressure is available at the hydrant? 97
98 Answer P = psi/ft X 150 ft P = 65 psi at fire hydrant 98
99 Suction Pressure Calculation Find the residual pressure of the water supply at the maximum flow for the pump at 150% of rated flow. Call this P R Calculate all pressure loss for both friction and elevation between the water supply and the pump suction flange at the maximum flow for the pump. Call this P L 99
100 Suction Pressure Calculation The suction pressure will be the residual pressure from the water supply minus the pressure losses. P S = P R - P L 100
101 Suction Pressure Calculation Supply curve indicates that there is PSI 101
102 Suction Pressure Calculation Example: 1500 gpm Pump 8 S40 AG 8 inch Ductile Pipe UG 102
103 Hazen Williams Formula Q = Flow / GPM C = Coefficient d = Inside Diameter F L 4.52 C 1.85 x Q d Example: % / Ductile Iron/Class 54 UG (C=140) / 8 in. Diam (150%) 4.52 x x FL/per ft. =.028 psi per ft of pipe FL in Underground Pipe =.028 psi/ft x 80 ft. = 2.24 psi 103
104 Hazen Williams Formula Q = Flow / GPM C = Coefficient d = Inside Diameter 4.52 Q 1.85 F L C x d (150%) 4.52 x x F L = 0.41 per ft of pipe F L in Aboveground Pipe =.041 psi/ft x 30 ft. = 1.23 psi 104
105 Suction Pressure Calculation Analysis at 2250 gpm (150% of 1500) Residual pressure = 24 psi (from graph) Friction loss in pump room piping (30 ft) = 1.2 psi Friction loss through underground (80 ft)= 2.24 psi Friction loss through backflow device = 8.0 psi (Provided by Manufacturer) Elevation loss (Same Elevation) = 0.0 PS = (24 psi Supply) PS = psi available at suction flange 105
106 Estimate Approximate Pump Size Assumption 1 Assume that the net pressure from the pump for any flow less than the rated flow will not be greater than the pump s rated pressure Assumption 2 Assume the pump will produce a net pressure at churn of 140 % of its rated pressure Assumption 3 Assume that the pump will produce a net 65% of its rated pressure at 150% of its rated flow 106
107 Fire Pump Layout A ground level tank is being proposed to supply a 1000 gpm fire pump in a building with 300 feet of 8 inch schedule 30 steel pipe between the tank and pump (actual length plus fittings and valves). Is this arrangement acceptable? 107
108 Fire Pump Layout The friction loss analysis should be preformed at 1500 gpm (150%). Using the Hazen-Williams formula, the friction loss between the tank and pump is psi per ft. producing a friction loss of 5.55 psi for the 300 feet of pipe. This situation is not acceptable because the suction pressure at the pump exceeds the acceptable pressure for suction tanks of -3 psi ( = -5.55psi). The base of the tank needs to be elevated 5.89 feet (2.55 psi x 2.31 =5.890 feet). If this had been a raw water source such as a river the minimum acceptable suction pressure would have to be 0 psi. 108
109 Fire Pump Layout A vertical shaft turbine fire pump rated at 1000 gpm needs a screen to protect the wet pit that takes water from a lake. What is the minimum size the wet pit screen needs to be to comply with NFPA 20? 109
110 Fire Pump Layout The pump size needs to be entered into the equation A = 2.4 X Q (A = Area of screen sq. in. and Q = rated flow of pump). A =2.4 X 1000, or A = 2400 square inches of screen area. NFPA 20 states that you figure 1 square inch for each gallon of pump capacity based on 150% pump capacity and then multiply that figure by 1.6 which will give you the minimum required area of the screen or you can use the 2.4 X (100%) pump capacity which equals the same size area. 110
111 Fire Pump Sizing The fire pump is rated at psi, and it serves a ceiling only sprinkler system in an industrial facility with 35 feet between the pump center-line and the sprinklers. The maximum static pressure on the system is 60 psi. The pump net churn pressure is 130 psi. All components of the sprinkler system are rated at 250 psi, and the sprinklers are rated at 175 psi. Is this pump acceptable for the sprinkler system? 111
112 Fire Pump Sizing The fire pump will create a maximum discharge pressure of 190 psi at churn ( ), which is acceptable for all system components (Less than 250). The pressure at the sprinklers while the pump is at churn condition can be calculated by subtracting the elevation pressure due to height of sprinklers from the pump discharge pressure ( x 35 feet) or 190 psi 15 psi = 175 psi. The pump is acceptable. 112
113 Fire Pump Sizing Consider a fire pump taking suction from a gravity tank, as illustrated in Figure #1. The bottom of the tank is 75 feet above the pump suction flange, and the pump is supplying a standpipe system with a demand of psi at the pump discharge. Determine what size fire pump should be used? 113
114 Fire Pump Sizing 114
115 Fire Pump Layout Start with the pump flow characteristics. At best a 500 gpm pump could only provide 750 gpm, which is not enough. A 750 gpm pump could supply 1125 gpm, and may be a possibility, and a 1000 gpm pump could meet the supply demand, but may be an overkill for this situation. It is also necessary to examine actual manufacturer pressure curves for a specific model pump Figure # 2 shows the performance curve of a 750 and a 1000 gpm fire pump. Both pumps are rated at 115 psi. 115
116 116
117 Performance Curve National Fire Sprinkler Association
118 Performance Curve National Fire Sprinkler Association
119 Fire Pump Layout (continued) The 750 pump will provide a 1000 gpm at approximately 92 psi net pressure (See Figure # 2 (a)) The tank will supply the water to the suction flange at 31 psi (75 x minus 1 psi for friction loss. Therefore the total discharge is 123 psi ( ) at 1000 gpm which is not sufficient to supply the standpipe system s demand 125psi. 119
120 Fire Pump Layout (continued) Even if changes were made (Increase pipe sizes) so this pump will work, the layout technician needs to examine maximum pressures. The maximum static pressure from the water supply will be 40 psi (elevation of tank, assuming 20 feet higher than the bottom). The churn pressure of the pump is 149 psi. The maximum discharge pressure would be 189 psi ( ). This might exceed rated pressures of the piping and fittings, thus not making the 750 gpm fire pump a good choice. 120
121 Fire Pump Layout (continued) The 1000 gpm pump will provide 1000 gpm at 115 psi net pressure (See Figure # 2 (b)). The tank providing water to the pump at the pump suction flange at 31 psi. Therefore the total discharge pressure is 146 psi ( gpm (System demand is psi). The pump is acceptable to supply the standpipe. The maximum static pressure from the tank is 40 psi and the churn pressure is 129 resulting in a total discharge pressure of 170 psi, which is acceptable. Of the two pumps the 1000 gpm pump is the better choice. 121
122 Fire Pump Discharge Piping Discharge Piping requirements: 122
123 Table 5.25b (03) 123
124 Pump Ratings (GPM) Table 4.26 (a) Minimum Pipe Size (in.) Suction Discharge Relief Valve Relief Valve Dis See Table 4.26 (a) Meter Device # & Size Hose Valves Hose Header Supply ½ ½ 3 ½ 1-2 ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ See Table 4.26 (a) 124
125 Fire Pump Test Header Layout Discharge Piping and hose valve requirements: 125
126 Test Flows with Pitot Gauge 126
127 Table 5.25b (03) 127
128 Pump Ratings (GPM) Table 4.26 (a) Minimum Pipe Size (in.) Suction Discharge Relief Valve Relief Valve Dis See Table 4.26 (a) Meter Device # & Size Hose Valves Hose Header Supply ½ ½ 3 ½ 1-2 ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ See Table 4.26 (a) 128
129 Closed Loop Metering 129
130 Table 5.25b (03) 130
131 Pump Ratings (GPM) Table 4.26 (a) Minimum Pipe Size (in.) Suction Discharge Relief Valve Relief Valve Dis See Table 4.26 (a) Meter Device # & Size Hose Valves Hose Header Supply ½ ½ 3 ½ 1-2 ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ See Table 4.26 (a) 131
132 7 Steps to Pump Sizing 1. Calculate system demand to pump discharge flange 2. Calculate water supply to pump suction flange 3. Select pump so that the system flow demand is less than 150% of the rated flow of the pump (less than 140% recommended)
133 7 Steps to Pump Sizing 4. Using the Manufacturer s Pump Curve, find the pump s net pressure at the system demand flow 5. Add the suction pressure (at demand flow) to the net pressure (at demand flow) to get the discharge pressure (at demand flow)
134 7 Steps to Pump Sizing 6. If the discharge pressure is greater than the demand, okay. If not, select new pump. 7. Check maximum pressure produced by pump and make sure that the pump does not create more pressure than the equipment can handle 134
135 In Summary: Fire Pump Sizing Must meet fire protection system demand (GPM & PSI) Based on available water supply Without over sizing Without under sizing Must not over pressurize system components Avoid use of pressure relief valves Must meet minimum suction requirements 0 psi -3 psi suction tank Water purveyors requirements Must it fit in the space allowed 135
136 Annex Material Fire Pump Plan Review Sheet Fire Pump Acceptance Testing Sheet Electric Fire Pump Test Data Sheet NFSA Fire Pump Acceptance Criteria 136
137 Learning Outcomes Identify the appropriate sections of NFPA 20 that apply to sizing and layout of fire pumps. Identify the components of a fire pump and driver. Describe the purpose of the various components of a fire pump and driver. Describe the steps necessary for appropriately sizing a fire pump Discuss the variables that impact the layout of a fire pump and how they are addressed 137
138 138
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