TRENDS IN THE PERIODIC TABLE
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1 MODULE WORKSHEET0 TRENDS IN THE PERIODIC TABLE Syllus reference.. Complete the following with word or phrse to check your understnding. In the nineteenth century, s more elements ecme known, chemists serched for ptterns in properties. A Germn chemist, Doereiner, noticed ptterns mong the elements involving severl triplets (groups of three elements). He clled these. trids In John Newlnds proposed lw of octves where he rrnged the known elements in groups of eight in order of incresing tomic. weight A Russin chemist, Dmitri, Mendeleev produced the forerunner to the modern Periodic Tle. He rrnged the elements in incresing tomic weight nd plced elements hving similr properties under one nother to otin tle. An importnt spect of Mendeleev s tle ws the fct tht he recognised there were discoveries still to e mde, so he left gps nd predicted the properties of elements which could fill the spces. His work ws vindicted when three of his predicted elements were discovered nd their properties were found to e similr to his predictions. c d As time pssed some discrepncies emerged with his tle. The discovery of the nole gses y Willim Rmsy dded nother column to the Periodic Tle. Further work y physicist Henry Moseley led to the reorgnistion of the Periodic Tle sed on tomic numer rther thn tomic weight. The modern periodic tle hs the elements orgnised into verticl groups nd horizontl. periods The tle is orgnised so tht elements with similr chemicl properties re in the sme. group Tody we know tht it is n element s electron configurtion which is used to explin its properties. Copyright 00 McGrw-Hill Austrli CONQUERINGCHEMISTRY PRELIM MODULE WS 0
2 e Atomic rdii generlly decrese s you go from left to right cross period. Atomic rdii generlly increse s you move down group ecuse there re more. electrons f The energy required to remove n electron from n tom is clled the ionistion energy. This generlly s you move from left to right cross period nd s you move down group. The nole gs hs the highest ionistion energy within ech period. g As you remove successive electrons the ionistion energy ut not lwys uniformly. The differences etween successive ionistion energies shows tht toms tend to lose electrons to ttin the electron configurtion of the nole gses. Complete the tle elow y inserting the vlues for tomic numer, group numer nd period. Use the tle elow to mke generlistions out the electricl conductivity nd oiling point cross period nd down group. ELEMENT SYMBOL ATOMIC GROUP PERIOD ELECTRICAL CONDUCITIVITY BOILING NUMBER NUMBER (MS m ) POINT (ºC) Hydrogen H Helium He 9 Lithium Li 0. Beryllium Be 90 Boron B Cron C Nitrogen N 9 Oxygen O Fluorine F 9 Neon Ne 0 Sodium N Mgnesium Mg 0 Aluminium Al 0 Silicon Si 0 Phosphorous P 0 0 Sulfur S 0 Chlorine Cl Argon Ar 9 Potssium K 9 0 Clcium C 0 9 Ruidium R. 9 Cesium Cs.0 Frncium Fr Copyright 00 McGrw-Hill Austrli CONQUERINGCHEMISTRY PRELIM MODULE WS 0
3 i Identify ny trend in electricl conductivity. Generlly electricl conductivity then from left to right cross period. Generlly electricl conductivity from top to ottom down group. ii Identify ny trend in oiling point. Boiling point generlly then from left to right cross period nd from top to ottom down group. iii Use the grph pper to plot grph of oiling wter vs tomic numer for elements in Group. iv Use the sme grph pper nd different colour to plot grph of oiling point vs tomic numer for Period. Copyright 00 McGrw-Hill Austrli CONQUERINGCHEMISTRY PRELIM MODULE WS 0
4 Clssify ech of these sttements s true or flse. Rewrite the flse sttements so they re true. In his periodic tle Mendeleev rrnged the elements ccording to incresing tomic numer. FALSE In his periodic tle Mendeleev rrnged the elements ccording to incresing tomic WEIGHT. The element in Group IV Period is gllium. FALSE The element in Group IV Period is GERMANIUM. c Removing one electron from n tom results in n ion with chrge of +. TRUE d The metllic chrcter s you move from left to right nd s you move from top to ottom. FALSE The metllic chrcter DECREASES s you move from left to right nd INCREASES s you move from top to ottom. e Moving cross period the onding chnges from metllic to covlent. TRUE f The melting points generlly rise to the element in Group V then decrese. FALSE The melting points generlly rise to the element in Group IV then decrese. Element W forms the chloride WCl nd the oxide WO. Element Y is in the sme group of the Periodic Tle s W. Wht would you expect for the formul of the hydroxide nd romide of element Y? Y(OH) YBr In the Periodic Tle how does the tomic rdius vry: i cross period from left to right? ii down group from top to ottom? In ech of the following sets plce the elements in order of incresing tomic rdius: i potssium, clcium, mgnesium mgnesium, clcium, potssium ii chlorine, rgon, silicon rgon, chlorine, silicon iii gllium, phosphorus, luminium phosphorus, luminium, gllium iv chlorine, rgon, rsenic, romine rgon, chlorine, romine, rsenic Copyright 00 McGrw-Hill Austrli CONQUERINGCHEMISTRY PRELIM MODULE WS 0
5 The first ionistion energies for sodium, silicon nd sulfur re.0, 0.0 nd 0.9 MJ/mol ut not necessrily in tht order. Assign the vlues to the elements nd explin your resoning. Ionistion energy from left to right so sodium would e 0.0 MJ/mol, silicon would e 0.9 MJ/mol nd sulfur would e the highest t.0 MJ/mol. The following tle lists successive ionistion energies (in kj/mol) for three elements A, B nd C. A B C First ionistion energy 0 0 Second ionistion energy Third ionistion energy Fourth ionistion energy Why is the second ionistion energy lwys greter thn the first? It requires more energy to remove the second electron ecuse this involves removing negtive electron from positive ion due to extr electrosttic ttrction. Why is there ig jump in vlue etween the second nd third energies for C nd etween the third nd fourth for A? The jump would men n electron is eing removed from filled electron shell. c Wht would you expect to e the chrges on the ions formed y ech of A, B nd C? A, B, C The following digrm summrises some wys in which properties vry cross nd down the Periodic Tle. Insert the word or in the spce provided. tomic rdius ionistion energy rectivity of metls electronegtivity metllic chrcter Copyright 00 McGrw-Hill Austrli CONQUERINGCHEMISTRY PRELIM MODULE WS 0
6 9 The electronegtivity of n element is mesure of its ility to ttrct electrons. The higher the electronegtivity of n element, the more strongly it ttrcts electrons. An element s ility to ttrct electrons will hve ering on whether it forms positive ions, covlent onds or negtive ions. The shred pir of electrons in covlent ond re rrely shred eqully etween the two toms involved. One tom usully hs higher electronegtivity thn the other nd thus ttrcts the electrons more strongly. This tom hs therefore cquired n extr shre of negtive chrge nd egins to resemle negtive ion. The other tom correspondingly egins to resemle positive ion. The extent to which this shring of n electron pir is unequl is indicted y the percentge ionic chrcter of simple ond. The tle elow gives the electronegtivity of toms of selected elements. It is rrnged in the sme wy s Periodic Tle from which the nole gses (helium, neon, rgon nd krypton) nd the trnsition elements (scndium to zinc) hve lso een omitted. H. TABLE OF ELECTRONEGATIVITY OF SELECTED ELEMENTS Li.0 Be. B.0 C. N.0 O. F.0 N 0.9 Mg. Al. Si. P. S. Cl.0 K 0. C.0 G. Ge. As.0 Se. Br. The grph elow shows how the per cent ionic chrcter of single ond vries ccording to the difference in electronegtivity etween the two elements forming the ond. Answer the following questions using the tle nd grph ove Wht is the reltionship etween the per cent ionic chrcter of single onds nd the electronegtivity difference etween their elements? The greter the electronegtivity difference the greter the per cent ionic chrcter. Wht electronegtivity difference will result in ond with 0% ionic chrcter? Approximtely. difference. c Estimte the percentge ionic chrcter of onds formed etween: i nitrogen nd fluorine Difference is so 0 % ionic chrcter. ii sodium nd oxygen Difference is. so 90 9% ionic chrcter. Copyright 00 McGrw-Hill Austrli CONQUERINGCHEMISTRY PRELIM MODULE WS 0
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