Chapter 10: Muscles and Muscle Tissue

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Chapter 10: Muscles and Muscle Tissue"

Transcription

1 Chapter 10: Muscles and Muscle Tissue Chapter Objectives OVERVIEW OF MUSCLE TISSUE 1. Describe the three key functions of muscle. 2. Describe the four special properties of muscle tissue. SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE 3. Describe the difference between a fascicle, a myofiber, a myofibril and a myofilament. 4. Explain what is meant by muscle atrophy and hypertrophy. 5. Describe and give the functions of the four kinds of proteins found in myofibrils. 6. Describe the different bands found in a sarcomere. 7. Explain how the arrangement of the thick and thin myofilaments forms the observed sarcomere structural patterns of the myofibril. 8. Discuss the connection between the sarcolemma and the Transverse tubules. 9. Describe and give the function and location of the sacroplasmic reticulum and the terminal cisternae. 10. List the three layers of connective tissue that surrounds skeletal muscle and give a function for the tissue. THE NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION 11. Show the general features of the neuromuscular junction that allows signals coming from the brain to be conveyed across the gap between the neuron motor cell and the sarcolemma of the muscle cell. 12. Describe the effects of certain drugs, bacterial toxins and disorders on the function of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). CONTRACTION AND RELAXATION OF SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBERS 13. Describe the conditions inside a skeletal muscle cell at rest in regards to ATP, Calcium, and the state of the myofilaments. 14. Explain why the process of muscle contraction is called Excitation-Contraction Coupling. 15. Describe what is happening in a skeletal muscle cell during the Sliding Filament Mechanism in regards to ATP, Calcium and myofilament function. 16. Illustrate the progressive overlap of the thick and thin filaments as they pull the Z disc toward the center of the sarcomere, and the result on the length of the fibril, fiber, and muscle. 17. Define a power stroke cycle and explain the steps of the cycle. Include the factors that maintain continuous cycling of muscle contraction.

2 18. Describe the condition called rigor mortis and its cause. MUSCLE METABOLISM 19. Describe energy use in muscle cells and list the three sources for ATP regeneration in muscle cells. 20. Discuss the relative durations of time that each form of ATP production provides for sustained activity. 21. Describe the use of creatine phosphate in muscles to produce ATP. 22. Define oxygen debt and discuss the purpose of the elevated use of oxygen after exercise. CONTROL OF MUSCLE TENSION 23. Define the All or None Principal 24. Define a motor unit and indicate the relationship between a motor neuron, the number of muscle fibers it innervates, and the strength of contraction by the motor unit. 25. Discuss the effects of increasing the number of active motor units on contraction force. 26. Define muscle tone and note how it normally works in body posture maintenance. 27. Discuss the activities that occur in each period of a twitch contraction as shown in a myogram. 28. Define Refactory period. 29. Define twitch, treppe and tetanus and explain the conditions that cause them. 30. Compare and contrast isotonic and isometric contractions. TYPES OF SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBERS 31. Discuss the slow oxidative fibers based on their cellular components, fatigue resistance, duration of contraction and ATPase reaction rate. 32. Discuss the fast glycolytic based on their cellular components, fatigue resistance, duration of contraction and ATPase reaction rate. 33. Discuss the intermediate fatigue resistant fibers based on their cellular components, fatigue resistance, duration of contraction and ATPase reaction rate. 34. Examine how various types of exercise can induce changes in the fibers in skeletal muscle. SMOOTH MUSCLE TISSUE 35. Compare skeletal and smooth muscle cells with respect to organelles, cytoskeleton, and contractile filaments. 36. Contrast the source and nature of differences in contraction between smooth and skeletal muscles. CARDIAC MUSCLE TISSUE

3 37. Compare and contrast differences in cardiac and skeletal muscle cell structure and physiology. Chapter Lecture Notes Functions of Skeletal Muscle Movement of body Posture maintenance Heat production - 85% of body heat is generated by skeletal muscle % of energy from nutrients is converted to ATP by cellular respiration % of energy from nutrients is converted to heat Properties of Skeletal Muscle Excitability - ability to receive and respond to a stimulus stimulus = change in environment strong enough to initiate an electrical signal, action potential In skeletal muscle, stimulus is usually acetylcholine (ACh, neurotransmitter) Contractility - ability to shorten (can shorten up to 50% of resting length) Extensibility - ability to stretch (can stretch up to 20% of resting length) Elasticity - ability to return to original length after contraction Histology Common root words for muscle sarco = fleshy myo = muscle Large Small: fascicle myofiber myofibril myofilament (Table 10.3) Muscle consists of elongated cells called muscle fibers or myofibers (Fig 10.1 & 10.2) A bundle of these fibers is called a fascicle Inside of a muscle cell there are small cylinders called myofibrils which may number several 100 to several 1000/cell (Fig 10.3)

4 Exercise increases myofibril production (hypertrophy); lack of exercise decreases myofibrils (atrophy) Each myofibril consists of myofilaments (proteins) (Fig 10.3, 10.4 and Table 10.2 & 10.3) thick myofilaments = myosin thin myofilaments = actin, troponin, tropomyosin Sarcomere - myofilaments don't extend entire length of muscle fiber; they are stacked into compartments called sarcomeres (Fig 10.3 & Table 10.1) Sarcomeres are the functional unit of a skeletal muscle (contractile unit) Parts of a sarcomere A band - myosin + overlapping actin I band - only actin, troponin, tropomyosin Z disc through center of I band H zone - only myosin M line middle of sacromere Sarcomere extends from Z disc to Z disc - 2 I bands / sarcomere Sarcoplasm cytoplasm Sarcolemma - cell membrane (Fig 10.2) T tubule - tubular invagination of sarcolemma that surrounds each myofibril at the A band - I band junction Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) - smooth endoplasmic reticulum that stores Ca 2+ Each myofibril is surrounded by SR Terminal cisternae dilated end sacs of the SR Triad - 2 terminal cisternae + 1 T tubule located at the A band - I band junction Entire muscle is wrapped in fibrous connective tissue which is continuous with tendons that insert skeletal muscle into periosteum of bone

5 Connective tissue holds muscle together as well as serving to transmit blood vessels and nerves to inner muscle cells Connective tissue layers of skeletal muscle (Fig 10.1) Epimysium - outside of entire muscle Can be called deep fascia (sheet of fibrous connective tissue) as compared to superficial fascia also known as subcutaneous layer Perimysium - divides muscle cells into fascicles (bundles) Endomysium - covers individual muscle cells Neuromuscular Junction A synapse or site of communication between a neuron and muscle is usually named a neuromuscular junction (NMJ) (Fig 10.9) Structure Neuromuscular junction = axon terminal (synaptic end bulb) of a motor neuron + synaptic cleft + motor end plate (sarcolemma under motor neuron) One per muscle fiber and usually in middle Function Acetylcholine (Ach) is released from the axon terminal (synaptic end bulb) of the motor neuron by exocytosis Ach diffuses across the synaptic cleft to the motor end plate Ach binds to receptors on the motor end plate Ach binding initiates a change in the electrical state of the muscle cell called an action potential Problems at the NMJ Curare - binds to ACh receptors in skeletal muscle membrane Competes with ACh but does not stimulate the ACh receptor Muscle paralysis

6 Myasthenia gravis - antibodies destroy ACh receptors Muscle paralysis Botulism (from the bacteria Clostridium botulinum) - toxin inhibits ACh release Muscle paralysis A dilute solution of botulinum toxin (Botox) can be injected into a muscle that is in spasm to help it relax Tetanus - (from the bacteria Clostridium tetani) - this anaerobic bacteria produces a toxin that blocks an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system Causes muscle spasms and painful convulsions Tetanus shots immunize against the toxin Organophosphates (in some pesticides) - inhibits acetylcholinesterase Acteylcholinesterase enzyme that inactivates acetylcholine Muscle spasms Sliding Filament Mechanism Sliding Filament Mechanism means: myosin (thick myofilaments) cross bridges pull actin (thin myofilaments) toward H zone during contraction (Fig 10.5) I band and H zone may disappear in a contracting muscle A band stays same length during contraction At rest Calcium in SR (terminal cisternae) Troponin-tropomyosin prevents myosin from binding to sites on actin ATP bonded to myosin cross bridges (concentration of ATP is high in relaxed muscle) Excitation-Contraction Coupling (Fig 10.10) Muscle action potential will be generated at the NMJ due to neural stimulus - Ach binds to its receptor on the motor end plate

7 Action potential - rapid change in electrical polarity at the plasma membrane of a muscle or neuron Will travel along the sarcolemma down into the T tubules Production of AP in muscle leads to contraction; Excitation-Contraction Coupling The action potential running through the T tubules causes the sarcoplasmic reticulum s terminal cisternae to release calcium into the sacroplasm The calcium will then bind to troponin Tropomyosin changes shape so myosin binding sites on actin are uncovered (Fig 10.7) Myosin then can bind to actin The calcium will also activate ATPase ability of myosin The ATPase activity of myosin activates its power stroke movement (Fig 10.6) Pulls actin inward (H zones and I bands narrow and may disappear; A band does not change its length) At end of power stroke, a new ATP binds to ATP binding site on the myosin cross bridge, resulting in detachment of myosin from actin Attach, pull, detach (release) = steps in contraction If lack ATP - rigor mortis To relax following contraction ACh is inactivated by acetycholinesterase (from sarcolemma surface) Calcium is actively transported back into SR ATP is required to pump calcium back into the SR ATP attaches to myosin cross bridge and it releases from actin Troponin-tropomyosin covers myosin binding sites on actin preventing binding of myosin cross bridges ATP and Muscle Function ATP required for

8 Power stroke - movement of myosin cross bridges pulls actin inward in a sarcomere At end of power stroke, ATP binds to ATP binding site, resulting in detachment of myosin from actin (ATP needed to release cross bridges) Pumping Ca 2+ back into terminal cisternae of the SR Sources of ATP (Fig 10.11) Stored ATP - lasts only 6 seconds during bursts of muscle contraction ATP generated from creatine phosphate (CP) (CP + ADP creatine + ATP) Together ATP that is stored and CP provide muscle power for sec CP replenished during resting periods Even as ATP and CP are being used, ATP is generated by aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration Resting and slowly contracting muscles obtain bulk of ATP via aerobic respiration of fatty acids (enters as acetyl-coa) Aerobic pathway: glucose + O 2 CO 2 + H 2 O + 36ATP In actively contracting muscles, glucose (from blood and breakdown of glycogen) is primary fuel supply Anaerobic pathway: glucose lactic acid + 2 ATP Aerobic pathway produces 20X more ATP than anaerobic respiration but takes 2 1/2 times longer Anaerobic respiration causes oxygen debt to occur Oxygen Debt Oxygen Debt: Amount of oxygen needed to metabolize the accumulated lactic acid and to restore ATP levels Muscle fatigue is result of ATP depletion and accumulation of lactic acid 80% of lactic acid diffuses from skeletal muscle to blood and is transported to liver where it is converted back to glucose

9 20% remains in muscle - processed to CO 2 and H 2 O + ATP Oxygen debt results in labored breathing in order to pay back the O 2 debt Lactic acid decreases ph of blood which stimulates increased respiration All or None Principal All or None Principle - individual muscle fibers of a motor unit will contract to its fullest extent of its immediate ability when stimulated by a nerve impulse (action potential) of threshold level The principle does not apply to the entire muscle but only to motor units Motor unit - motor neuron + all the skeletal muscle fibers it services (5 fibers to 2000 muscle fibers) (Fig 10.12) One entire muscle has many motor units Not all are stimulated at same time The smaller the number of muscle fibers/motor unit, the more precise the control of the muscle fibers So the strength of a contraction of an entire muscle depends on Size of load - heavier the load, stronger the contraction (pencil vs book) Number of motor units activated Initial length of fibers - more a muscle is stretched, to a point, the greater the contraction (Fig 10.8) Muscle tone - partial sustained contraction important in maintenance of posture Only a fraction of motor units are activated at any one time Produces tautness instead of recognized contraction Maintain tone without fatigue because there is a system of rotation; at any one moment some fibers are contracted and others are relaxed & resting, ready to take up the work next (motor units innervate scattered muscle cells and not clustered)

10 If muscle tone is not maintained, possibly due to nerve damage, the muscle has less than normal tone, or is flaccid If flaccidity is maintained for an extended period of time the muscle will atrophy, a decrease in muscle mass by a decrease in myofibrils Leg in cast Bedridden The opposite of atrophy is hypertrophy, an increase in diameter of muscle from forceful muscle activity or repetitive muscle activity; there is an increase in number of myofibrils, mitochondria, SR, blood vessels, connective tissue Kinds of Contractions Muscle twitch - rapid jerky response to single stimulus Can be traced on a myogram (Fig 10.13) Three phases: latent, contraction, relaxation Length of twitch varies for different muscles Short in eye muscle Long in leg muscle Refractory period - period of lost irritability (excitability) - short period of time during which there is no response to additional stimuli Short in skeletal muscle (.005 sec) Long in cardiac (.3 sec) Wave Summation (Treppe) - staircase phenomenon - reoccurring stimuli results in increasingly stronger twitch contractions (Fig 10.14) Increased heat in warmed up muscle increases speed of all reactions Increased calcium in sarcoplasm activates sliding filament mechanism faster Practical application: warming up of athletes

11 Tetanus - (not to be confused with bacterial disease of same name) - fusion of twitches (Fig 10.14) Relaxation is not allowed to occur Body normally delivers volleys of impulses in rapid succession, giving us smooth sustained contractions Voluntary contractions (normal movements) are tetanic contractions Isotonic contraction - muscle shortens and can move a load (Fig 10.15) Tension, force exerted by a contracting muscle on some object, has to exceed load to move it Tension remains constant as the muscle shortens Isometric contractions - develops increased tension in muscle but muscle does not shorten or there is minimal shortening (Fig 10.15) Cross bridges formed but unsuccessful in moving thin myofilaments (cross bridges spinning wheels on same cross bridge binding site) Length remains about the same Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers Slow twitch - fatigue resistant red (SO) (Table 10.4) Contract more slowly Slower myosin ATPase Fuel source: fatty acids Aerobic respiration More mitochondria Low glycogen High myoglobin Myoglobin - similar to hemoglobin, hence red in color; binds O 2 and acts as a reservoir for O 2 until needed by mitochondria

12 More capillaries Small diameter ex. - large postural muscles, long distance runners Fast twitch fatigable white (FG) Contract more rapidly Faster myosin ATPase Fuel source: glucose Anaerobic respiration Fewer mitochondria High glycogen Low myoglobin Fewer capillaries Large diameter ex. muscles of arm and legs Intermediate intermediate fatigue resistant pink (FOG) Contract more rapidly Faster myosin ATPase Fuel source: glucose Anaerobic and aerobic respiration More mitochondria High glycogen High myoglobin More capillaries Intermediate diameter Most muscles have a combination of both types - all fibers of a motor unit are of same type

13 Endurance type exercises (running, swimming) can transform fast twitch - fatigable into intermediate by producing more mitochondria and increased myoglobin Cannot transform slow twitch to fast twitch fibers Smooth Muscle Smooth Involuntary, nonstriated, visceral (Fig 10.16) Located in walls of organs and blood vessels Has actin and myosin but not arranged orderly into sarcomeres Contract and relax more slowly than skeletal muscle due to arrangement of actin and myosin and a different calcium regulation molecule (calmodulin instead of troponintropomyosin) Contracts in waves as impulse spreads from one cell to another ex. - propulsion of food through digestive system Cardiac Muscle Cardiac Involuntary, striated (Table 10.5) Same arrangement of actin and myosin as skeletal muscle but not organized into discrete myofibrils Has own intrinsic rhythm Own electrical system Cardiac cells can contract without nerve stimulation Source of stimulation is specialized cells that initiate contraction, pacemaker Nerve stimulation merely speeds up or slows down rate of contraction

Chapter 10 Muscle Tissue Lecture Outline

Chapter 10 Muscle Tissue Lecture Outline Chapter 10 Muscle Tissue Lecture Outline Muscle tissue types 1. Skeletal muscle = voluntary striated 2. Cardiac muscle = involuntary striated 3. Smooth muscle = involuntary nonstriated Characteristics

More information

Muscle Tissue. Muscle Physiology. Skeletal Muscle. Types of Muscle. Skeletal Muscle Organization. Myofibril Structure

Muscle Tissue. Muscle Physiology. Skeletal Muscle. Types of Muscle. Skeletal Muscle Organization. Myofibril Structure Muscle Tissue Muscle Physiology Chapter 12 Specially designed to contract Generates mechanical force Functions locomotion and external movements internal movement (circulation, digestion) heat generation

More information

Muscles How muscles contract - The Sliding Filament Theory

Muscles How muscles contract - The Sliding Filament Theory Muscles How muscles contract - The Sliding Filament Theory A muscle contains many muscle fibers A muscle fiber is a series of fused cells Each fiber contains a bundle of 4-20 myofibrils Myofibrils are

More information

BIO 2401 MUSCLE TISSUE page 1 MUSCLES AND MUSCLE TISSUE. Striations Present or Absent?

BIO 2401 MUSCLE TISSUE page 1 MUSCLES AND MUSCLE TISSUE. Striations Present or Absent? BIO 2401 MUSCLE TISSUE page 1 Types of Muscle MUSCLES AND MUSCLE TISSUE Type of Muscle Skeletal Location of Muscle attaches to and covers bony skeleton Striations Present or Absent? present Control of

More information

Muscular System: Muscle Tissue (Chapter 10) Lecture Materials for Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D. Suffolk County Community College

Muscular System: Muscle Tissue (Chapter 10) Lecture Materials for Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D. Suffolk County Community College Muscular System: Muscle Tissue (Chapter 10) Lecture Materials for Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D. Suffolk County Community College Primary Sources for figures and content: Eastern Campus Marieb, E. N. Human Anatomy

More information

Biology 2401 Anatomy and Physiology I Exam 3 Notes- Muscular System Ch. 8

Biology 2401 Anatomy and Physiology I Exam 3 Notes- Muscular System Ch. 8 Biology 2401 Anatomy and Physiology I Exam 3 Notes- Muscular System Ch. 8 Functions of the muscular system: movement of body or body parts and materials within the body maintain posture and body position

More information

MUSCLES AND MUSCLE TISSUE

MUSCLES AND MUSCLE TISSUE MUSCLES AND MUSCLE TISSUE The muscular system provides for movement of the body and its parts (as muscles shorten), maintains posture, generates heat and stabilizes joints. The various types of muscles

More information

CHAPTER XV PDL 101 HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY. Ms. K. GOWRI. M.Pharm., Lecturer.

CHAPTER XV PDL 101 HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY. Ms. K. GOWRI. M.Pharm., Lecturer. CHAPTER XV PDL 101 HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY Ms. K. GOWRI. M.Pharm., Lecturer. Types of Muscle Tissue Classified by location, appearance, and by the type of nervous system control or innervation. Skeletal

More information

Teppe Treppe: A staircase increase in tension production after repeated simulation, even though the muscle is allowed to relax between twitches.

Teppe Treppe: A staircase increase in tension production after repeated simulation, even though the muscle is allowed to relax between twitches. Part II, Muscle: Mechanisms of Contraction and Neural Control, Chapter 12 Outline of class notes Objectives: After studying part II of this chapter you should be able to: 1. Discuss how contractile force

More information

Muscles and Contraction

Muscles and Contraction Muscles and Contraction Muscle tissue forms the organs called muscle. Three types of muscle tissue are (1) skeletal, (2) cardiac, and (3) smooth. Anatomy and Physiology Text and Laboratory Workbook, Stephen

More information

Muscle Tissue Muscle tissues are specialized to contract. Muscle cells are connected together, primarily by collagen fibers

Muscle Tissue Muscle tissues are specialized to contract. Muscle cells are connected together, primarily by collagen fibers Muscle Tissue Muscle tissues are specialized to contract. Muscle cells are connected together, primarily by collagen fibers When a muscle cell contracts t it pulls on the collagen fibers creating tension

More information

Muscular System. Skeletal Muscle

Muscular System. Skeletal Muscle Muscular System Overview of Muscle Tissues Types of Muscle Tissue o Skeletal and smooth muscles which are elongated are called muscle fibers o Myo- and Mys- = muscle o Sarco = flesh refers to muscle; i.e.,

More information

Chapter 6: The Muscular System

Chapter 6: The Muscular System Chapter 6: The Muscular System I. Overview of Muscle Tissues Objectives: Describe the similarities and differences in the structure and function of the three types of muscle tissue, and indicate where

More information

Skeletal Muscle Structure & Function.

Skeletal Muscle Structure & Function. Skeletal Muscle Structure & Function. Learning Objectives. At the end of this course, you should be able to : 1. describe the structure of skeletal muscle 2. understand the function of a motor unit 3.

More information

Practice Chapter 6. Figure 6.3. Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

Practice Chapter 6. Figure 6.3. Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. Practice Chapter 6 Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Voluntary muscle tissue is; a. smooth muscle b. skeletal muscle c. dense regular d.

More information

11 - Types Of Skeletal Muscle Contractions. Taft College Human Physiology

11 - Types Of Skeletal Muscle Contractions. Taft College Human Physiology 11 - Types Of Skeletal Muscle Contractions Taft College Human Physiology Types Of Skeletal Muscle Contractions Isotonic Contractions: Tension produced and overall shortening of the muscle as a load is

More information

MUSCULAR SYSTEM. A. K. Sengupta 9/9/2010 1/12

MUSCULAR SYSTEM. A. K. Sengupta 9/9/2010 1/12 MUSCULAR SYSTEM Introduction Functions and basic types of muscle cells Skeletal muscle cells and connective tissues The nervous system Mechanism of muscle contraction Motor unit Action potential basis

More information

Smooth Muscle. Learning Objectives.

Smooth Muscle. Learning Objectives. Smooth Muscle. Learning Objectives. At the end of this course, you should be able to : 1. describe the structure of smooth muscle 2. describe where smooth muscle occurs within the body 3. discuss the structural

More information

Module F SKELETAL SYSTEM & ARTICULATIONS

Module F SKELETAL SYSTEM & ARTICULATIONS Module F SKELETAL SYSTEM & ARTICULATIONS Topic from General functions of bone & the skeletal system Structural components microscopic anatomy Structural components gross anatomy Physiology of embryonic

More information

I have also included the questions from the muscular system quiz 7AB and 8 AB in this practice set.

I have also included the questions from the muscular system quiz 7AB and 8 AB in this practice set. 1 Practice Questions for Exam 2 As you prepare for the exam you should review all of your lecture notes, study guides, key medical terms, blood test information, and previous quizzes. The following are

More information

Skeletal Muscle Contraction MUSCLE PHYSIOLOGY. Sliding Filament Model of Contraction. Nerve Stimulus of Skeletal Muscle

Skeletal Muscle Contraction MUSCLE PHYSIOLOGY. Sliding Filament Model of Contraction. Nerve Stimulus of Skeletal Muscle Skeletal Muscle Contraction MUSCLE PHYSIOLOGY In order to contract, a skeletal muscle must: Be stimulated by a nerve ending Propagate an electrical current, or action potential, along its sarcolemma Have

More information

Muscle Fibres. Anatomy and Physiology Advanced Diploma Course Sample Pages Page 1

Muscle Fibres. Anatomy and Physiology Advanced Diploma Course Sample Pages Page 1 Muscle Fibres Muscles are composed of thousands of individual muscle fibres, which are held together by connective tissue. However, muscle fibres may differ in physiological makeup. Anatomy and Physiology

More information

MUSCULAR SYSTEM REVIEW. 1. Identify the general functions of the muscular system

MUSCULAR SYSTEM REVIEW. 1. Identify the general functions of the muscular system MUSCULAR SYSTEM REVIEW 1. Identify the general functions of the muscular system 2. Define the four characteristics of muscular tissue a. irritability (excitability) - b. extensibility- c. contractibility

More information

Chapter 6. Components of Elasticity. Musculotendinous Unit. Behavioral Properties of the Musculotendinous Unit. Biomechanics of Skeletal Muscle

Chapter 6. Components of Elasticity. Musculotendinous Unit. Behavioral Properties of the Musculotendinous Unit. Biomechanics of Skeletal Muscle Chapter 6 Behavioral Properties of the Musculotendinous Unit 1) extensibility: ability to be stretched or to increase in length 2) elasticity: ability to return to normal resting length following a stretch

More information

UNIT 5 - MUSCULAR SYSTEM LECTURE NOTES

UNIT 5 - MUSCULAR SYSTEM LECTURE NOTES UNIT 5 - MUSCULAR SYSTEM LECTURE NOTES 5.0I MUSCLE TISSUE FUNCTIONS A. Motion by moving the skeletal levers of the body B. Posture - stabilizing body positions C. Regulation of organ volume D. Thermogenesis

More information

Chapter 9: Muscular System

Chapter 9: Muscular System Shier, Butler, and Lewis: Hole s Human Anatomy and Physiology, 10 th ed. Chapter 9: Muscular System Chapter 9: Muscular System I. Structure of a Skeletal Muscle A. Introduction 1. A skeletal muscle is

More information

7Muscles. Major Themes. Chapter Objectives. Overview of Muscle 228. Structure of Skeletal Muscle Tissue 231. Muscle Energy 243

7Muscles. Major Themes. Chapter Objectives. Overview of Muscle 228. Structure of Skeletal Muscle Tissue 231. Muscle Energy 243 7Muscles Major Themes Muscle cells shorten on command; no other cells do. There are three types of muscle cells: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth. Skeletal muscle contracts voluntarily to produce body movements.

More information

Nerves and Nerve Impulse

Nerves and Nerve Impulse Nerves and Nerve Impulse Terms Absolute refractory period: Period following stimulation during which no additional action potential can be evoked. Acetylcholine: Chemical transmitter substance released

More information

Lecture Outline. Cardiovascular Physiology. Cardiovascular System Function. Functional Anatomy of the Heart

Lecture Outline. Cardiovascular Physiology. Cardiovascular System Function. Functional Anatomy of the Heart Lecture Outline Cardiovascular Physiology Cardiac Output Controls & Blood Pressure Cardiovascular System Function Functional components of the cardiovascular system: Heart Blood Vessels Blood General functions

More information

Smooth Muscle. Smooth Muscle Structure

Smooth Muscle. Smooth Muscle Structure Smooth Muscle Spindle-shaped Small (2-5 um wide, 50-300 um long) 1 centrally placed nucleus per cell Usually organized in small to moderate sized clusters of cells Lack sarcomeres No T-tubules or terminal

More information

Muscles and Muscle Tissue

Muscles and Muscle Tissue Muscles and Muscle Tissue 9 Overview of Muscle Tissues (pp. 280=281) 1. Compare and contrast the basic types of muscle tissue. 2. List four important functions of muscle tissue. Skeletal Muscle (pp. 281=309)

More information

Muscles and Muscle Tissue

Muscles and Muscle Tissue Overview of Muscle Tissues (pp. 276 277) Types of Muscle Tissue (p. 276) Special Characteristics of Muscle Tissue (p. 276) Muscle Functions (pp. 276 277) Skeletal Muscle (pp. 277 305) Gross Anatomy of

More information

Anaerobic and Aerobic Training Adaptations. Chapters 5 & 6

Anaerobic and Aerobic Training Adaptations. Chapters 5 & 6 Anaerobic and Aerobic Training Adaptations Chapters 5 & 6 Adaptations to Training Chronic exercise provides stimulus for the systems of the body to change Systems will adapt according to level, intensity,

More information

MUSCLE TISSUE. Larry Johnson Texas A&M University

MUSCLE TISSUE. Larry Johnson Texas A&M University MUSCLE TISSUE Larry Johnson Texas A&M University Objectives Histologically identify and functionally characterize each of the 3 types of muscle tissues. Describe the organization of the sarcomere as seen

More information

Muscles and Muscle Tissue

Muscles and Muscle Tissue < 278 UNIT 2 Covering, Support, and Movement of the Body Muscles and Muscle Tissue WHY THIS MATTERS In this chapter, you will learn that Muscles use actin and myosin molecules to convert the energy of

More information

Skeletal, Muscular, and Integumentary Systems

Skeletal, Muscular, and Integumentary Systems Chapter 36 Skeletal, Muscular, and Integumentary Systems Section 36 1 The Skeletal System (pages 921 925) This section describes the skeletal system and its functions. Introduction (page 921) 1. What forms

More information

BASIC PROPERTIES OF MUSCLE

BASIC PROPERTIES OF MUSCLE BASIC PROPERTIES OF MUSCLE 18-1 Lecture Overview Muscles and motion Muscles Muscle structure Relevant properties Force-length properties Muscle states Force-velocity relationship Muscle fiber types Isometric

More information

North Bergen School District Benchmarks

North Bergen School District Benchmarks Grade: 10,11, and 12 Subject: Anatomy and Physiology First Marking Period Define anatomy and physiology, and describe various subspecialties of each discipline. Describe the five basic functions of living

More information

Biology Slide 1 of 38

Biology Slide 1 of 38 Biology 1 of 38 2 of 38 35-2 The Nervous System What are the functions of the nervous system? 3 of 38 35-2 The Nervous System 1. Nervous system: a. controls and coordinates functions throughout the body

More information

Muscle Physiology. Lab 5. Human Muscle Physiology

Muscle Physiology. Lab 5. Human Muscle Physiology Lab 5 Human At the beginning of lab you will have the opportunity for 2 bonus points! You must guess which person in the class will have: 1) Maximum Grip Force 2) Longest time to half-max Force (longest

More information

Cardiac Muscle. Learning Objectives.

Cardiac Muscle. Learning Objectives. Cardiac Muscle. Learning Objectives. At the end of this course, you should be able to : 1. describe the structure of cardiac muscle 2. understand the concept of the functional syncytium 3. give a basic

More information

Chapter 8 - Muscular System 8.1 Introduction (p. 178 ) A. The three types of muscle in the body are skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle. B.

Chapter 8 - Muscular System 8.1 Introduction (p. 178 ) A. The three types of muscle in the body are skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle. B. Chapter 8 - Muscular System 8.1 Introduction (p. 178 ) A. The three types of muscle in the body are skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle. B. This chapter focuses on skeletal muscle. 8.2 Structure of a

More information

Electrode Placement Manual Visit our website: www.veritymedical.co.uk for detailed application protocols

Electrode Placement Manual Visit our website: www.veritymedical.co.uk for detailed application protocols NeuroTrac Electrode Placement Manual Visit our website: www.veritymedical.co.uk for detailed application protocols 1 Contents Contents Page Introduction 4 Muscle profile 4 Classification of the various

More information

PHYSIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION

PHYSIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION 3 SOLVED PAPER Chapter PHYSIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION WARMING UP Warming up is a short time activity carried out prior to any severe or skilled activity. It is important to warm up before

More information

The Neuron and the Synapse. The Neuron. Parts of the Neuron. Functions of the neuron:

The Neuron and the Synapse. The Neuron. Parts of the Neuron. Functions of the neuron: The Neuron and the Synapse The Neuron Functions of the neuron: Transmit information from one point in the body to another. Process the information in various ways (that is, compute). The neuron has a specialized

More information

Questions on The Nervous System and Gas Exchange

Questions on The Nervous System and Gas Exchange Name: Questions on The Nervous System and Gas Exchange Directions: The following questions are taken from previous IB Final Papers on Topics 6.4 (Gas Exchange) and 6.5 (Nerves, hormones and homeostasis).

More information

Neuromuscular Adaptations to Training

Neuromuscular Adaptations to Training Neuromuscular Adaptations to Training Baechle Chapter 4, pp. 143-151, 151, Powers & Howley pp. 253-255 255 Lecture Overview Neural Adaptations Skeletal Muscle Adaptations Connective Tissue Anatomy Connective

More information

Lesson Aim To explain the human body at a microscopic level, including the structure and function of cells, tissues and membranes.

Lesson Aim To explain the human body at a microscopic level, including the structure and function of cells, tissues and membranes. LESSON 1. CELLS & TISSUES Lesson Aim To explain the human body at a microscopic level, including the structure and function of cells, tissues and membranes. THE CELL All living matter is composed of functional

More information

Diagram showing Systemic and Portal Circulation

Diagram showing Systemic and Portal Circulation Diagram showing Systemic and Portal Circulation The Lymphatic System The Lymphatic System comprises of lymphatic capillaries, lymphatic vessels, nodes and ducts. Lymph fluid is not blood plasma, it contains

More information

Muscle Physiology and the. Pathology of Muscular Dystrophy

Muscle Physiology and the. Pathology of Muscular Dystrophy Muscle Physiology and the Pathology of Muscular Dystrophy Angela Tompkins February 23, 2010 Everglades University Biology 1 Muscle Physiology and the Pathology of Muscular Dystrophy Humans are able to

More information

Cells & Cell Organelles

Cells & Cell Organelles Cells & Cell Organelles The Building Blocks of Life H Biology Types of cells bacteria cells Prokaryote - no organelles Eukaryotes - organelles animal cells plant cells Cell size comparison Animal cell

More information

Parts of the Nerve Cell and Their Functions

Parts of the Nerve Cell and Their Functions Parts of the Nerve Cell and Their Functions Silvia Helena Cardoso, PhD [ 1. Cell body] [2. Neuronal membrane] [3. Dendrites] [4. Axon] [5. Nerve ending] 1. Cell body The cell body (soma) is the factory

More information

Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System Professor Alan Hedge DEA 3250/6510

Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System Professor Alan Hedge DEA 3250/6510 Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System Professor Alan Hedge DEA 3250/6510 Functions of the Musculoskeletal System Support and protect the body and its organs. Provide motion. Musculoskeletal

More information

Reflex Physiology. Dr. Ali Ebneshahidi. 2009 Ebneshahidi

Reflex Physiology. Dr. Ali Ebneshahidi. 2009 Ebneshahidi Reflex Physiology Dr. Ali Ebneshahidi Reflex Physiology Reflexes are automatic, subconscious response to changes within or outside the body. a. Reflexes maintain homeostasis (autonomic reflexes) heart

More information

Chapter 15. The Autonomic Nervous. The Autonomic Nervous System. Autonomic Motor Pathways. ANS vs. SNS

Chapter 15. The Autonomic Nervous. The Autonomic Nervous System. Autonomic Motor Pathways. ANS vs. SNS The Autonomic Nervous System Chapter 15 The subconscious involuntary nervous system Regulates activity of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle & certain glands The Autonomic Nervous System 1 2 ANS vs. SNS Somatic

More information

Work and Energy in Muscles

Work and Energy in Muscles Work and Energy in Muscles Why can't I sprint forever? I'll start this section with that silly question. What lies behind the undisputable observation that we must reduce speed if we want to run longer

More information

Chapter 7: The Nervous System

Chapter 7: The Nervous System Chapter 7: The Nervous System Objectives Discuss the general organization of the nervous system Describe the structure & function of a nerve Draw and label the pathways involved in a withdraw reflex Define

More information

Biology 105 Human Biology PRACTICE MIDTERM EXAM 1. Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology, 5e (Martini/Nath) Chapter 7 The Muscular System

Biology 105 Human Biology PRACTICE MIDTERM EXAM 1. Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology, 5e (Martini/Nath) Chapter 7 The Muscular System Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology, 5e (Martini/Nath) Chapter 7 The Muscular System Multiple-Choice Questions 1) Which of the following is (are) a function of skeletal muscle? A) produce movement B)

More information

Chapter 13. The Nature of Somatic Reflexes

Chapter 13. The Nature of Somatic Reflexes Chapter 13 The Nature of Somatic Reflexes Nature of Reflexes (1 of 3) A reflex is an involuntary responses initiated by a sensory input resulting in a change in a gland or muscle tissue occur without our

More information

Compartmentalization of the Cell. Objectives. Recommended Reading. Professor Alfred Cuschieri. Department of Anatomy University of Malta

Compartmentalization of the Cell. Objectives. Recommended Reading. Professor Alfred Cuschieri. Department of Anatomy University of Malta Compartmentalization of the Cell Professor Alfred Cuschieri Department of Anatomy University of Malta Objectives By the end of this session the student should be able to: 1. Identify the different organelles

More information

12. Nervous System: Nervous Tissue

12. Nervous System: Nervous Tissue 12. Nervous System: Nervous Tissue I. Introduction to the Nervous System General functions of the nervous system The nervous system has three basic functions: 1. Gather sensory input from the environment

More information

PART I: Neurons and the Nerve Impulse

PART I: Neurons and the Nerve Impulse PART I: Neurons and the Nerve Impulse Identify each of the labeled structures of the neuron below. A. B. C. D. E. F. G. Identify each of the labeled structures of the neuron below. A. dendrites B. nucleus

More information

Resting membrane potential ~ -70mV - Membrane is polarized

Resting membrane potential ~ -70mV - Membrane is polarized Resting membrane potential ~ -70mV - Membrane is polarized (ie) Electrical charge on the outside of the membrane is positive while the electrical charge on the inside of the membrane is negative Changes

More information

1.1.2. thebiotutor. AS Biology OCR. Unit F211: Cells, Exchange & Transport. Module 1.2 Cell Membranes. Notes & Questions.

1.1.2. thebiotutor. AS Biology OCR. Unit F211: Cells, Exchange & Transport. Module 1.2 Cell Membranes. Notes & Questions. thebiotutor AS Biology OCR Unit F211: Cells, Exchange & Transport Module 1.2 Cell Membranes Notes & Questions Andy Todd 1 Outline the roles of membranes within cells and at the surface of cells. The main

More information

MUSCLE SYSTEM MAIN FUNCTIONS FOR HOMEOSTASIS. Movement. Support

MUSCLE SYSTEM MAIN FUNCTIONS FOR HOMEOSTASIS. Movement. Support ill 8 MUSCLE SYSTEM There are three types of muscle in the human body. The most abundant type is called skeletal muscle because virtually all these muscles are attached to the bones of the skeletal system.

More information

MOCK Level 3 Anatomy and Physiology for Exercise and Health

MOCK Level 3 Anatomy and Physiology for Exercise and Health MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION PAPER Paper number APEH 3.0 Please insert this reference number in the appropriate boxes on your candidate answer sheet Title Time allocation 50 minutes MOCK Level 3 Anatomy and

More information

General Certificate of Education. BYB4 Energy, Control and Continuity. 2006 examination - June series

General Certificate of Education. BYB4 Energy, Control and Continuity. 2006 examination - June series Version 1.0: 0906 General Certificate of Education abc Biology 6416 Specification B BYB4 Energy, Control and Continuity Mark Scheme 2006 examination - June series Mark schemes are prepared by the Principal

More information

Todays Outline. Metabolism. Why do cells need energy? How do cells acquire energy? Metabolism. Concepts & Processes. The cells capacity to:

Todays Outline. Metabolism. Why do cells need energy? How do cells acquire energy? Metabolism. Concepts & Processes. The cells capacity to: and Work Metabolic Pathways Enzymes Features Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity Membrane Transport Diffusion Osmosis Passive Transport Active Transport Bulk Transport Todays Outline -Releasing Pathways

More information

ELEC 811 Skeletal Muscle Anatomy and Function. Skeletal muscles act on bones to produce movement of the limb and to move (lift and carry) objects.

ELEC 811 Skeletal Muscle Anatomy and Function. Skeletal muscles act on bones to produce movement of the limb and to move (lift and carry) objects. ELEC 811 Skeletal Muscle Anatomy and Function The primary function of a skeletal muscle is to generate forces, by contracting; these forces allow us to move through and interact with our environment Skeletal

More information

Tissues (Histology) Ch. 3 Human Anatomy lecture

Tissues (Histology) Ch. 3 Human Anatomy lecture I. Histology the study of tissues A. 4 basic tissue types epithelial connective muscle nervous Tissues (Histology) Ch. 3 Human Anatomy lecture B. Usually found in combinations to form organs. C. As you

More information

Biological Sciences Initiative. Muscle Contraction

Biological Sciences Initiative. Muscle Contraction BSI Activity Page 1 Biological Sciences Initiative HHMI Muscle Contraction SUMMARY In this activity, students will play the role of different proteins involved in muscle contraction and act out the process.

More information

Chapter 9 Nervous System

Chapter 9 Nervous System Chapter 9 Nervous System Nervous System function: The nervous system is composed of neurons and neuroglia. at the ends of peripheral nerves gather information and convert it into nerve impulses. When sensory

More information

Muscular System. Principles of Health Science Dr. Wood

Muscular System. Principles of Health Science Dr. Wood Muscular System Principles of Health Science Dr. Wood Characteristics of muscles Excitability: : irritability or ability to respond to stimulus Contractibility: : ability to contract (become short and

More information

Animal Tissues. I. Epithelial Tissue

Animal Tissues. I. Epithelial Tissue Animal Tissues There are four types of tissues found in animals: epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue. In this lab you will learn the major characteristics of each tissue

More information

Vertebrate Body Organization

Vertebrate Body Organization Vertebrate Body Organization Digestive tube suspended in coelom from mouth to anus Body supported by internal skeleton of jointed bones Vertebrae and Cranium protects nervous system Diaphragm divides coelom

More information

Know about the different energy systems used during sports performance

Know about the different energy systems used during sports performance Learning aim B Know about the different energy systems used during sports performance Assessment criteria 2B.P5 2B.M5 2B.D2 Describe the function of the three energy systems in the production and release

More information

Figure 6.1. 2) The A band within a skeletal muscle fiber is indicated by letter. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 188

Figure 6.1. 2) The A band within a skeletal muscle fiber is indicated by letter. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 188 Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology, 9e (Marieb) Chapter 6 The Muscular System Short Answer Figure 6.1 Using Figure 6.1, match the following: 1) The I band within a skeletal muscle fiber is indicated

More information

bio4050 human anatomy & physiology 1 final exam 29 june 2006

bio4050 human anatomy & physiology 1 final exam 29 june 2006 bio4050 human anatomy & physiology 1 final exam 29 june 2006 Please answer all questions on the answer sheet provided Use only the designated letter for your answer; do not write the text as your answer.

More information

Training our energy systems

Training our energy systems Training our energy systems By: Kelly Mackenzie, MSC, BPE, AFLCA trainer Regardless of what mode of exercise we are using, we can train all three of our energy systems. There are physiological adaptations

More information

Objectives continued- Answer each of the objectives on a separate sheet of paper to demonstrate content mastery. Attach answers to back of packet.

Objectives continued- Answer each of the objectives on a separate sheet of paper to demonstrate content mastery. Attach answers to back of packet. Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 6: The Muscular System Name: Objectives- By the end of this chapter I will be able to: 1. Describe similarities and differences in the structure and function of the three

More information

Vascular System The heart can be thought of 2 separate pumps from the right ventricle, blood is pumped at a low pressure to the lungs and then back

Vascular System The heart can be thought of 2 separate pumps from the right ventricle, blood is pumped at a low pressure to the lungs and then back Vascular System The heart can be thought of 2 separate pumps from the right ventricle, blood is pumped at a low pressure to the lungs and then back to the left atria from the left ventricle, blood is pumped

More information

7. A selectively permeable membrane only allows certain molecules to pass through.

7. A selectively permeable membrane only allows certain molecules to pass through. CHAPTER 2 GETTING IN & OUT OF CELLS PASSIVE TRANSPORT Cell membranes help organisms maintain homeostasis by controlling what substances may enter or leave cells. Some substances can cross the cell membrane

More information

MOCK PAPER Level 3 Anatomy and Physiology For Exercise and Health. Unit Accreditation Number A/600/9051

MOCK PAPER Level 3 Anatomy and Physiology For Exercise and Health. Unit Accreditation Number A/600/9051 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION PAPER Paper number APEH 3.01 Please insert this reference number in the appropriate boxes on your candidate answer sheet Title Time allocation 60 minutes MOCK PAPER Level 3 Anatomy

More information

Section B: Epithelial Tissue 1. Where are epithelial tissues found within the body? 2. What are the functions of the epithelial tissues?

Section B: Epithelial Tissue 1. Where are epithelial tissues found within the body? 2. What are the functions of the epithelial tissues? Tissue worksheet Name Section A: Intro to Histology Cells are the smallest units of life. In complex organisms, cells group together with one another based on similar structure and function to form tissues.

More information

Interval Training. Interval Training

Interval Training. Interval Training Interval Training Interval Training More work can be performed at higher exercise intensities with same or less fatigue than in continuous training Fitness Weight Loss Competition Baechle and Earle, Essentials

More information

Section 7-3 Cell Boundaries

Section 7-3 Cell Boundaries Note: For the past several years, I ve been puzzling how to integrate new discoveries on the nature of water movement through cell membranes into Chapter 7. The Section below is a draft of my first efforts

More information

2. Describe the structure of a muscle fibre and explain the structural and physiological differences between fast and slow twitch muscle fibres.

2. Describe the structure of a muscle fibre and explain the structural and physiological differences between fast and slow twitch muscle fibres. Unit 5 Biology Notes Topic 7: Run for Your Life 2. Describe the structure of a muscle fibre and explain the structural and physiological differences between fast and slow twitch muscle fibres. Muscle is

More information

Activity 5: The Action Potential: Measuring Its Absolute and Relative Refractory Periods. 250 20 Yes. 125 20 Yes. 60 20 No. 60 25 No.

Activity 5: The Action Potential: Measuring Its Absolute and Relative Refractory Periods. 250 20 Yes. 125 20 Yes. 60 20 No. 60 25 No. 3: Neurophysiology of Nerve Impulses (Part 2) Activity 5: The Action Potential: Measuring Its Absolute and Relative Refractory Periods Interval between stimuli Stimulus voltage (mv) Second action potential?

More information

Anatomy and Physiology Warm up questions Fall 2013

Anatomy and Physiology Warm up questions Fall 2013 Anatomy and Physiology Warm up questions Fall 2013 QUESTION POSSIBLE ANSWERS : Chapter 1 Introduction and Regions Chapter 2 Chemistry I can name systems of the I can identify regions of the I can describe

More information

CELLS IN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

CELLS IN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM NEURONS AND GLIA CELLS IN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM Glia Insulates, supports, and nourishes neurons Neurons Process information Sense environmental changes Communicate changes to other neurons Command body response

More information

REVIEW SHEET EXERCISE 3 Neurophysiology of Nerve Impulses Name Lab Time/Date. The Resting Membrane Potential

REVIEW SHEET EXERCISE 3 Neurophysiology of Nerve Impulses Name Lab Time/Date. The Resting Membrane Potential REVIEW SHEET EXERCISE 3 Neurophysiology of Nerve Impulses Name Lab Time/Date ACTIVITY 1 The Resting Membrane Potential 1. Explain why increasing extracellular K + reduces the net diffusion of K + out of

More information

PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND CELLULAR RESPIRATION

PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND CELLULAR RESPIRATION reflect Wind turbines shown in the photo on the right are large structures with blades that move in response to air movement. When the wind blows, the blades rotate. This motion generates energy that is

More information

AP Biology I. Nervous System Notes

AP Biology I. Nervous System Notes AP Biology I. Nervous System Notes 1. General information: passage of information occurs in two ways: Nerves - process and send information fast (eg. stepping on a tack) Hormones - process and send information

More information

Chapter 4: A Tour of the Cell. 1. Cell Basics. Limits to Cell Size. 1. Cell Basics. 2. Prokaryotic Cells. 3. Eukaryotic Cells

Chapter 4: A Tour of the Cell. 1. Cell Basics. Limits to Cell Size. 1. Cell Basics. 2. Prokaryotic Cells. 3. Eukaryotic Cells Chapter 4: A Tour of the Cell 1. Cell Basics 2. Prokaryotic Cells 3. Eukaryotic Cells 1. Cell Basics Limits to Cell Size There are 2 main reasons why cells are so small: If cells get too large: 1) there

More information

RAD 223. Radiography physiology. Lecture Notes. First lecture: Cell and Tissue

RAD 223. Radiography physiology. Lecture Notes. First lecture: Cell and Tissue RAD 223 Radiography physiology Lecture Notes First lecture: Cell and Tissue Physiology: the word physiology derived from a Greek word for study of nature. It is the study of how the body and its part work

More information

Biology 13A Lab #3: Cells and Tissues

Biology 13A Lab #3: Cells and Tissues Biology 13A Lab #3: Cells and Tissues Lab #3 Table of Contents: Expected Learning Outcomes.... 28 Introduction...... 28 Activity 1: Eukaryotic Cell Structure... 29 Activity 2: Perspectives on Tissue Preparations.

More information

What affects an enzyme s activity? General environmental factors, such as temperature and ph. Chemicals that specifically influence the enzyme.

What affects an enzyme s activity? General environmental factors, such as temperature and ph. Chemicals that specifically influence the enzyme. CH s 8-9 Respiration & Metabolism Metabolism A catalyst is a chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. An enzyme is a catalytic protein. Hydrolysis of sucrose by

More information

Cellular Energy: ATP & Enzymes. What is it? Where do organism s get it? How do they use it?

Cellular Energy: ATP & Enzymes. What is it? Where do organism s get it? How do they use it? Cellular Energy: ATP & Enzymes What is it? Where do organism s get it? How do they use it? Where does Energy come from? Ultimately, from the sun. It is transferred between organisms in the earth s lithosphere,

More information

Autonomic Nervous System Dr. Ali Ebneshahidi

Autonomic Nervous System Dr. Ali Ebneshahidi Autonomic Nervous System Dr. Ali Ebneshahidi Nervous System Divisions of the nervous system The human nervous system consists of the central nervous System (CNS) and the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).

More information

Engage: Brainstorming Body Systems. Record the structures and function of each body system in the table below.

Engage: Brainstorming Body Systems. Record the structures and function of each body system in the table below. Engage: Brainstorming Body s Record the structures and function of each body system in the table below. Body Nervous Circulatory Excretory Immune Digestive Respiratory Skeletal Muscular Endocrine Integumentary

More information