Ex. Either we must get in line early to buy the tickets, or only scalpers INDEPENDENT CLAUSE 1 INDEPENDENT tickets will be available.

Transcription

1 THIRTEENTH WEEK PAGE 1 COMPOUND SENTENCES II The COMPOUND SENTENCE A. A COMPOUND SENTENCE contains two or more INDEPENDENT clauses. B. INDEPENDENT CLAUSES CAN stand alone, so it is very easy to separate the clauses in a compound sentence. I. THREE WAYS TO MAKE A COMPOUND SENTENCE A. INDEPENDENT CLAUSE +, + COORDINATE CONJUNCTION + INDEPENDENT CLAUSE B. INDEPENDENT CLAUSE + ; + CONJUNCTIVE ADVERB + INDEPENDNET CLAUSE C. INDEPENDENT CLAUSE + ; + INDEPENDENT CLAUSE. II. A FOURTH WAY TO MAKE A COMPOUND SENTENCE CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS A. CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS are two conjunctions used together to join two words, phrases, or sentences. B. The most commonly used correlative conjunctions include either or neither nor not only but also both and C. PARALLELISM Correlative conjunctions must join the same kind of word or construction. Ex. She likes both singing and dancing. gerund gerund NOT CORRECT: She likes both singing and to dance. gerund infinitive Ex. Either we must get in line early to buy the tickets, or only scalpers INDEPENDENT CLAUSE 1 INDEPENDENT tickets will be available. NOT CORRECT: We must either get in line early to buy the tickets, PART OF VERB PHRASE or only scalpers tickets will be available. INDEPENDENT CLAUSE

2 NOTE: When we are joining two sentences with correlative conjunctions, we must be careful to place one of the conjunctions at the beginning of each sentence or clause. PAGE 2 D. CORRELATIVE + INDEPENDENT +, + CORRELATIVE + INDEPENDENT CONJUNCTION CLAUSE CONJUNCTION CLAUSE E. SPECIAL NOTES ON THE USE OF CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS (1) both and CANNOT be used to join sentences. (2) After the negative conjunctions neither, nor, and not only, the subject is placed after the verb. Ex. Neither can he solve that problem, nor does anyone else know the answer. (3) When the pair of conjunctions not only but also is used to join sentences, the two words but also can be joined together or separated. Ex. Not only is this radio reasonably priced, but also it has good sound. Not only is this radio reasonably priced, but it also has good sound. III. THE COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCE A COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCE contains at least three clauses: at least two independent EXAMPLES: (Many combinations are possible.) A. Using an adverb clause clauses and at least one dependent clause. conjunctive adverb He will go hiking with us if the weather is good; otherwise, he prefers to INDEP. CL. 1 Adverb Clause INDEPENDENT stay home. NOT CORRECT: If the weather is good; he will go hiking with us; Adverb Clause INDEPENDENT CLAUSE 1 otherwise, he prefers to stay home. INDEPENDENT, B. Using an adjective clause The motorcycle riders who were speeding down the road didn t see the traffic Adjective Clause INDEPENDENT CLAUSE 1 light, nor did they slow down for other traffic. INDEPENDENT coordinate conjunction

3 PAGE 3 NOT CORRECT: The motorcycle riders who were speeding down the road, nor did they Adjective Clause INDEPENDENT INDEPENDENT CLAUSE 1? ? slow down for other traffic. CORRECT: COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCE ---See example above (3 clauses) CORRECT: COMPLEX SENTENCE-- (2clauses) The motorcycle riders who were speeding down the road didn t slow down Adjective Clause INDEPENDENT CLAUSE for other traffic. CORRECT: COMPOUND SENTENCE-- (2 clauses) The motorcycle riders were speeding down the road, nor did they slow INDEPENDENT CLAUSE 1 INDEPENDENT down for other traffic. coordinate conjunction C. Using a noun clause Not only did he say that he would come, but he also promised to bring some records. Noun Clause (D.O.) INDEPENDENT correlative conjunction INDEPENDNET CLAUSE 1 correlative conjunction IV. To express more complex ideas in English you can use the following types of sentences: (1) COMPLEX SENTENCE: one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses (2) COMPOUND SENTENCE: two or more independent clauses (3) COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCE: at least two independent clauses and at least one dependent clause

4 CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS 相 關 連 接 詞 I. Using Correlative Conjunctions to Connect Sentences (a) Either you must do a market survey, or this product line* will continue to sell poorly. *product line: (1) different models of the same product (2) a group of related products (b) Neither has that shipment arrived, nor do we know what happened to it. (c) Not only is John taking the Senior-Level Civil Service Exam, but Fred also wants to have a try. NOTE: (1) Neither, nor, not only 之 後, subject+verb 要 改 成 verb+subject ( 參 (b) and (c) above )** (2) Both and cannot be used to connect sentences. II. Using Correlative Conjunctions to Connect Words and Phrases NOTE: The conjunctions must connect the same kind of words or phrases. (parallelism) (a) She said she would either sing or dance for our class party. verb verb (b) He was so worried about that exam that he was unable either to rest or to sleep. infinitive infinitive (c) His wife is both intelligent and beautiful. adjective adjective (d) You can study not only in the dormitory but also in the library. prep. phrase prep. phrase (e) Neither moving nor breathing, the spy hid behind the door. participle participle (f) Both the stock market and auto Gales took a sharp downturn.* noun-subj. noun-subj. *took a sharp downturn 急 轉 直 下

5 (g) At present he is dating neither Beverly nor Anna. noun-d.o. noun-d.o. ** Order of subject and verb after neither, nor, not only does Simple Present: Subject + Verb do + Subject + Verb ( 原 式 ) Simple Past: Subject + Verb did + Subject + Verb ( 原 式 ) is, are is, are 助 動 詞 : Subject + was, were + 分 詞 was, were + Subject + 分 詞 has, have has, have had had Modal ( 語 態 助 動 詞 ) can, could, will, would, etc. : Subject + Modal + Verb( 原 式 ) Modal + Subject + Verb( 原 式 )

6 COMPARISON OF SENTENCE CONNECTION IN CHINESE AND ENGLISH 雖 然 興 建 地 下 鐵 道 對 都 市 交 通 大 有 裨 益, 但 興 建 過 程 中 難 免 困 難 重 重 首 先 面 臨 的 是 經 費 問 題, 工 程 浩 大, 需 款 必 鉅 此 外, 地 下 鐵 道 附 近 的 凡 百 事 業, 必 常 受 侵 擾, 施 工 時 需 要 他 們 的 諒 解 還 有 土 地 難 求, 儘 量 避 免 改 道 等 問 題 興 建 地 下 鐵 道 雖 有 上 述 困 難, 盡 力 促 成 仍 是 值 得 的, 因 為 增 進 交 通 便 捷, 減 少 空 氣 汙 染 與 交 通 擁 擠, 乃 是 最 佳 的 報 償 A city will meet certain difficulties during the construction of a subway, but the completed subway line will greatly improve the city s transportation. The first problem is financing; a lot of money is required for such a large project. Second, businesses near the subway will often be disrupted by the construction; therefore, their cooperation is very important. A third problem could be buying the land; nevertheless, the subway s route should avoid unnecessary detours as much as possible. Struggling with these problems is worth the effort. Not only will people be able to move around the city more quickly and efficiently, but also air pollution and traffic jams will be less serious problems.