CO 2 Electrolysis. Brændselscell er
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1 CO 2 Electrolysis Brændselscell er 1 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark 26/09/2011
2 CO 2 Electrolysis Søren Højgaard Jensen PhD, Scientist Fuel Cells and Solid State Chemistry Division Risø DTU Technical University of Denmark Risø National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy Frederiksborgvej 399, P.O. Box 49 Building Roskilde Direct Mobile shjj@risoe.dtu.dk
3 Content About Risø DTU CO 2 (and H 2 O) Electrolysis Vision Theory Experiments Economy H 2 O CO 2 Conclusion 3 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark 26/09/2011
4 Risø National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy Research Areas Wind Energy Solar Energy Fusion Energy Bio Energy Climate and Energy Systems Energy Conversion Technologies 700 staff members 4 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark 26/09/2011
5 Risø National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy Research Areas Wind Energy Solar Energy Fusion Energy Bio Energy Climate and Energy Systems Energy Conversion Technologies 700 staff members 5 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark 26/09/2011
6 Risø National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy 6 Divisions and 3 Programs Biosystems Division Fuel Cells and Solid State Chemistry Division Materials Research Division Radiation Research Division Systems Analysis Division Wind Energy Division Intelligent Energy Systems Programme Plasma Physics and Technology Programme Solar Energy Programme 6 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark 26/09/2011
7 Fuel Cells and Solid State Chemistry Division 140 employees Key competences Advanced ceramic processing Solid state chemistry Activities Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC) Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells (SOEC) Magnetic Refrigeration Ceramicmembranes Cleaning of exhaust gasses Batteries 7 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark 26/09/2011
8 Types of Electrolysis Cells Alkaline Acid Polymer electrolyte Solid oxide Charge carrier OH - H + H + O 2- Reactant Water Water Water Electrolyte Electrodes Sodium or Potassium hydroxide Nickel Sulphuric or Phosphoric acid Graphite with Pt, polymer Polymer Graphite with Pt, polymer Water, CO 2 Ceramic Nickel, ceramics Temperature 80 o C 150 o C 80 o C 850 o C 8 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark 26/09/2011
9 The Solid Oxide Cell 9 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark 26/09/2011
10 The Solid Oxide Cell Electrolysis mode: SOEC converts H 2 O + CO 2 and electric energy into O 2 at the plus pole and H 2 + CO (syngas) at the minus pole. Syngas can easily be reformed catalytically into hydrocarbons like CH 4 or petrol (Fischer - Tropsch). Fuel cell mode: SOFC converts O 2 (from air) and energy rich gases (e.g. hydrocarbons or ammonia) into electric energy. It can produce electric power. A solid oxide cell consists of a dense electrolyte, which is a good oxide ion conductor and an electronic insulator. A porous electron conducting electrode is deposited on each side of the electrolyte. 10 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark 26/09/2011
11 The Solid Oxide Cell Ni/YSZ support & current collector Ni/YSZ electrode YSZ electrolyte LSM-YSZ electrode LSM current collector LSM = (La 0.75 Sr 0.25 ) 0.95 MnO 3 YSZ = Zr 0.84 Y 0.16 O Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark 26/09/2011
12 Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cell O V H 2 O (and CO 2 ) H 2 (and CO) 0.8 V O 2 H 2 (and CO) H 2 O (and CO 2 ) Solid Oxide Fuel Cell 12 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark 26/09/2011
13 Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cell Interconnect is usually ferritic stainless steel, ~22 % Cr with a number of small additives. Several commercial (or semi-commercial) steels are available. Gas sealing between cells and interconnect is most often a suitable SiO 2 based glass 13 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark 26/09/2011
14 Vision 14 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark 26/09/2011
15 Vision CO 2 in the atmosphere H 2 O in the atmosphere CO 2 absorption from the atmosphere Transportation fuels or RNG Catalytic conversion SOEC CO + H 2 (Renewable Natural Gas) Renewable electricity CO 2 Concentrated H 2 O Purified 15 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark 26/09/2011
16 SOC i-v curves i-vcurves for a Ni-YSZ-supported Ni/YSZ/LSM SOC: electrolyzer (negative cd) and fuel cell (positive cd) at different temperatures and steam or CO 2 partial pressures - balance is H 2 or CO. 16 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark 26/09/2011
17 Thermodynamic 300 H 2 O H 2 + ½O Energy demand (KJ/mol) 1/(2 n F) Energy demand (Volt) Total energy demand ( Hf) Electrical energy demand ( Gf) 0.78 Liquid Gas 0.52 Heat demand (T Sf) Temperature (ºC) 17 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark 26/09/2011
18 Thermodynamic 300 CO 2 CO + ½O Energy demand (KJ/mol) 1/(2 n F) Energy demand (Volt) Total energy demand ( Hf) Electrical energy demand ( G f ) Heat demand (T Sf) Temperature (ºC) 18 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark 26/09/2011
19 Thermodynamic 300 WGS/RWGS: H O + CO H + CO Electrical energy demand ( G f ) Energy demand (KJ/mol) CO 2 CO + ½O 2 H 2 O H 2 + ½O 2 ΔG 750ºC 900ºC ΔG HO H ½O CO CO ½O /(2 n F) / (n. Energy demand (Volt) Temperature (ºC) 19 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark 26/09/2011
20 Thermodynamic H 2 O H 2 + ½O Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark 26/09/2011
21 Steam Electrolysis (H 2 O H 2 + ½O 2 ) POTENTIAL, VOLT v 4 v 2 =v 3 v 1 - Electrolyte + The cell voltage is given by the Nernst equation 0 t POSITION v 2 v 3 v 1 v 4 - O -- Electrolyte + the cell voltage increases with increasing gas pressure H 2 + O -- H 2 O + 2e - ½O 2 + 2e - O Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark 26/09/2011
22 Electrode Reaction Kinetic f H 2 + O -- H 2 O + 2e - b f ½O 2 + 2e - O -- b Exhange rates increases with pressure Gas-solid reaction resistance decreases with pressure 22 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark 26/09/2011
23 Gas Conversion Impedance Primdahl and Mogensen. JES 145, 2431 (1998) J I = J O + J A H 2 +O -- H 2 O+2e - 23 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark 26/09/2011
24 Gas Conversion Impedance Primdahl and Mogensen. JES 145, 2431 (1998) J I = J O + J A H 2 +O -- H 2 O+2e - 24 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark 26/09/2011
25 The Pressure Test Setup 25 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark 26/09/2011
26 Pressure and Performance 26 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark 26/09/2011
27 Pressure and Performance 750 ºC Negative Electrode: 20% H 2 O + 80% H 2 Positive Electrode: O 2 27 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark 26/09/2011
28 Pressure and Performance 750 ºC Negative Electrode: 20% H 2 O + 80% H 2 Positive Electrode: O 2 28 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark 26/09/2011
29 Pressure and Performance 750 ºC Negative Electrode: 20% H 2 O + 80% H 2 Positive Electrode: O 2 29 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark 26/09/2011
30 Co-electrolysis of H 2 O and CO 2 1 kw - 10-cell stack cm ºC, (-0.75) A/cm 2, 45 % CO 2 / 45% H 2 O / 10 % H A/cm A/cm 2 Stack voltage (V) Temperature slip Electrolysis time (h) S. Ebbesen et al. 30 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark 26/09/2011
31 Synthetic Fuel Production 31 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark 26/09/2011
32 H 2 Production Cost Estimation 32 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark 26/09/2011
33 Economy Assumptions Electricity 1.3US /kwh Heat 0.3US /kwh Investment 4000 $/m 2 cell area Demineralised Water 2.3 $/m 3 Cell temperature 850 C Heat reservoir temperature 110 C Pressure 1 atm Cell voltage* 1.3 V (thermo neutral potential) Current Density Life time 1.5 A/cm 2 10 years. Operating activity 50% Interest rate 5% Energy loss in heat exchanger 5% H 2 O inlet concentration 95% (5% H 2 ) H 2 O outlet concentration 5% (95% H 2 ) 33 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark 26/09/2011
34 Economy Assumptions Electricity 1.3US /kwh Heat 0.3US /kwh Investment 4000 $/m 2 cell area Demineralised Water 2.3 $/m The manufacture cost of a 5 kw SOFC systems 3 is expected to be 200$/kW if Cell temperature 850 C the production of SOFC modules reach 500 MW/yr. Heat reservoir temperature 110 C J.H.J.S. Pressure Thijssen. The Impact of Scale-Up 1 atm and Production Volume on SOFC Manufaturing Cell voltage* Costs, NETL (2007) 1.3 V (thermo neutral potential) Current Density Life time 1.5 A/cm 2 10 years. Operating activity 50% Interest rate 5% Energy loss in heat exchanger 5% H 2 O inlet concentration 95% (5% H 2 ) H 2 O outlet concentration 5% (95% H 2 ) 34 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark 26/09/2011
35 Economy Assumptions Electricity 1.3US /kwh Heat 0.3US /kwh Investment 4000 $/m 2 cell area Demineralised Water 2.3 $/m 3 Cell temperature 850 C Heat reservoir temperature 110 C Pressure 1 atm Cell voltage* 1.3 V (thermo neutral potential) Current Density Life time 1.5 A/cm 2 10 years. Operating activity 50% Interest rate 5% Energy loss in heat exchanger 5% H 2 O inlet concentration 95% (5% H 2 ) H 2 O outlet concentration 5% (95% H 2 ) 35 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark 26/09/2011
36 Economy Measure: Equivalent Crude oil price 1 Barrel of Crude Oil 1 kg of H 2 Crude Oil H 2 1 $/kg of H 2 is equivalent to 43 $/barrel of crude oil Joule to Joule (HHV) 36 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark 26/09/2011
37 H 2 Production Cost Estimation 37 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark 26/09/2011
38 H 2 Production Cost Estimation 38 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark 26/09/2011
39 H 2 Production Cost Estimation 39 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark 26/09/2011
40 H 2 Production Cost Estimation 40 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark 26/09/2011
41 H 2 Production Cost Estimation 41 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark 26/09/2011
42 H 2 Production Cost Estimation 42 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark 26/09/2011
43 H 2 Production Cost Estimation 43 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark 26/09/2011
44 Economy Assumptions Electricity 1.3US /kwh Heat 0.3US /kwh Investment 4000 $/m 2 cell area CO $/ton Cell temperature 850 C Heat reservoir temperature 110 C Pressure 1 atm Cell voltage* 1.47 V (thermo neutral potential) Life time 10 years. Operating activity 50% Interest rate 5% Energy loss in heat exchanger 5% CO 2 inlet concentration 95% (5% CO) CO 2 outlet concentration 5% (95% CO) 44 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark 26/09/2011
45 CO Production Cost Estimation 1 Barrel of Crude Oil 1 kg of CO Crude Oil CO 10 /kg of CO is equivalent to 60 $/barrel of crude oil Joule to Joule (HHV) 45 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark 26/09/2011
46 CO Production Cost Estimation 46 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark 26/09/2011
47 Danish Electricity at the Stock Market in Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark 26/09/2011
48 H 2 cost vs electrolysis activity 48 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark 26/09/2011
49 H 2 cost vs electrolysis activity kr H2 production cost (øre/nm 3 ) kr H 2 cost at 50% activity and 30 øre/kwh Heat reservoir Electricity Investment cost Water purification Heat Exhanger loss 1% 1% 1% 9% 88% Electrolysis activity (%) 49 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark 26/09/2011
50 CO cost vs electrolysis activity 200 CO production cost (øre/nm 3 ) kr kr CO cost: at 50% activity and 30 øre/kwh Electricity 69% Investment cost 1% CO2 cost 24% Heat Exhanger loss 6% Electrolysis activity (%) 50 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark 26/09/2011
51 WTI and BRENT Crude Oil price WTI BRENT $/barrel $/barrel 51 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark 26/09/2011
52 Conclusion Synthesis gas produced from electrolysis of CO 2 and H 2 O can become competitive to crude oil Electricity cost is the major part of the synthesis gas production cost With cheap electricity even synthetic fuels can become competitive with crude oil The presented cost analysis is without European CO 2 legislation cost (app. 20 /ton CO 2, equivalent to extra 4$/barrel) 52 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark 26/09/2011
53 Thank you for you attention 53 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark 26/09/2011
54 CO production economy estimation 54 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark 26/09/2011
55 Adverticement 55 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark 26/09/2011
56 CO production economy estimation 56 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark 26/09/2011
57 Introduction Internationally there is an increasing wish to increase the amount of renewable and CO 2 free energy production because of: 1. The CO 2 "green house" effect 2. Not enough inexpensive oils and natural gas 3. Not enough biomass Denmark has decided to become independent of fossil fuel: The Government's aim is that Denmark in 2050 is independent of coal, oil and gas 57 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark 26/09/2011
58 Introduction Enough renewable energy is potentially available The influx of energy from the sun to the whole earth is ca. 10,000 times more than we need, i.e. if we use 0.1 % of the area and have a collection efficiency of 10 % we area about OK Conversion and storage technology is necessary. If we can use synthetic hydrocarbon fuels then we can use our existing infrastructure Hydrogen may be an option for stationary storage, but will be difficult for the transportation sector 58 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark 26/09/2011
59 Introduction The utilization of renewable sources in large scale is dependent on conversion and storage as all renewable sources, except biomass, are fluctuating Also CO 2 free nuclear power could be more efficiently utilized if a good storage technology is available as nuclear power plants run most efficient at constant high load Affordable conversion and storage technology is necessary. 59 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark 26/09/2011
60 Which storage and conversion technology? The conversion technology questions may be kept open (at least until the end of tomorrow ) I will try to convince you that the most feasible storage media are those based on hydrocarbon fuels, in particular for the transport sector, and next I will discuss some of the possibilities, perspectives and problems If we can use synthetic hydrocarbon fuels then we can use our existing infrastructure Hydrogen may be an option for stationary storage, but will be difficult for the transportation sector 60 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark 26/09/2011
61 Why synthetic fuel? The energy density argument Type MJ/l MJ/kg Boiling point C Gasoline Dimethyl ether - DME Liquid hydrogen (10) (141) -253 Water at 100 m elevation Lead acid batteries Li-ion batteries Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark 26/09/2011
62 Why synthetic fuel? The power density argument Gasoline filling rate of 20 L/min equivalents 11 MW of power and means it takes 2½ min to get 50 l = 1650 MJ on board For comparison: Li-batteries usually requires 8 h to get recharged. For a 300 kg battery package (0.5 MJ/kg) this means a power of ca. 3.5 kw i.e. it takes 8 h to get 150 MJ on board. The ratio between their driving ranges is only ca. 5, because the battery-electric-engine has an efficiency of ca. 70 % - the gasoline engine has ca. 25 %. 62 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark 26/09/2011
63 Possible energy carries Type MJ/l MJ/kg Boiling C Gasoline Diesel Liquid methane LPG DME = (CH 3 ) 2 O Methanol Ethanol Bio diesel Liquid ammonia Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark 26/09/2011
64 Which syn-fuel is preferable? Gas: 1. SNG = CH 4 Liquids: 1. DME = CH 3 OCH 3 (a gas at 1 atm, but easy to liquefy) 2. Methanol = CH 3 OH, poisonous, soluble in water 3. Synthetic diesel and gasoline (Fischer Tropsch), more expensive to synthesize than those above Each of them has pros and cons, but SNG and DME are my favorites - they are not poisonous 64 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark 26/09/2011
65 Genuine renewable: Solar Wind Hydro Geothermal Energy sources CO 2 free: Nuclear Under each of these many sub-types exists, e.g. solar photovoltaic and solar thermal; PWR nuclear reactor, advanced 4. generation, or breeder reactor 65 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark 26/09/2011
66 Collection of CO 2 Really many technologies for CO 2 capture have been reported. Solid absorbers (absorbers?) most efficient? Sustainable CO 2 must originate either from air, from the underground or from biomass (which also come from CO 2 in the air) Some types will be described in some detail later in the workshop 66 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark 26/09/2011
67 Conversion technologies To be covered in the workshop: Electrolysis Solar thermochemical Solar Thermal Electrochemical Photo (STEP) Artificial Photosynthesis Photoelectrocatalytic splitting Syngas to synfuel Other: Thermolysis Nuclear thermochemical 67 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark 26/09/2011
68 Some routes to synthetic fuels C. Graves et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 15 (2011) 1 23 Possible pathways from H 2 O and CO 2 to hydrocarbon fuels. Fischer Tropsch represents any of a variety of catalytic fuel synthesis processes similar to the original Fischer Tropsch process 68 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark 26/09/2011
69 Status? A main aim of this workshop is to provide some kind of status for all techniques that may be used to convert CO 2 into synfuel It is, however, not possible to cover all relevant technologies and certainly not in all details In order to get some kind of semi-quantitative state of the art for the most advanced of the technologies we wish to collect data (in a report) asked for in the following questions: 69 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark 26/09/2011
70 Status? Energy input markets and locations (e.g. electricity price)? For example, for electrolysis based processes, nonintermittent power (hydro, geothermal, nuclear, etc) is expected to be an earlier market than solar. For solar thermochemical processes, initial locations would be in hot sunny areas... So the cost of the synthetic fuel production system needs to be at a certain level for these initial input markets and then needs to be lower for bigger input markets. How and when to get to production of our products? Necessary steps (preferably on a timeline)? Most important is specific near and medium term fundamental science challenges, if there are any. Listing of subsequent steps will also be appreciated. 70 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark 26/09/2011
71 Status? State of the art with respect to 1) performance, 2) scale (physical size, kw-size demonstrated, power density in kw per L and kg)? Lifetime/durability - longest test time? Cost estimate with reference(s) to where one can read about the basis for it? The price of competing products? Any demands to the physical/geographical position? Obvious (early) markets? Any regions/countries that clearly would benefit from the product? 71 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark 26/09/2011
72 Status on various levels Status may naturally be given on different levels As an example of that I will here give a kind of status on which electrolyser types that are on which level now Later presentations on specific types and applications are given Learning curve theory will give us information of possible future development in cost efficiency 72 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark 26/09/2011
73 Electrolyser types As solar and solar derived (Wind, Hydro) power are all harvested by technologies that provide electricity, I will briefly go though the different types. This will make clear that not all types of electrolysers are very far in development and some are already commercialized. 73 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark 26/09/2011
74 CO 2 + H 2 O electrolysis Several possibilities for cells based on various electrolytes exist: 1. Simple aqueous electrolytes (e.g. KOH or K 2 CO 3 ), room temperature to ca. 100 C 2. Low temperature solid proton conductor (PEM), C, and high temperature PEM Immobilized aqueous K 2 CO 3, Na 2 CO 3 etc in mesoporous structures pressurized, (400) C 4. Solid acids, C 5. Molten carbonate 6. High temperature solid oxide ion conductor (stabilized zirconia), C 5. and 6. will be treated in details in the workshop - for 3. and 4. see the posters 74 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark 26/09/2011
75 The classical alkaline electrolyser If we were to produce significant amounts of synfuel using electrolysis in the very near future (the next year) then the only option would be the alkaline electrolyser which was commercialized during the first half of the 20th century. The problem with the alkaline electrolyser is that the hydrogen gets a bit expensive, low production rate without very high efficiency. Further, the hydrogen have to react with CO 2 (and not CO) in order to make synfuel 75 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark 26/09/2011
76 Prices of different electrolyzers as a function of production rate capability/power Ref.: J.O. Jensen, V. Bandur, N.J. Bjerrum, S.H. Jensen, S. Ebbesen, M. Mogensen, N. Tophøj, L.Yde, "Pre-investigation of water electrolysis, PSO-F&U ", project 6287 PSO, 2006, p Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark 26/09/2011
77 SOEC Only SOEC has been reported practical for co-electrolysis of H 2 O and CO 2 yet not commercialized: much more about this in coming presentations. Electrolysis of H 2 O & CO 2 into H 2 & CO are heat consuming processes. The Joule heat contributes to the splitting of the water and CO 2 molecules. Thus, the higher the temperature, the less electrical energy is need for the splitting. The rate of the electrochemical processes is much faster at high temperature. More m 3 H 2 per m 2 cell per minute gives lower investment costs. The SOEC consists of relatively inexpensive materials and may be produced using low cost processes. 77 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark 26/09/2011
78 Production of syngas using SOEC Reaction Schemes: The overall reaction for the electrolysis of steam plus CO 2 is: H 2 O + CO 2 + heat + electric energy H 2 + CO + O 2 (1) This is composed of three partial reactions. At the negative electrode: H 2 O + 2e - H 2 + O 2- (2) CO 2 + 2e - CO + O 2- (3) and at the positive electrode: 2 O 2- O 2 + 4e - (4) 78 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark 26/09/2011
79 Production of syngas from H 2 and CO 2 The water-gas shift (WGS) reaction: CO H 2 CO + H 2 + H 2 O By condensation of the water pure syngas is obtained 79 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark 26/09/2011
80 Methane synthesis CO + 3 H 2 CH 4 + H 2 O Ni - based catalysts, 190 C 450 C 3 MPa Using Ni - in principle possible to produce it inside the SOEC, but the temperature is too high If H 2 is produced by low temperature electrolysis: CO H 2 CH H 2 O Sabatier reaction 80 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark 26/09/2011
81 CO 2 reduction at RT From Y. Hori et al., J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 1, 85 (1989) 2309 Variation of the Faradaic efficiencies of the products in electrochemical reduction of CO 2 obtained in controlled potential electrolysis, 0.1 mol dm -3 KHCO 3, at 19 C. 81 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark 26/09/2011
82 CO 2 reduction at RT In order to have a chance to make commercial CO 2 electrolysis, a current density of ca. 1 A cm -2 at -0.8 to -1.0 V vs NHE and with more than 80 % yield is necessary. Thus, the results of Hori et al. of 5 ma cm -2 at -1.5 V vs NHE and a yield of CH 4 of ca. 45 % is very far from the goal. New improved electrocatalysts are necessary. A 23 mill. USD and 5 year Danish (DTU) initiative called CASE, Catalysis for Sustainable Energy, is working on this. Risø DTU has begun activities on CO 2 reduction in the temperature range C, pressure bar using ACEC = aqueous carbonate electrolyser cell and PCEC = proton conductor electrolyser cell 82 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark 26/09/2011
83 Why below 300 C Electrolysis of H 2 O & CO 2 into hydrocarbon in the electrode compartment is possible Thus, if we can speed up the electrochemical reaction rate sufficiently by high pressure and improved electrocatalysts, then this may eventually be most favorable - lower materials costs. The lower temperature and only an electrolysis unit (no catalytic reactor) open up for small decentralized applications. 83 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark 26/09/2011
84 Efficiency vs costs Let us use electrolysis to illustrate this: If an electrolysis cell is operated just at the socalled thermo-neutral potential (- H/2F) then at all temperatures, also even at room temperature, the conversion efficiency is very near 100 %. But, the fuel production rate is, as previously shown, very slow, and almost no fuel will be produced. Consequently the fuel will be extremely expensive due to the investment cost. Too low production rate to pay an acceptable interest rate of the investment. 84 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark 26/09/2011
85 Efficiency versus costs If an energy technology is sustainable (CO 2 neutral), constantly available and environmental friendly, then the energy efficiency is not important in itself. The energy price for the consumer is the only important factor The SOC electrolysis fuel cell cycle efficiency is maybe only 40 % or in best case 55 % Efficiency of conversion of fossil fuel in a car: ca. 25 % Efficiency of production of bio-ethanol?? In spite of this we urgently need all energy technologies, but we should minimize the consumption of fossils as much as possible 85 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark 26/09/2011
86 Competitive to fossil fuel? None of the conversion technologies be competitive to fossil derived fuels Political intervention is absolutely necessary - the free market forces will not save the climate The free market will favor cheap coal and natural gas within the foreseeable future Liquid synfuels and SNG can relatively easy and affordable be fabricated from syngas derived from coal. This was previously practiced in large scale in Germany during 2. world war and in South Africa during the blockade period. 86 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark 26/09/2011
87 Problems Costs, costs and costs, which have different disguises: Fabrication cost Durability Risk = reliability Annoyance and disturbance of people (noise, vibration, ugly appearance,...) 87 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark 26/09/2011
88 Concluding remarks and questions It is certainly not the purpose of the workshop to disqualify any method or technology It is important that we do R&D on as many technologies as the world can afford How can combinations of different specific technologies make better systems? Have I forgotten any very essential aspects? 88 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark 26/09/2011
89 Acknowledgement We gratefully acknowledge support from our sponsors: Danish Programme Committee for Energy and Environment Danish National Advanced Technology Foundation Energinet.dk (Danish electric and gas grid owner) European Union Topsoe Fuel Cells A/S Thank you for your attention! 89 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark 26/09/2011
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