Two countries one regional powerhouse

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Bryan Lucas
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1 IFHP/DAC/NCN. October Two countries one regional powerhouse Christian Wichmann Matthiessen Professor of Geography University of Copenhagen

2 The South Scandinavian Missing Links Distance between Sealand and the European continent indicated as time Source: The European Round Table of Industrialists 1989

3 Great Belt (1997/1998) Transport substituted communication Domestic air traffic reduced with 33 % Railroad traffic boosted Danish logistics change Day-tourism: increase Ferry towns lose activity but compensation

4 Öresund (2000)

5 The Öresund Area: Pre-bridge Untill July Ferry lines 25 km Distance between coasts measured as time

6 Regional development: Object Pre-bridge Post-bridge

7 Copenhagen-Malmö-Lund Growth factors motivated by cross-border development Cross point: enforcement Centrality Hinterland boundary for metropolitan product of CPH and STC: Under pressure towards Stockholm General metropolitan competition Synergy Cross border integration Accessibility to specialisations in the other country Utilisation of resources in one functional system Economy of scale New mass: further specialisation Purpose of the bridge: regional development Not international transport

8 Regional railroads

9 Persons per year 5000 Migration between Sealand and Scania Bridge opens Scania (S) to Sealand (DK) Sealand (DK) to Scania (S)

10 20000 Persons per day Commuting between Sealand and Scania Bridge opens Scania (S) to Sealand (DK) Sealand (DK) to Scania (S)

11 Persons crossing Øresund per month: Ferries and bridge Bridge opens -

12 Regional development: Reality Pre-bridge 2013

13 Pre-bridge: Two balanced systems 2014: A new balance

14 Metropolitan Competition Attraction of activity: Tourists Family Business Investments Qualified labour Framework for business Competitors (North Europe): Copenhagen Stockholm Hamburg Berlin Warsaw (upcoming) South Scandinavia the grand strategies: Cross border regional development The Öresund Region a new metropole The Hamburg-Öresund corridor a new powerhouse

15 Metropolitan competition (North Europe around 2010) Cph Ber Ham Stc Öre Population, mio. 1,8 5,1 2,6 1,8 2,5 Rank Economic strength (RGP) Billion US $ per year Rank Position in international networks Air traffic: Arriving plus departing passengers, mio. 20,1 12,1 7,3 13,0 20,9 Rank Creativity research Papers in SCI 3 years Rank

16 International flights per day 2013: Stockholm Trondheim Reykjavik Vaasa Bergen Oslo Oulu Stavanger Mariehamn Tampere Chicago Turku New York Helsinki Dublin Pori Manchester St. Petersburg Birmingham London Talinn Minsk Riga Moscow Amsterdam Billund Beijing Copenhagen Brussels Dusseldorf Lisbon Paris Las Palmas Madrid Frankfurt Barcelona Zurich Milan Vienna Hamburg Prague Munich Geneva Warsaw Krakow Berlin Bangkok Cairo Istanbul Budapest Kuwait Doha

17 International flights per day 2013: Copenhagen Reykjavik Faroe Islands Chicago Toronto Washington Aberdeen Glasgow Edinburgh New York Dublin Manchester Birmingham London Amsterdam Bremen Brussels Dusseldorf Lisbon Paris Las Palmas Madrid Malaga Luxembourg Ålesund Trondheim Haugesund Sandefjord Kristiansand Kangerlussuaq Bergen Stavanger Oslo Gothenburg Frankfurt Lyon Geneva Barcelona Nice Zurich Stuttgart Milan Hamburg Cairo Rome Basel Bologna Hanover Zagreb Örebro Joenkoeping Linkoeping Norrkoeping Stockholm Tampere Turku Waasa Budapest Doha Vienna MunichPrague Athens Helsinki Berlin Bangkok Istanbul Dubai Bahrain St. Petersborg Talinn Riga Kaliningrad Lodz Moscow Wroslaw Vilnius Poznan Gdansk Warsaw Tokyo Beijing Shanghai Palanga

18 Barriers 1999: Danish-Swedish barrier reports Thousands of s identified which blocks for integration Labor market, social laws, taxation systems, housing Legal changes No. of s altered to facilitate integration: : New taxation rules for cross border commuters No. of s altered to facilitate integration: 0 Toll on bridge: High (half price for regulare travelers) Organisational hindrances No change Regional government reform Denmark 2006: Weakens regional level Regional government reform Sweden 2007: Strengthens regional level Responsible for integration: National governments

19 Governance around Øresund Construction and operation of the link was agreed upon in 1991 between the Kingdoms of Denmark and Sweden A 50/50 ownership of the Øresund Consortia ensured that control and risk were equally shared The construction phase was successfull: on time and on budget The regions/municipalities formed the Øresund Committee in 1993 the states as observers initially. Responsible for cooperation projects and INTERREG In 1998 an Interreg project The Birth of A region was started in order to ensure a common branding. A brandholder was established in 2000, Øresund Network with almost no funds and no political understanding/backing Øresund University was established 1997 collaborating mainly on exchange of students. Board of directors: Universities, local and regional politicians. The Øresund University was closed down 2010 due to lack of internal trust Øresund Science Region was established 2002 with clusters/platforms within Life Science, Transport & Logistics, Food, Energy/environment and ICT. Board of directors: Politicians from all levels, Business leaders. Reduced in funding 2010

20 Metropolitan Øresund Region post-bridge 2.4 mio. inhb km 2

21 Fehmarnbelt Tunnel 4 October 2011 Ajs Dam 21

22 Femernbelt Link 2021 What we know! The project is owned, built, financed and operated by Denmark 18 kilometres immersed tunnel. Price: 4,5 billion Euros Direct + indirect jobs: man years Copenhagen Hamburg: from 4½ to 2½ hours = 40 % improvement Potential metropolitan dynamics Crosspoint location enforcement Complementarity New interaction High speed railroad network Metropolitan competition Large research facilities cooperation: ESS Niels Bohr Institute MAX IV DESY

23 The South Scandinavian Links Distance between Zealand and the European continent indicated as kilometres /

24 The South Scandinavian Links Distance between Zealand and the European continent indicated as kilometres /

Finland Market Potential to Soder Airlines

Finland Market Potential to Soder Airlines CAA Finland Helsinki airport Tampere airport Domestic traffic analyse MITD traffic analyse Airport charges 1 22.4.23 Business Analyst Timo Järvelä Civil Aviation