ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS
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1 ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS
2 ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS CONTENTS The Bohr Atom Levels and sub-levels Rules and principles Orbitals Rules for filling orbitals. The Aufbau principle Electronic configurations of elements 1 to 6 Electronic configurations of ions
3 ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS Before you start it would be helpful to Know that electrons can be found outside the nucleus in energy levels ( shells) Know the electronic configurations of the first 0 elements in,8,1 notation
4 THE BOHR ATOM Ideas about the structure of the atom have changed over the years. The Bohr theory thought of it as a small nucleus of protons and neutrons surrounded by circulating electrons. Each shell or energy level could hold a maximum number of electrons. The energy of levels became greater as they got further from the nucleus and electrons filled energy levels in order. The theory couldn t explain certain aspects of chemistry. Maximum electrons per shell 1st shell nd shell 8 rd shell 18 th shell 5th shell 50
5 LEVELS AND SUB-LEVELS PRINCIPAL ENERGY LEVELS The energy gap between successive levels got increasingly smaller as the levels got further from the nucleus. The importance of this is discussed later. 1
6 LEVELS AND SUB-LEVELS PRINCIPAL ENERGY LEVELS SUB LEVELS A study of Ionisation Energies and the periodic properties of elements suggested that the main energy levels were split into sub levels. Level 1 was split into 1 sub level Level was split into sub levels Level was split into sub levels Level was split into sub levels 1 CONTENTS
7 RULES AND PRINCIPLES HEISENBERG S UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE You cannot determine the position and momentum of an electron at the same time. This means that you cannot say exactly where an electron is. THE AUFBAU PRINCIPLE Electrons enter the lowest available energy level. PAULI S EXCLUSION PRINCIPLE No two electrons can have the same four quantum numbers. Two electrons can go in each orbital, providing they are of opposite spin. HUND S RULE OF MAXIMUM MULTIPLICITY When in orbitals of equal energy, electrons will try to remain unpaired. Placing two electrons in one orbital means that, as they are both negatively charged, there will be some electrostatic repulsion between them. Placing each electron in a separate orbital reduces the repulsion and the system is more stable. It can be described as the SITTING ON A BUS RULE!
8 ORBITALS An orbital is... a region in space where one is likely to find an electron. Orbitals can hold up to two electrons as long as they have opposite spin; this is known as PAULI S EXCLUSION PRINCIPAL. Orbitals have different shapes...
9 ORBITALS An orbital is... a region in space where one is likely to find an electron. Orbitals can hold up to two electrons as long as they have opposite spin; this is known as PAULI S EXCLUSION PRINCIPAL. Orbitals have different shapes... ORBITAL SHAPE OCCURRENCE s spherical one in every principal level p dumb-bell three in levels from upwards d various five in levels from upwards f various seven in levels from upwards
10 ORBITALS An orbital is... a region in space where one is likely to find an electron. Orbitals can hold up to two electrons as long as they have opposite spin; this is known as PAULI S EXCLUSION PRINCIPAL. Orbitals have different shapes... ORBITAL SHAPE OCCURRENCE s spherical one in every principal level p dumb-bell three in levels from upwards d various five in levels from upwards f various seven in levels from upwards An orbital is a -dimensional statistical shape showing where one is most likely to find an electron. Because, according to Heisenberg, you cannot say exactly where an electron is you are only able to say where it might be found. DO NOT CONFUSE AN ORBITAL WITH AN ORBIT
11 SHAPES OF ORBITALS s orbitals spherical one occurs in every principal energy level
12 SHAPES OF ORBITALS p orbitals dumb-bell shaped three occur in energy levels except the first
13 SHAPES OF ORBITALS d orbitals various shapes five occur in energy levels except the first and second
14 ORDER OF FILLING ORBITALS PRINCIPAL ENERGY LEVELS SUB LEVELS f d p s d p s p s Orbitals are not filled in numerical order because the principal energy levels get closer together as you get further from the nucleus. This results in overlap of sub levels. The first example occurs when the s orbital is filled before the d orbitals.
15 ORDER OF FILLING ORBITALS PRINCIPAL ENERGY LEVELS SUB LEVELS f d p s d p s PRINCIPAL ENERGY LEVELS SUB LEVELS f d p d s p s p s p s Orbitals are not filled in numerical order because the principal energy levels get closer together as you get further from the nucleus. This results in overlap of sub levels. The first example occurs when the s orbital is filled before the d orbitals.
16 ORDER OF FILLING ORBITALS PRINCIPAL ENERGY LEVELS SUB LEVELS f d p s d p s p s PRINCIPAL ENERGY LEVELS SUB LEVELS f d p d s p s p s HOW TO REMEMBER... THE FILLING ORDER 1s s p s p d s p d f 5s 5p 5d 5f 6s 6p 6d 7s 7p Orbitals are not filled in numerical order because the principal energy levels get closer together as you get further from the nucleus. This results in overlap of sub levels. The first example occurs when the s orbital is filled before the d orbitals.
17 THE AUFBAU PRINCIPAL f d p This states that ELECTRONS ENTER THE LOWEST AVAILABLE ENERGY LEVEL d s p s p s The following sequence will show the building up of the electronic structures of the first 6 elements in the periodic table. Electrons are shown as half headed arrows and can spin in one of two directions or s orbitals p orbitals d orbitals
18 THE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS OF THE FIRST 6 ELEMENTS f d p d s p HYDROGEN 1s 1 Hydrogen atoms have one electron. This goes into a vacant orbital in the lowest available energy level. s p s Aufbau Principle
19 THE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS OF THE FIRST 6 ELEMENTS f d p d s p HELIUM 1s Every orbital can contain electrons, provided the electrons are spinning in opposite directions. This is based on... s p s PAULI S EXCLUSION PRINCIPLE The two electrons in a helium atom can both go in the 1s orbital. Aufbau Principle
20 THE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS OF THE FIRST 6 ELEMENTS f d p d s p s p s LITHIUM 1s s 1 1s orbitals can hold a maximum of two electrons so the third electron in a lithium atom must go into the next available orbital of higher energy. This will be further from the nucleus in the second principal energy level. The second principal level has two types of orbital (s and p). An s orbital is lower in energy than a p. Aufbau Principle
21 THE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS OF THE FIRST 6 ELEMENTS f d p d s p BERYLLIUM 1s s Beryllium atoms have four electrons so the fourth electron pairs up in the s orbital. The s sub level is now full. s p s Aufbau Principle
22 THE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS OF THE FIRST 6 ELEMENTS f d p d s p s BORON 1s s p 1 As the s sub level is now full, the fifth electron goes into one of the three p orbitals in the p sub level. The p orbitals are slightly higher in energy than the s orbital. p s Aufbau Principle
23 THE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS OF THE FIRST 6 ELEMENTS f d p d s p s p s CARBON 1s s p The next electron in doesn t pair up with the one already there. This would give rise to repulsion between the similarly charged species. Instead, it goes into another p orbital which means less repulsion, lower energy and more stability. HUND S RULE OF MAXIMUM MULTIPLICITY
24 THE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS OF THE FIRST 6 ELEMENTS f d p d s p s p s NITROGEN 1s s p Following Hund s Rule, the next electron will not pair up so goes into a vacant p orbital. All three electrons are now unpaired. This gives less repulsion, lower energy and therefore more stability. HUND S RULE OF MAXIMUM MULTIPLICITY
25 THE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS OF THE FIRST 6 ELEMENTS f d p d s p OXYGEN 1s s p With all three orbitals halffilled, the eighth electron in an oxygen atom must now pair up with one of the electrons already there. s p s Aufbau Principle
26 THE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS OF THE FIRST 6 ELEMENTS f d p d s p FLUORINE 1s s p 5 The electrons continue to pair up with those in the half-filled orbitals. s p s
27 THE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS OF THE FIRST 6 ELEMENTS f d p d s p s p s NEON 1s s p 6 The electrons continue to pair up with those in the half-filled orbitals. The p orbitals are now completely filled and so is the second principal energy level. In the older system of describing electronic configurations, this would have been written as,8.
28 THE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS OF THE FIRST 6 ELEMENTS f d p d s p s p s SODIUM - ARGON With the second principal energy level full, the next electrons must go into the next highest level. The third principal energy level contains three types of orbital; s, p and d. The s and p orbitals are filled in exactly the same way as those in the s and p sub levels. Aufbau Principle
29 THE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS OF THE FIRST 6 ELEMENTS f d p d s p s SODIUM - ARGON Na 1s s p 6 s 1 Mg 1s s p 6 s Al 1s s p 6 s p 1 Si 1s s p 6 s p P 1s s p 6 s p S 1s s p 6 s p p s Cl 1s s p 6 s p 5 Ar 1s s p 6 s p 6 Remember that the p configurations follow Hund s Rule with the electrons remaining unpaired to give more stability.
30 THE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS OF THE FIRST 6 ELEMENTS f d p d s p s p s POTASSIUM 1s s p 6 s p 6 s 1 In numerical terms one would expect the d orbitals to be filled next. However, because the principal energy levels get closer together as you go further from the nucleus coupled with the splitting into sub energy levels, the s orbital is of a LOWER ENERGY than the d orbitals so gets filled first. Aufbau Principle
31 THE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS OF THE FIRST 6 ELEMENTS f d p d s p s p s CALCIUM 1s s p 6 s p 6 s As expected, the next electron pairs up to complete a filled s orbital. This explanation, using sub levels fits in with the position of potassium and calcium in the Periodic Table. All elements with an -s 1 electronic configuration are in Group I and all with an -s configuration are in Group II. Aufbau Principle
32 THE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS OF THE FIRST 6 ELEMENTS f d p d s p s p s SCANDIUM 1s s p 6 s p 6 s d 1 With the lower energy s orbital filled, the next electrons can now fill the d orbitals. There are five d orbitals. They are filled according to Hund s Rule - BUT WATCH OUT FOR TWO SPECIAL CASES. HUND S RULE OF MAXIMUM MULTIPLICITY
33 THE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS OF THE FIRST 6 ELEMENTS f d p d s p s TITANIUM 1s s p 6 s p 6 s d The d orbitals are filled according to Hund s rule so the next electron doesn t pair up but goes into an empty orbital in the same sub level. p s HUND S RULE OF MAXIMUM MULTIPLICITY
34 THE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS OF THE FIRST 6 ELEMENTS f d p d s p s VANADIUM 1s s p 6 s p 6 s d The d orbitals are filled according to Hund s rule so the next electron doesn t pair up but goes into an empty orbital in the same sub level. p s HUND S RULE OF MAXIMUM MULTIPLICITY
35 THE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS OF THE FIRST 6 ELEMENTS f d p d s p s p s CHROMIUM 1s s p 6 s p 6 s 1 d 5 One would expect the configuration of chromium atoms to end in s d. To achieve a more stable arrangement of lower energy, one of the s electrons is promoted into the d to give six unpaired electrons with lower repulsion. HUND S RULE OF MAXIMUM MULTIPLICITY
36 THE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS OF THE FIRST 6 ELEMENTS f d p d s MANGANESE 1s s p 6 s p 6 s d 5 The new electron goes into the s to restore its filled state. p s p s HUND S RULE OF MAXIMUM MULTIPLICITY
37 THE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS OF THE FIRST 6 ELEMENTS f d p d s IRON 1s s p 6 s p 6 s d 6 Orbitals are filled according to Hund s Rule. They continue to pair up. p s p s HUND S RULE OF MAXIMUM MULTIPLICITY
38 THE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS OF THE FIRST 6 ELEMENTS f d p d s COBALT 1s s p 6 s p 6 s d 7 Orbitals are filled according to Hund s Rule. They continue to pair up. p s p s HUND S RULE OF MAXIMUM MULTIPLICITY
39 THE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS OF THE FIRST 6 ELEMENTS f d p d s NICKEL 1s s p 6 s p 6 s d 8 Orbitals are filled according to Hund s Rule. They continue to pair up. p s p s HUND S RULE OF MAXIMUM MULTIPLICITY
40 THE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS OF THE FIRST 6 ELEMENTS f d p d s p s p s COPPER 1s s p 6 s p 6 s 1 d 10 One would expect the configuration of chromium atoms to end in s d 9. To achieve a more stable arrangement of lower energy, one of the s electrons is promoted into the d.
41 THE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS OF THE FIRST 6 ELEMENTS f d p d s p ZINC 1s s p 6 s p 6 s d 10 The electron goes into the s to restore its filled state and complete the d and s orbital filling. s p s
42 THE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS OF THE FIRST 6 ELEMENTS f d p d s GALLIUM - KRYPTON The p orbitals are filled in exactly the same way as those in the p and p sub levels. p s p s HUND S RULE OF MAXIMUM MULTIPLICITY
43 THE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS OF THE FIRST 6 ELEMENTS f d p d s p s GALLIUM - KRYPTON Prefix with 1s s p 6 s p 6 s d 10 Ga - p 1 Ge - p As - p Se - p p s Br - p 5 Kr - p 6 Remember that the p configurations follow Hund s Rule with the electrons remaining unpaired to give more stability.
44 H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn 1s 1 ELECTRONIC 1s CONFIGURATIONS 1s s 1 OF ELEMENTS 1-0 1s s 1s s p 1 1s s p 1s s p 1s s p 1s s p 5 1s s p 6 1s s p 6 s 1 1s s p 6 s 1s s p 6 s p 1 1s s p 6 s p 1s s p 6 s p 1s s p 6 s p 1s s p 6 s p 5 1s s p 6 s p 6 1s s p 6 s p 6 s 1 1s s p 6 s p 6 s 1s s p 6 s p 6 s d 1 1s s p 6 s p 6 s d 1s s p 6 s p 6 s d 1s s p 6 s p 6 s 1 d 5 1s s p 6 s p 6 s d 5 1s s p 6 s p 6 s d 6 1s s p 6 s p 6 s d 7 1s s p 6 s p 6 s d 8 1s s p 6 s p 6 s 1 d 10 1s s p 6 s p 6 s d 10
45 ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS THE END
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