OMEGA 3 polynenasýtené mastné kyseliny áno alebo nie?

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1 OMEGA 3 polynenasýtené mastné kyseliny áno alebo nie? Omega 3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids yes or nor? Katarína FURKOVÁ, Miroslav ŠAŠINKA, Júlia HRACHOVÁ, Norbert SUROVÝ Katedra pediatrie FZSŠ SZU Bratislava, Detské odd. NsP Brezno Súhrn Omega 3 polynennasýtené mastné kyseliny (omega 3 PNMK) sú dôležitou súčasťou potravy, majú ochranný vplyv na cievny systém, na vznik rakoviny, pozitívne ovplyvňujú imunitný proces. Ich účinok je hypolipidemický, protizápalový, imunosupresívny, antiagregačný, antiarytmogénny, kardioprotektívny, hypotenzívny, neuroprotektívny a neuroregulačný, metabolický, genomodulačný i antiproliferatívny. Uvedené fakty sa premieňajú do praxe tým, že významnou mierou prispievajú k zlepšeniu zápalových procesov pri chorobách obličiek, ovplyvňujú rozvoj aterosklerózy, znižujú riziko arytmií, zlepšujú priebeh bronchiálnej astmy, atopickej dermatitídy. Pri systémových ochoreniach (GIT, koža, kĺby) zlepšujú priebeh a znižujú počet relapsov, svojím vplyvom na činnosť CNS zlepšujú priebeh mnohých neurologických a psychiatrických ochorení. Svoje využitie majú aj v gynekologickej praxi a význam majú v prevencii i pri liečbe onkologických ochorení. Z uvedených dôvodov je odpoveď na otázku, ktorá je v názve práce jednoznačná omega 3 PNMK áno. Kľúčové slová: omega 3 PNMK, účinky omega 3 PNMK, využitie v klinickej praxi Summary Omega- 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) are an important compoment of food, they have a protective influence on vascular system, on development of cancer, they positive modulate immune processes. Their effect is hypolipidemic, anti-inflammatory, immunosupressive, antiagregative, antirythmogenic, cardioprotective, hypotensive, neuroprotective and neuroregulative, metabolic, genomodulative and antiproliferative. These facts contribute in large extent to improve inflammatory processes in renal diseases, they influence a development of atherosclerosis, decrease the number of arrythmias, improve the course of bronchial asthma, atopic dermatitis. They improve the course and decrease the number of relapses in systemic diseases (gastrointestinal tract, skin, joints), n-3 PUFAs are involved in the prevention of some neuropsychiatric

2 disorders. They are also useful in gynecologic practice and in prevention of oncological diseases. These appointed reasones make the answer on the question in the title of article unambiguous omega- 3polyunsaturated fatty acids yes. Key words: omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3 PUFAs), effect of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, utilisation in clinical practice V súčasnej dobe významne vystupuje do popredia u detí i adolescentov problém obezity a hypertenzie, čo je len krok ku vzniku aterosklerózy v neskoršom veku a vo veľkej miere súvisí s nesprávnym stravovaním. V bežnej strave sú zastúpené tuky z rady nasýtených, mononasýtených, polynenasýtených a tzv. transmastných kyselín. Skupinu polynenasýtených mastných kyselín (PNMK) tvoria omega 6 a omega 3 PNMK (obr. l). V našej oblasti majú v strave prevahu nasýtené MK, čiastočne mononenasýtené MK a trans- MK a len minimálne množstvo PNMK. Nasýtené a mononenasýtené MK sú neesenciálne a tvoria sa zo sacharidov a tukov. PNMK sú však esenciálne, a preto si ich organizmus nevie vytvoriť sám. Z týchto dôvodov je dôležité si uvedomiť, aké

3 účinky majú na detský ale i dospelý organizmus jednotlivé zložky tukov v našej strave. Je známe, že nasýtené MK zvyšujú hladinu najmä LDL cholesterolu, čo je významný rizikový faktor pre vývoj aterosklerózy, ale aj pre vznik obezity. Nezanedbateľné je, že u ľudí, ktorí majú vysoký príjem MK, sa zvyšuje riziko výskytu rakoviny čriev, pŕs i pankreasu. Veľkým nepriateľom pre organizmus sú MK s konfiguráciou trans, ktoré sú najmä v stužených tukoch a pri ich vysokej konzumácii zvyšujú riziko vzniku kardiovaskulárnych ochorení a tumorov. Preto by v našej strave malo byť zastúpenie tukov nasledovné: Nasýtené tuky 10%, z toho maximálne 2% trans- mastné kyseliny. Nenasýtené tuky 20 25% (omega 6 a omega 3 PNMK). Čo sú a aké sú výsledné produkty PNMK? Metabolizmus omega 6-PNMK je na obr. 2. Z výsledných produktov sú dôležité najmä leukotrieny LTB 4, tromboxan TXA 2 a prostaglandín PGE 2. Na obr. 3 je metabolizmus omega 3-PNMK. Dôležité sú zložky kyselina dokosahexaénová (DHA), kyselina eikosapentaénová (EPA) a ich produkty leukotrien LTB 5, prostaglandín PGE 3 a tromboxan TXA 3 (11). Vzhľadom na metabolizmus oboch skupín a výsledné produkty je nesmierne dôležitý pomer omega 6 a omega 3 PNMK. Vysoký prívod omega 6 PNMK na úkor omega 3 PNMK ruší pozitívny vplyv omega 3 PNMK. Optimálny pomer je 1:2 (omega 3:omega 6), niektorí autori odporúčajú skriktný pomer 1:1. Prečo?

4 Otázka je jasná a odpoveď jednoduchá. TXA 3, LTB 5 a PGE 3 zlepšujú hojace procesy, naopak TXA 2 a LTB 4 spôsobujú deštrukciu tkaniva. Vyváženosť príjmu omega 3 a omega 6 PNMK preváži negatívne účinky produktov omega 6 PNMK a podporuje hojace účinky. Najlepšie môžeme dokumentovať pozitívne účinky omega 3 PNMK na ovplyvnení imunitného zápalu, ktorý je i podkladom pre vznik aterosklerózy (obr. 4). Pri porušenom endotele ciev a zvýšenom oxidatívnom strese sa znižuje oxid dusíka (NO), klesá vazodilatačná schopnosť ciev a aktivujú sa imunitné mechanizmy. Aktivácia nukleárneho faktora kapa B (NF-kB) zvýši proliferáciu hladkých svalov. Dochádza k zvýšeniu CRP s následnou poruchou rovnováhy NO a voľných kyslíkových radikálov (O 2 ), s uvoľnením cytokínov, ale i k priamemu zvýšeniu cytokínov (interleukínov, tumor nekrosis faktor/tnf), s následným zvýšením adhezívnych molekúl, migráciou monocytov a makrofágov. Výsledkom tohoto procesu je zápal v cievnej stene, ktorý je predstupňom aterosklerózy (obr. 5) (15). Veľmi dôležitú úlohu v tomto procese zohráva okrem TXA 2 a LTB 4 aj NF-kB, ktorý významne podporuje okrem proliferácie hladkého svalstva aj aktivitu imunitného procesu. Práve omega-3 PNMK dokážu prerušiť jeho aktivitu. Vzhľadom na to, že každý zápal v organizme má imunologický podklad, môžeme hovoriť o širokom spektre využitia účinkov omega 3-PNMK. Ich účinky sú dané jedinečnou biochemickou štruktúrou. Zasahujú prakticky do všetkých orgánových systémov v ľudskom organizme.

5 Aké sú účinky omega 3-PNMK? 1) Hypolipidemický zvýšením hladiny HDL cholesterolu, najmä zložky HDL2 (frakcia s najvyšším antiaterogénnym účinkom

6 a obsahom cholesterolu) a znížením HDL3 (frakcia s vyšším podielom triacylglycerolu). HDL spôsobuje reverzný transport cholesterolu do pečene, čoho výsledkom je zníženie cholesterolu, zníženie oxidácie tukov, zníženie triacylglycerolu, zníženie dysfunkcie endotelu, proliferácie fibroblastov a tým i riziko vzniku aterogenézy a hypertenzie (12). 2) Protizápalový inhibíciou syntézy proinflamačných cytokínov tým, že: EPA vytesňuje kyselinu arachidonovú (AA) vo fosfolipidovej dvojvrstvove biomembrány, kompetitívne inhibuje cyklooxigenázu, čím znižuje tvorbu PGE 2 a TXA 2 prostacyklínu a leukotrienov LTB 4, ktoré navodzujú chemotaxiu a adherenciu leukocytov, DHA inhibuje agregáciu trombocytov znížením aktivity TXA 2, zvýšujú syntézu PGE 3 a LTB 5, ktoré majú nižší proinflamačný efekt, a tým potláčajú aktivitu LTB 4, znižujú uvoľňovanie LTB 4 zo stimulovaných neutrofilov a IL 1 z monocytov (2). 3) Imunosupresívny inhibíciou odpovede B-lymfocytov na mitogénnu stimuláciu a znížením expresie receptorov pre IL2 na stimulovaných lymfocytoch, inhibíciou syntézy TNF alfa a IL1 beta, supresiou tvorby autoprotilátok, proliferácie T lymfocytov a syntézy proinflamačných cytokínov, inhibíciou aktivity NK buniek a supresiou expresie HLA-DR, HLA-DP a ICAM-1 v interferónom gama aktivovaných monocytoch (2). 4) Antiagregačný, hemoreologický, antiaterogénny produkciou TXA 3, ktorý tlmí účinok TXA 2, blokádou aktivácie transkripčného faktora NF kb, čím sa znižuje syntéza cytokínov a adhezívnych molekúl, blokádou syntézy PDGF (platelet derived growth factor), znížením aktivátora faktora VII. 5) Antiarytmogénny, kardioprotektívny a hypotenzívny zvýšením elektrostability kardiomyocytu pôsobením na iónové kanály (Na/K a Ca/ATPáza). Pri znížení omega 3 PNMK stagnuje kalciová pumpa, kalcium sa akumuluje v bunke a kontrakcia sa stáva slabá a nepravidelná. Táto akumulácia je škodlivá v prípadoch stresu, námahavej práce, kedy kalciová pumpa nedokáže rýchlo reagovať a môže spôsobiť ventrikulárnu filtráciu a náhlu smrť (13). aktiváciou endoteliálnej NOS (nitric oxid syntázy) zvyšuje hladinu oxidu dusíka (NO), čím zlepšuje

7 vazodilatáciu a znižuje tlak krvi. 6) Neuroprotektívny a neuroregulačný Tým, že omega 3-PNMK tvoria viac ako 20% mozgového tkaniva vo forme fosfolipidov, sú hlavnou štruktúrovou súčasťou membrány neurónu, ovplyvňujú jej permeabilitu a tým vplývajú na funkciu neurónu. Nachádzajú sa i v myelínovom obale sivej hmoty mozgu a ich koncentrácia je vysoká vo fotoreceptoroch sietnice. Tieto skutočnosti prispievajú cestou blokády Ca-kanálu, úpravou serotonín-dopaminergenej neurotransmisie, reguláciou permeability bunkovej membrány a vytvorením optimálneho prostredia pre zrenie membrán retiny, k zlepšovaniu činnosti CNS a sietnice (16). 7) Metabolický účinok zlepšením citlivosti na inzulín a znížením hladiny homocysteínu znižujú riziko vzniku diabetes mellitus a syndrómu inzulínovej rezistencie. 8) Genomodulačný a antiproliferatívny účinok zásahom do génovej expresie niektorých enzýmov a proteínov (fosfolipáza A, NADPH/NADH oxidáza, myokardiálna Na/K a Ca/ATPáza) ako i blokádou NFkB zásadne ovplyvňujú metabolické procesy, ktoré regulujú uvedené enzýmy. Okrem toho regulujú apoptózu buniek a chránia pred oxidačným stresom. Uvedené fakty (účinku omega 3-PNMK) môžeme premietnuť do praxe vo viacerých medicínskych odboroch. Zistilo sa, že pri chorobách: 1) Uropoetického systému spomaľujú zápalový proces pri nefritídach, spomaľujú vznik glomerulosklerózy, znižujú proteinúriu, systémovú i glomerulovú hypertenziu, čím spomaľujú progresiu nefropatií. (IgA nefritída, lupusová nefritída, chronická renálna insuficiencia) (4). 2) Kardiovaskulárneho systému, kde svojím účinkom na spektrum cholesterolu, ochranným vplyvom na endotel (vazodilatačný efekt) znižujú tlak krvi a spomaľujú rozvoj aterosklerózy. Ovplyvnením iónových kanálov spôsobujú elektrostabilitu kardiomyocytu, pôsobia antiarytmogénne a znižujú riziko náhlej smrti (13). 3) Respiračného systému, kde najmä pri chronických ochoreniach (asthma bronchiale) svojím protizápalovým vplyvom a vplyvom na prostaglandíny zlepšujú priebeh ochorenia a znižujú frekvenciu záchvatov. Pozitívny vplyv majú aj na priebeh cystickej fibrózy (5, 17). 4) Gastrointestinálneho traktu, kde svojim vplyvom na imunitný zápal pozitívne ovplyvňujú priebeh systémových črevných ochorení (M. Crohn, Colitis ulcerosa), zlepšujú ich priebeh a znižujú počet relapsov. Významne zlepšujú i hepatálne funkcie (1).

8 5) Pri gynekologických ochoreniach znižujú počet zápalov, zlepšujú dysmenorhoe a u tehotných žien pozitívne ovplyvňujú u plodu vývin centrálneho nervového systému a zrenie retiny (9). 6) Pri psychiatrických ochoreniach svojím vplyvom na vývoj funkcie CNS pomáhajú pri liečbe mentálnej anorexie, bulímie, zlepšujú priebeh depresií, znižujú frekvenciu bolestí hlavy, osvedčili sa pri autizme a ľahkej mozgovej dysfunkcii (7, 10). 7) Pri onkologických ochoreniach, kde najmä spomalením abnormálneho rastu buniek, neoangiogenézy a urýchlením apoptózy neoplasticky transformovaných buniek bránia agresivite ochorenia (8). 8) Pri dermatologických ochoreniach najmä atopickej dermatitíde, EPA kompetitívnou inhibíciou lipooxigenácie kyseliny arachidonovej pôsobí protizápalove a zlepšuje jej prejavy. Rovnako pozitívny účinok sa zistil pri psoriáze (6, 14). 9) Pri reumatických ochoreniach /vplyvom na imunitný zápal zlepšuje priebeh reumatoidnej artritídy (3). Nezanedbateľný je vplyv na zrážanlivosť krvi, zníženie zápalov stredného ucha ako i zníženie rizika poškodenia retiny, najmä u nedonosených detí. Z uvedeného vyplýva, že účinok omega 3 PNMK je významný najmä pôsobením na imunitný zápal, ktorý je základom prevažnej väčšiny ochorení v detskom veku i dospelosti. Keď sa pozrieme na stravu v Japonsku, kde základ stravy tvoria ryby, ryža, sója, hydina, cestoviny a zelenina (zdroj najmä omega 3 PNMK), stredomorskú, kde opäť dominujú olejnaté ryby, olivový olej, zelenina, obilniny, strukoviny, cestoviny, orechy (zdroj omega 3 a omega 6 PNMK), a slovenskú či českú bravčové a hovädzie mäso, udeniny, múčne výrobky, stužené tuky, sladkosti, občas ryby (prevažne nasýtené a transmastné kyseliny) zistíme, že dodávka omega 3 PNMK je pre nás i naše deti mimoriadne dôležitá. Teda ak máme odpovedať na otázku, ktorú sme položili na úvod omega 3 PNMK áno alebo nie, tak odpoveď znie jednoznačne áno. Doc. MUDr. Katarína Furková, CSc. Klinika pre deti a dorast A. Getlíka SZU FNsP sv. Cyrila a Metoda Antolská Bratislava LITERATURA 1. Barbosa DS, Cecchini R, El Kadri MZ, Rodriguez MA, Burini RC, Dichi I. Decreased oxidative stress in patients with ulcerative colitis supplemented with fish oil omega-3 fatty acids. Nutrition 2003; 19:

9 2. Calder PC. Polyunsaturated fatty acids, inflammation and immunity. Lipids 2001; 36: Calder PC, Zurier RB. Polyunsaturated fatty acids and rheumatoid arthritis. Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Care 2001; 4(2): Cerkauskiene R, Kaminskas A, Kaltenis P, Vitkus D. Omega-3 fatty acids in treatment of NS in childhood. N 2003; 39(Suppl. l): Emolyanov A, Fedoseev G. Treatment of asthma with lipid extra of New Zealand green lipped mussel. Eur. Respir. J. 2002; 20: Escobar SO, Achenbach R, Iannantuono R, Torem V. Topical fish oil in psoriasis a controlled and blind study. Clin. Exp. Dermatol. 1992; 17(3): Fenton WS, Dickerson F, Boronow J, Hibbeln JR, Knable M. A placebo-controlled trial of omega-3 fatty acid (ethyleicosapentaenoic acid) suplementation for residual symptoms and cognitive impaiment in schizophrenia. Amer. J. Psychiat. 2001; 158(12): Hardman WE. Omega 3 fatty acids as cancer therapy. J. Nutr. 2002; 132(11 Suppl): 3508S-3512 S. 9. Harel Z, Biro FM. Suplementation with omega-3 PUFA in management of dysmenorrhea in adolescents. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 1996; 174(4): Harel Z, Gascon G, Riggs S, Vaz R, Brown W, Exil G. Suplementation with omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the management of recurrent migraines in adolescents. Divis. Adolescent Med. Providence, Rhode Island, 2002; 31(2): Harper CR, Jacobson TA. Životodárne tuky. Úloha omega 3 mastných kyselín v prevencii ischemické choroby. J. Amer. Med. Ass. CS, 10, 2002; 2: Ikeda I, Zoshida H, Tomooa M, Zosef A, Imaizumi K, Tsuji H, Saito H. Effects of long-term feeding of marine oils with different positional distribution of eicopentaenoic and docosahexaen acids on lipid metabolism, eicosanoid production and platelet aggregation in hypercholesterolemic rats. Lipid 33, 1998; 9: Leaf A, Kang JX, Xiao YF, Billman GE. Dietary n-3 fatty acids in the prevention of cardiac arrhythmias. Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutrit. Metab. Care, 1998; 2: Makrides M, Gibson RA. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid requirements dur ing pregnancy and lactation. Amer. J. Clin.Nutr. 2000; 71(1Suppl.): 307S-311S. 15. Masato Omura, Sei Kobayashi, Miyake, Masunori Matsuzaki. Eicosapentaenoic (EPA) induced Ca2+ independent activation and translocation of endotelial nitric oxide synthase and endotheliumdependent vasorelaxation. Febs Letter, 2001; 28: Tiina Tyni, Margaret Johnson, Simon Easton, Morteza Pourfazam: Mitochondrial fatty acids B-oxidation in the retinal pigment epithelium. Pediat. Res. 2002; 52: De Vizia B, Raia V, Spano C, Pavlidis C, Coruzzo A, Alessio M. Effect of an 8-month treatment with omega-3 fatty acids (eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic) in patient with cystic fibrosis. JPEN J. Parenter. Enteral. Nutr. 2003; 27(1):

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