Characterization of MCX-6002 and MCX-8001

Transcription

1 FFI-rapport 2015/02182 Characterization of MCX-6002 and MCX-8001 Gunnar Ove Nevstad Forsvarets FFI forskningsinstitutt Norwegian Defence Research Establishment

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3 FFI-rapport 2015/02182 Characterization of MCX-6002 and MCX-8001 Gunnar Ove Nevstad Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI) 18 November 2015

4 FFI-rapport 2015/ P: ISBN E: ISBN Keywords Testing Sprengstoffer Detonasjon Hastighet Trykkmåling Approved by Ivar Sollien Jon E. Skjervold Research Manager Director 2 FFI-rapport 2015/02182

5 English summary Knowledge about properties of explosive composition is important regardless of the applications. The performance of explosive compositions depends on detonation velocity and detonation pressure. The munition sensitivity depends on the critical diameter of the explosive filling in order to fulfill the IM requirements. The MCX-6002 and MCX-8001 studied in this report are new compositions developed with increased critical diameter to withstand shock threats from bullet attack, fragment impact, sympathetic detonation or shaped charge jet attack. The explosive compositions MCX-6002 and MCX-8001 are developed and produced by Chemring Nobel. They are melt-cast compositions for application as filling in large caliber munitions like 120 mm and 155 mm shells. We have characterized MCX-6002 and MCX-8001 due to the potential for utilisation in these ammunition types. Both compositions have TNT as binder. The solid filler is a mix of NTO and RDX/HMX. Nominal content for MCX-6002 is NTO/TNT/RDX (51/34/15) and for MCX-8001 NTO/TNT/HMX (52/36/12). MCX-6002 and MCX-8001 have been characterized with regards to critical diameter, detonation velocity and detonation pressure. Cylindrical charges with diameter from 11 mm to 37 mm were casted as test items for the tests. The quality of the charges was examined by X-ray, showing inclusion of air in all charges. This is porosity and pores/bubbles in the structure. Empty space was also observed in charges with a large diameter. However, the charges casted for detonation velocity and detonation pressure determinations had in the bottom a quality that could justify testing. To test the critical diameter of MCX-6002, cylindrical charges of five different diameters were glued together to three test items with diameter from 11 mm to 26 mm. The test results showed a critical diameter smaller than 11 mm. Three conical charges with diameter from 30 mm to 3-4 mm were casted and tested. These gave an average critical diameter of 10 mm. To test the critical diameter of MCX-8001, three test items with diameter from 11 mm to 26 mm glued together from five cylindrical charges of different diameters were used. All test items had a critical diameter smaller than 11 mm. Detonation velocity and pressure were tested with charges having diameter of mm. For both MCX-6002 and MCX-8001, four charges were casted. Only the part of the charges having acceptable density was tested. Measured detonation velocities MCX-6002 were as follows: cast No m/s (ρ =1.78 g/cm 3 ), cast No m/s (ρ =1.785 g/cm 3 ), cast No m/s (ρ =1.79 g/cm 3 ) and for cast No m/s (ρ=1.796 g/cm 3 ). Average experimentally measured detonation velocity is not very different from what is theoretically calculated. Two tests of detonation pressure gave an average detonation pressure of kbar, a result slightly lower than what is theoretically calculated. Measured detonation velocities for MCX-8001 were: cast No m/s (ρ =1.768 g/cm 3 ), cast No m/s (ρ =1.781 g/cm 3 ), cast No m/s (ρ=1.758 g/cm 3 ) and 7790 m/s (ρ =1.778 g/cm 3 ) and cast No m/s (ρ =1.786 g/cm 3 ). The average detonation velocity obtained experimentally is slightly below what is theoretically calculated. Two tests gave average detonation pressure of kbar, slightly below what is theoretically calculated. FFI-rapport 2015/

6 Sammendrag Uavhengig av hva et sprengstoff skal brukes til, er det noen egenskaper som er viktige å ha kjennskap til. Virkningen til sprengstoff er avhengig av egenskaper som detonasjonshastighet og detonasjonstrykk, mens ammunisjonens følsomhet er avhengig av egenskaper som kritisk diameter for å tilfredsstille kravet til IM. MCX og MCX-8001 er to nyutviklede komposisjoner med økt kritisk diameter. Hovedtrusselen for IM-testene bullet attack, fragment impact, sympathetic detonation og shaped charge jet attack er sjokk som gir sjokkinitiering av sprengstoffet. De testede komposisjonene er utviklet og produsert av Chemring Nobel. De er smeltestøpte komposisjoner som kan anvendes som hovedfylling i større kalibre som 120 mm og 155 mm granater. Vi har karakterisert komposisjonene utfra deres potensiale for bruk i denne type ammunisjon. MCX-6002 og MCX-8001 har TNT som bindemiddel. Faststoffet er en blanding av NTO og RDX for MCX-6002 og NTO og HMX for MCX Nominell sammensetning for MCX-6002 er NTO/DNAN/RDX (51/34/15) og for MCX-8001 NTO/DNAN/HMX (52/36/12). I denne rapporten har ulike prøver av MCX-6002 og MCX-8001 blitt karakterisert med hensyn på kritisk diameter, detonasjonshastighet og detonasjonstrykk. I tillegg er teoretiske beregninger av virkning ved ulike tettheter blitt utført ved bruk av Cheetah 2.0. Sylindriske ladninger med diameter fra 11mm til 37 mm er støpt for disse testene. Kvaliteten på ladningene ble undersøkt med røntgen. Røntgenbildene viser inneslutning av luft i alle legemene. Inneslutningene er observert som porøsitet og porer. For legemene med størst diameter kan også tomme rom observeres. Men alle legemene støpt for bestemmelse av detonasjonshastighet og detonasjonstrykk har akseptabel kvalitet i nedre halvdel, noe som rettferdiggjorde testing. For bestemmelse av kritisk diameter til MCX-6002 ble tre testenheter, bestående av fem sylindriske legemer med diameter fra 11mm til 26 mm, limt sammen og testet. Testresultatet viste en kritisk diameter mindre enn 11 mm. Tre koniske legemer med diameter fra 30 mm til 3-4 mm ble også støpt og testet. Disse ga en kritisk diameter på 10 mm. For MCX-8001 ble tre testenheter, bestående av fem sylindriske legemer med diameter fra 11 mm til 26 mm, limt sammen og testet. Alle testenhetene hadde en kritisk diameter mindre enn 11 mm. Detonasjonshastighet og trykk ble målt for ladninger med diameter 36+2 mm. 4 ladninger ble testet både for MCX-6002 og MCX Kun den delen av ladningene med akseptabel tetthet ble benyttet. Målte detonasjonshastigheter for MCX-6002 var: støp m/s (ρ =1.78 g/cm 3 ), støp m/s (ρ =1.785 g/cm 3 ), støp m/s (ρ =1.79 g/cm 3 ) og støp m/s (ρ=1.796 g/cm 3 ). Gjennomsnittlig målt detonasjonshastighet avviker lite fra det som er teoretisk beregnet. To målinger av detonasjonstrykket ga kbar, et resultat litt under det teoretisk beregnede. Målte detonasjonshastigheter for MCX-8001 var: støp m/s (ρ =1.768 g/cm 3 ), støp m/s (ρ =1.781 g/cm 3 ), støp m/s (ρ=1.758 g/cm 3 ) og 7790 m/s (ρ =1.778 g/cm 3 ) og støp m/s (ρ =1.786 g/cm 3 ). Gjennomsnittlig målt detonasjonshastighet er litt lavere enn det som er teoretisk beregnet. To målinger av detonasjonstrykket ga kbar, litt under det som er teoretisk beregnet. 4 FFI-rapport 2015/02182

7 Contents Contents 5 Abbreviations 8 1 Introduction 9 2 Experimentally Detonation velocity and pressure Casting MCX MCX Detonation velocity measurements Critical diameter Cylindrical charges Conical charges MCX Initiation Gluing Plate Dent test Theoretical calculations 20 3 Results Critical Diameter Cylindrical charges of MCX Conical charges of MCX Cast 6/ Cylindrical charges of MCX Detonation Velocity MCX MCX Plate Dent Test MCX MCX Theoretical calculations TMD MCX-6002 different densities MCX-8001 different densities 48 4 Summary 49 Appendix A Certificate for Dent Plates 52 FFI-rapport 2015/

8 Appendix B Control report HWC 54 Appendix C Cheetah calculations 55 C.1 MCX BKWC Product Library 55 C.1.1 TMD g/cm 3 55 C.1.2 Density 1.79 g/cm 3 56 C.1.3 Density 1.78 g/cm 3 57 C.1.4 Density 1.77g/cm 3 58 C.1.5 Density 1.76 g/cm 3 59 C.1.6 Density 1.75 g/cm 3 60 C.1.7 Density 1.74 g/cm 3 61 C.1.8 Density 1.73 g/cm 3 62 C.1.9 Density 1.72 g/cm 3 63 C.1.10 Density 1.71 g/cm 3 64 C.1.11 Density 1.70g/cm 3 65 C.1.12 Density 1.69 g/cm 3 66 C.1.13 Density 1.68 g/cm 3 67 C.2 MCX 8001 BKWC Product Library 68 C.2.2 Density 1.79 g/cm 3 69 C.2.3 Density 1.78 g/cm 3 70 C.2.4 Density 1.77 g/cm 3 71 C.2.5 Density 1.76 g/cm 3 72 C.2.6 Density 1.75 g/cm 3 73 C.3 MCX-6002 BKWS Product Library 74 C.3.2 Density 1.79 g/cm 3 75 C.3.3 Density 1.78 g/cm 3 76 C.3.4 Density 1.77 g/cm 3 77 C.3.5 Density 1.76 g/cm 3 78 C.3.6 Density 1.75 g/cm 3 79 C.3.7 Density 1.74 g/cm 3 80 C.3.8 Density 1.73 g/cm 3 81 C.3.9 Density 1.72 g/cm 3 82 C.3.10 Density 1.71 g/cm 3 83 C.3.11 Density 1.70 g/cm 3 84 C.3.12 Density 1.69 g/cm 3 85 C.3.13 Density 1.68 g/cm 3 86 C.4 MCX BKWS Product Library 87 C.4.2 Density 1.79 g/cm 3 88 C.4.3 Density 1.78 g/cm FFI-rapport 2015/02182

9 C.4.4 Density 1.77 g/cm 3 90 C.4.5 Density 1.76 g/cm 3 91 C.4.6 Density 1.75 g/cm 3 92 FFI-rapport 2015/

10 Abbreviations BAMO 3,3-Bis-azidomethyl oxetane BKWC Becker-Kistiakowsky-Wilson C (LLNL library) BKWS Becker-Kistiakowsky-Wilson S (Baer/Hobbs library) DNAN 2,4-dinitroanisole GA Glycidyl azide GA/BAMO Glycidyl azide - (3,3-bis(azidomethyl)oxetane) Copolymers HMX Octogen/1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetraazacyclooctane HWC Hexogen/Wax/Graphite (94.5/4.5/1) IM Insensitive Munitions IMX-104 NTO/DNAN/RDX (53/31.7/15.3) MCX Melt Cast Explosive MCX-6002 NTO/TNT/RDX (51/34/15) MCX-6100 NTO/DNAN/RDX (53/32/15) MCX-8001 NTO/TNT/HMX (52/36/11) MCX-8100 NTO/DNAN/HMX (53/35/12) NTO 3-Nitro-1,2,4 Triazol 5-one PAX-48 NTO/DNAN/HMX (53/35/12) RDX Hexogen/1,3,5 -trinitro-1,3,5-trizacyclohexane TMD Theoretical Maximum Density TNT 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene 8 FFI-rapport 2015/02182

11 1 Introduction In EDA project arrangement No B-0585-GEM2-GC Formulation and Production of New Energetic Materials different melt-cast compositions in addition to pressed compositions containing GA/BAMO polymers have been studied. Norway s main activity in the project was on synthesizing GA/BAMO polymers suitable for coating nitramine crystals for production of press granules for press filling of munitions units or production of pressed charges. Norway was the only country that used the energetic binder as binder for explosive charges (1). Italy and Germany used their polymers as binders in propellant formulations (1-3). The compositions produced had high content of HMX and their primary applications will be as boosters or main filling for shaped charges. To broaden the number of different compositions in WP generic fragmentation testing of 40 mm shell, Norway included 4 melt-cast compositions. These compositions are all of interest for Norway as main fillers preferentially for large caliber munitions. By using compounds as NTO and DNAN/TNT in the main explosive fillings, it will be possible to fulfil the IM requirements given in STANAG 4439 (4). Of the 4 compositions, two have TNT and two have DNAN as binder. The filler is either NTO/RDX or NTO/HMX. These compositions have in addition to the fragmentation performance been characterized for important properties as detonation velocity, detonation pressure and critical diameter. In addition shock sensitivity for the two NTO/RDX compositions has been determined (5, 6). The two DNAN compositions were characterized in reference (7) and (8) with regard to detonation velocity, detonation pressure and critical diameter. In this report the two TNT based MCX-6002 and MCX-8001 compositions has been characterized with regard to critical diameter, detonation velocity and detonation pressure. MCX-6002 contains TNT as binder and the filler is NTO/RDX. Nominal content of MCX-6002 is NTO/TNT/RDX (51/34/15). This composition has content of NTO/RDX in the same range as the DNAN based US composition IMX-104 (53/31.7/15.3) (9, 10) and the DNAN based Chemring MCX-6100 composition (6, 7). MCX-8001 contains TNT as binder and the filler is NTO/HMX. Nominal content of MCX-8001 is NTO/TNT/HMX (52/36/11). This composition has content of NTO/HMX in the same range as the DNAN based US composition PAX-48 (53/35/12) (11) and the DNAN based Chemring MCX-8100 composition (8). Critical diameter has been determined by use of cylindrical charges of different diameter and witness plates (12, 13). For MCX-6002 three conical charges were used to determine critical diameter. Detonation velocity was measured for cylindrical charges by use of 4-6 ionization pins (14, 15). Detonation pressure was determined by use of Plate Dent test (16, 17). FFI-rapport 2015/

12 2 Experimentally 2.1 Detonation velocity and pressure Casting The test items for determination of detonation velocity and pressure were casted in Bjørkborn in Sweden by Nammo Liab with explosive produced by Chemring Nobel in Norway. Figure 2.1 shows a picture of the cylinder moulds after being filled with the two compositions to be characterized. The MCX-6002 composition was Lot DDP13A0003E and the MCX-8001 composition Lot DDP13A0004. The used moulds were measuring cylinders in polypropylene with a slightly conical form. Figure 2.1 Filled moulds, 4 with MCX-6002 (left) and 4 with MCX-8001 (right) compositions after MCX 6002 the melt had solidified X-ray Visual inspection of the filled moulds showed that quality of the top fillings was poor. We therefore decided to X-ray all moulds before releasing the fillings. The X-ray investigation was performed at Nammo Raufoss with a 320 kv apparatus. A picture of the X-ray film is given in Figure 2.2. The X- ray picture in Figure 2.2 shows that the quality of the casted fillings was poor. Not only in the top, but a least 10 cm down from the top, there were empty spaces. All fillings had areas with moderate or low density. However, we decided to use those parts of the charges that had moderate voids content and fewer defects for determining detonation velocity and detonation pressure. The plastic cylinder was removed by cutting of the foot and then split the cylinder in the longitudinal direction. The parts with satisfactory density were cut in a lathe. 10 FFI-rapport 2015/02182

13 Figure 2.2 The figure shows the X-ray picture of the four tubes filled with MCX-6002 composition Density Figure 2.3 shows the parts of each filling that had highest density. Weight and dimensions were measured for the five charges selected for producing test items for determination of detonation velocity. Figure 2.3 The picture shows the part of the charges that was selected to be tested. FFI-rapport 2015/

14 Table 2.1 summarizes the properties of these charges. MCX-6002 with nominal content has a TMD of g/cm 3. The charges in Table 2.1 had a density from 97.3 %TMD for No 3 with g/cm 3 to 99.6 %TMD for charge No 4 (1.796 g/cm 3 ). Tube No Weight (g) Height (mm) Diameter bottom Diameter Top Average Radius Volume (cm 3 ) Density (g/cm 3 ) (mm) (mm) (cm) Table 2.1 The table gives a summary of the dimensions and properties of the charges of MCX-6002 to be used for detonation velocity and pressure determination. The charges shown in Figure 2.3 or given density in Table 2.1 have all satisfactory density. The exception is charge No 4 from left from the upper part of tube 3 with a density of g/cm MCX X-ray The MCX-8001 filling contain TNT/NTO/HMX (36/52/12). As for the MCX-6002 fillings, when we visually inspected the filled moulds, we saw empty space in top of the fillings and decided to take X- ray of them. Picture of the X-ray film is shown in Figure 2.4. The quality of the fillings is not significantly better than for MCX-6002 TNT/NTO/RDX (34/52/15). The number of large voids was significantly lower, but the size of the areas with reduced density was larger. 12 FFI-rapport 2015/02182

15 Figure 2.4 The picture shows the X-ray picture of the four tubes filled with MXC 8001 composition Density To release the filling from the mould the plastic cylinder was removed by cutting of the foot and splitting the cylinder in the longitudinal direction. The parts of the fillings we wanted to test were cut in a lathe. Table 2.2 summarizes the properties of the charges selected for testing. The filling with the most homogeneous cast is tube No 2. From this filling we cut a charge with a length of 223 mm. Tube No 1 and 4 had the poorest quality. Although tube No 3 looks relatively homogenous with some greyness and therefore the tube was cut into two pieces. From Table 2.2 one can see that the density of the upper piece (1.758 g/cm 3 ) is lower than in the lower part (1.778 g/cm 3 ). However, we decided to use both pieces in the determination of detonation velocity and detonation pressure. As seen from Table 2.2 the obtained density for all pieces is below TMD (Theoretical Maximum Density) of g/cm 3. The deviation is acceptable. The piece from the middle of tube No 3 has a density of 97.2 % TMD as the lowest, while the charge from tube No 4 has the highest density of 98.9 % TMD. The charges of MCX-8001 selected for testing had lower density and percentage of TMD corresponding to MCX-6002 charges. FFI-rapport 2015/

16 Figure 2.5 The figure shows pictures of the charges released to be tested. Tube No Weight (g) Height (mm) Diameter bottom Diameter Top Average Radius Volume (cm 3 ) Density (g/cm 3 ) (mm) (mm) (cm) Table 2.2 The table gives a summary of the dimensions and properties of the charges of MCX-8001 to be used for detonation velocity and pressure determination Detonation velocity measurements To determine detonation velocity we used the method with ionization pins and setup for registration on the scope described in (14). The scope used to collect the results was a GWInstek GDS-3354, Digital Storage Oscilloscope, 350 MHz 5 GS/s adjusted to DC for the first 5 firings. For the last firing a GWInstek GDS-3352, Digital Storage Oscilloscope, 350 MHz 5 GS/s was used. A summary of the scope settings for the test firings are given in Table FFI-rapport 2015/02182

17 Firing No 1 Firing No 2 Firing No 3 Firing No 4 Firing No 5 Firing No 6 Con. Memory Length Trigger Level -2.28V -2.28V -2.28V -2.28V -2.28V -2.64V Source CH1 CH1 CH1 CH1 CH1 CH1 Probe 1.000E E E E E E+00 Vertical Units V V V V V V Vertical Scale 2.000E E E E E E+00 Vertical Position 0.000E E E E E E+00 Horizontal Units S S S S S S Horizontal Scale 5.000E E E E E E-05 Horizontal Position 2.000E E E E E E-05 Horizontal Mode Main Main Main Main Main Main Sampling Period 2.000E E E E E E-09 Firmware V1.09 V1.09 V1.09 V1.09 V1.09 V1.09 Time 08 Nov Nov Nov Nov Nov :17 13:09:17 13:21:58 13:35:35 13:47:07 14:11:19 Mode Detail Detail Detail Detail Detail Detail Waveform Data Table 2.3 The scope settings to collect the results for the firings. 2.2 Critical diameter Cylindrical charges In addition to charges for detonation velocity and detonation pressure determination, charges with different diameter for determination of critical diameter and mechanical properties were casted. The casting was performed by Nammo Liab in Karlskoga, Sweden. For MCX-6002 the Lot DDP13A0003E and for MCX-8001 the Lot DDP13A0004E was used for the casting. Figure 2.6 shows a picture of all these charges. The method used for determining critical diameter is described in reference (12). The length of the charges is twice the diameter. The quality of all charges was investigated by X-ray performed at Nammo Raufoss. Figure 2.7 shows pictures of the X-ray films. Charges marked 3E contains composition MCX-6002, while 4E marked charges contains composition MCX For both compositions dark areas are observed indicating variation in density. The charges were released from the plastic moulds with a longitudinal split produced by a bow file blade and opened with a screwdriver. All charges have a slightly conical shape, and some of them had in addition a slightly elliptical form. However, all charges were measured with regard to upper/lower diameter and height to determine the volume. Table 2.4 gives the obtained density for composition MCX-6002 of each selected charge to be tested. They have an average density of g/cm 3 or 97.2% TMD. FFI-rapport 2015/

18 Figure 2.6 Pictures of the smaller charges casted for critical diameter and mechanical testing. Charges marked with 3E contain composition MCX-6002 and 4E contain composition MCX Figure 2.7 Pictures of X-ray films of the items in Figure 2.6. Charges marked with 3E contain composition MCX-6002 and 4E contain composition MCX FFI-rapport 2015/02182

19 Test item No Pellet No Weight (g) Height (mm) Upper diameter (mm) Lower Diameter (mm) Average Radius (mm) Volume (mm 3 ) Density (g/cm 3 ) DDP13A0003E No 1 (RDX) Average DDP13A0003E No Average DDP13A0003E No Average Table 2.4 Properties of cylindrical charges of MCX-6002 for determination of critical diameter. Table 2.5 gives the properties of the charges casted with composition MCX-8001 selected for testing of the critical diameter. The density of these charges is slightly higher than for the MCX-6002 charges. They have an average density of g/cm 3 or 97.1% TMD. TMD for MCX-8001 is g/cm 3. FFI-rapport 2015/

20 Test item No Pellet No Weight (g) Height (mm) Upper diameter (mm) Lower Diameter (mm) Average Radius (mm) Volume (mm 3 ) Density (g/cm 3 ) 1 2 DDP13A0004E No 1 (HMX) Average DDP13A0004E No Average Table 2.5 DDP13A0004E No Average Properties of casted cylindrical charges of MCX-8001for determination of critical diameter Conical charges MCX-6002 For determination of critical diameter for the MCX-6002 composition CH 6080/13 three conical charges were casted by Chemring Nobel Conical charge cast 7/14 The first charge to be tested was cast No 7/14. Figure 2.8 shows a picture of the charge after being released from the mould. The diameter of the charge at the top was 29.3 mm and at the Figure 2.8 Picture of the MCX-6002 CH 6080/13 conical charge cast No 7/ FFI-rapport 2015/02182

21 bottom 5.4 mm. The charge had a weight of g giving an overall density of g/cm 3. Figure 2.9 shows the test item after the booster was added and the test item placed on the witness plate ready for testing. Figure 2.9 Picture of the MCX-6002 CH 6080/13 conical charge cast No 7/14 after been assembled on the witness plate Conical charge cast 6/14 A picture of the received conical charge in the mould is shown in Figure The charge had a diameter at the top of 27.3 mm and at the bottom of 3.4 mm. The weight was g, which gives an overall density of 1.77 g/cm 3. Figure 3.11 shows the test item after modification of the top and the booster added. Figure 2.10 Picture of the MCX-6002 CH 6080/13 cast No 6/14 in the mould. Figure 2.11 Picture of the MCX-6002 CH 6080/13 cast No 6/14 after been assembled on the witness plate Conical charge cast 12/14 A picture of the conical charge after being released from the mould and booster added is shown in Figure The cone had a diameter at the top of 30 mm and at the bottom of 4.0 mm. The weight was g, which gave an overall density of g/cm 3. Figure 3.13 shows the test item assembled on the witness plate ready for testing. Figure 2.12 Picture of the MCX-6002 CH 6080/13 conical charge cast No 12/14 after been released from mould and added booster. FFI-rapport 2015/

22 Figure 2.13 Picture of the MCX-6002 CH 6080/13 conical charge cast No 12/14 after been assembled on the witness plate. 2.3 Initiation All charges have been initiated by a detonator No 8 and a 35 g booster of HWC (95/RDX/ 5 WAX). Control report of the booster composition is given in Appendix B. The booster had a diameter of 31.8 mm and was pressed with a pressure of 10 tons and dwell time of 60 seconds. 2.4 Gluing For determination of both detonation velocity and critical diameter, charges had to be glued together to obtain the required test items. The first gluing was performed by using Araldite with 10 minutes curing time. This glue seems not to be compatible with our explosives. Figure 3.10 shows that the glue became red. We therefore changed the glue to Casco Kontaktlim. 2.5 Plate Dent test Detonation pressure has been determined by use of Plate Dent test (16-17). Bolt steel plates of ST-52 quality with diameter 160 mm were used as witness plate. For the charges with diameter mm the bolt had a height of 60 mm. Figure 2.14 shows how the Dent depth was measured with a micrometer screw, a steel ring and a steel ball. Figure 2.14 Picture of the tool used to measure the Dent depth. 2.6 Theoretical calculations Theoretical calculation has been performed by Cheetah 2.0 (18) 20 FFI-rapport 2015/02182

23 3 Results 3.1 Critical Diameter Knowledge of the critical diameter is important in order to be able to initiate a composition in a satisfactory way. Several methods to perform the test exist, however, we selected cylindrical charges of different diameter with length 2xdiameter glued together to form a test item (12). We had available charges with 5 different diameters from 26 mm to 11 mm for Lot DDP13A0003E (MCX-6002) and Lot DDP13A0004E (MCX-8001). For both compositions these were glued together to 3 test items. For composition MCX-6002 CH 6080/13 we in addition casted 3 conical charges with diameter from 30 mm to 3 mm Cylindrical charges of MCX Shot No 1 The first test was performed with test item No 1 in Table 2.4 glued together into a test item as shown in Figure 3.1 and the left picture. The test item contained 5 cylindrical charges with different diameters. The right picture in Figure 3.1 shows the witness plate after the firing. The central picture shows the setup before firing. Figure 3.1 Different pictures of the test item used to determine critical diameter: from left after being glued together, test setup for firing and right the witness plate after firing. FFI-rapport 2015/

24 We interpreted the witness plate as a detonation took place through the full length of the charge, and that the critical diameter was 11 mm or less Shot No 2 The second test was performed with the test item No 2 in Table 2.4. It was glued together into a test item as shown in Figure 3.2 at the left picture. The right picture in Figure 3.2 shows the witness plate after firing. The central pictures show the assembled test item on the witness plate and the setup for firing. Figure 3.2 Different pictures: from left the test item after being glued together, next after the test item been assembled on the witness plate, setup for firing and to the right the witness plate after firing. Inspection of the witness plate shows that a detonation took place through the full length of the charge, and that the critical diameter is 11 mm or less. 22 FFI-rapport 2015/02182

25 Shot No 3 The third test was performed with test item No 3 in Table 2.4. It was glued together into a test item as shown in Figure 3.3 at the left picture. The right picture in Figure 3.3 shows the witness plate after the firing. The central pictures show the assembled test item on the witness plate and the setup for firing. Figure 3.3 Different pictures: from left the test item after being glued together, next after the test item had been assembled on the witness plate, setup for firing and to the right the witness plate after firing. Inspection of the witness plate shows that a detonation took place through the full length of the charge, and that the critical diameter is 11 mm or less Conical charges of MCX Cast 7/14 The above testing of critical diameter for MCX-6002 lot DDP13A0003E (MCX-6002) did not result in a specific value, since the detonation continued through the charge. Therefore, three conical charges with MCX-6002 CH 6080/13 were casted. The first test item was cast No 7/14 (according to FFI-rapport 2015/

26 Chemring marked with the Number 2). Figure 3.4 shows the test item after the added booster and the charge was assembled on the witness plate. In addition the figure 3.4 gives pictures of the test setup and of the witness plate after firing. Figure 3.4 The figure shows from left; the test item after assembled, test setup for firing and to the right the witness plate. Inspection of the witness plate gave a critical diameter of 10.0 mm. This is a result slightly below the obtained results for the cylindrical charges Cast 6/14 The second tested cone was conical charge cast No 6/14. Properties are given in section Figure 3.5 shows pictures of the test setup and the witness plate after firing. For this firing the critical diameter was measured to 9.8 mm. 24 FFI-rapport 2015/02182

27 Figure 3.5 Setup and the witness plate for testing of conical charge cast 6/14 with MCX-6002 CH 6080/13 composition Cast 12/14 The last tested conical charge with MCX-6002 CH 6080/14 was cast No 12/14. Chapter gives the properties of the conical charge. This conical charge was equipped with four ionization pins to simultaneously measure the detonation velocity as function of the diameter. Pins were positioned at a critical diameter of 27 mm, 18 mm, 12 mm and finally at 9 mm. This gave a distance between pin No 1 and pin No 2 of 90 mm, between pin No 2 and pin No 3 of 60 mm and finally between pin No 3 and pin No 4 of 30 mm. Figure 3.6 shows the setup and the witness plate for this firing. FFI-rapport 2015/

28 Figure 3.6 The figure shows test setup and witness plate for firing of conical charge cast 12/14 containing MCX-6002 CH 6080/13 composition. Inspection of the witness plate gave a critical diameter of 10.3 mm. The result from the instrumentation is given in section Comparing the conical charge results Figure 3.7 shows pictures of the three witness plates for the firings with conical charges of the MCX CH 6080/13 composition. Table 3.1 summarizes the results showing an average critical diameter of 10 mm. This result gives a slightly smaller critical diameter than obtained with the cylindrical charges (less than 11 mm). For both test methods an overdrive may occur. Firing No CH 6080/13 Density Critical Diameter cast (g/cm 3 ) (mm) 1 7/ / / Average firing Table 3.1 Summary of the test results for determination of critical diameter for charges of MCX CH 6080/13 composition. 26 FFI-rapport 2015/02182

29 Figure 3.7 The figure shows two pictures of the witness plates for the three firing with conical charges containing MCX-6002 CH 6080/13 compositions Cylindrical charges of MCX Shot No 1 The first test was performed with the test item No 1 in Table 2.5. I t was glued together into a test item as shown in Figure 3.8 at the left picture. The right picture in Figure 3.8 shows the witness plate after the firing. The central pictures show the test item assembled on the witness plate and the setup for firing.. FFI-rapport 2015/

30 Figure 3.8 Different pictures: from left the test item after being glued together, next after the test item been assembled on the witness plate, setup for firing and to the right the witness plate after firing. Interpretation of the result gave verification of detonation through the full length of the charge. This gives a critical diameter of less than 11 mm Shot No 2 The second test was performed with the test item No 2 in Table 2.5. This sample was glued together into the test item shown in Figure 3.9 at the left picture. The right picture in Figure 3.9 shows the witness plate after the firing. The central pictures show the test item assembled on the witness plate and the setup for firing. 28 FFI-rapport 2015/02182

31 Figure 3.9 Different pictures: from left the test item after being glued together, next after the test item been assembled on the witness plate, setup for firing and to the right the witness plate after firing. Interpretation of the result showed detonation through the full length of the charge. This gives a critical diameter of less than 11 mm Shot No 3 The third test was performed with test item No 3 in Table 2.5. This was glued together into the test item shown in Figure 3.10 at the left picture. The right picture in Figure 3.10 shows the witness plate after the firing. The central pictures show the test item assembled on the witness plate and the setup for firing. FFI-rapport 2015/

32 Figure 3.10 Different pictures: from left the test item after being glued together, next after the test item been assembled on the witness plate, setup for firing and to the right the witness plate after firing. Interpretation of the result showed detonation through the full length of the charge. This gives a critical diameter of less than 11 mm. 3.2 Detonation Velocity MCX-6002 From the four cylindrical charges in Figure 2.1, we cut 5 pieces with satisfactory quality with respect to pores and low density area. Table 2.1 gives the average density for these 5 charges. These 5 charges were glued together into two test items having a length to positioning 4 ionization pins to determine the detonation velocity Shot No 2 The first test item of MCX-6002 lot DDP13A0003E (MCX-6002) contained parts from tube 2 and tube 3. The piece from tube 3 was taken as bottom of the test item and in contact with the Dent witness plate. Figure 3.11 shows where the ionization pins were positioned. Pin No 1 and Pin No 2 in the piece from tube 2 had an average density of ρ = g/cm 3. Pin No 3 and pin No 4 was positioned in the 30 FFI-rapport 2015/02182

33 piece from tube 3 having a density of ρ = g/cm 3. For both pieces the bottom from the casting was farthest from the initiation end. All 4 ionization pins gave registration as shown in Figure Figure 3.11 Left picture shows the charge after the ionization pins had been positioned. Right picture shows the charge setup for firing. Figure 3.12 The figure shows the arrival time of the detonation front for each pin and the distance between pins. Obtained detonation velocities are summarized in Table 3.2 and shows that the velocity for the piece from tube 2 is 7983 m/s and for the part from tube 3 it is 7700 m/s. The velocity between the two tubes (pin No 2 and pin No 3) is lower, 7582 m/s. On average the detonation velocity is measured to 7751 m/s, slightly below the theoretical velocity calculated by Cheetah at TMD. FFI-rapport 2015/

34 Pin No Arrival time (µs) Time between Pin No X and X-1 (µs) Distance from Pin X to Pin X-1 (mm) Firing No 2 MCX-6002 Lot DDP13A0003E Detonation Velocity (m/s) Table 3.2 A summary of the results from the determination of the detonation velocity for MCX-6002 test No Shot No 3 The second tested item with MCX-6002 composition lot DDP13A0003E (MCX-6002) was shot No 3. It was made from as bottom a piece from tube 4, in the middle a piece from tube No 1 and at the initiation end a piece from tube No 3. 4 ionization pins, pin No 1 and No 2 positioned in the piece from tube 1 with density ρ = g/cm 3 and pin No 3 and No 4 positioned in the piece from tube 4 having density ρ = g/cm 3. Figure 3.13 shows pictures of the test item with and without ionization pins and a picture of the setup for firing. Figure 3.14 shows the registrations obtained at the scope. In addition the distances between the ionization pins are given. Figure 3.13 The first picture shows where the ionization pins were positioned. The second picture shows the charge after the pins was set in and the right picture shows the setup for testing. 32 FFI-rapport 2015/02182

35 Figure 3.14 The figure shows the arrival time of the detonation front for each pin and the distance between pins. The detonation velocities are summarized in Table 3.3 showing that the velocity for the piece from tube 1 is 7964 m/s and for the piece from tube 4 is 7859 m/s. The velocity between the two pieces (pin No 2 and pin No 3) is slightly lower, 7822 m/s. On average the detonation velocity is measured to 7881 m/s, or 130 m/s higher than for test No 1. Pin No Arrival time (µs) Time between Pin No X and X-1 (µs) Distance from Pin X to Pin X-1 (mm) Detonation Velocity (m/s) Firing No 3 MCX-6002 Lot DDP13A0003E Table 3.3 A summary of the results from the determination of the detonation velocity for MCX-6002 test No Conical charge with MCX-6002 Cast 12/14 was equipped with 4 ionization pins for determination of detonation velocity as function of charge diameter. The position of the pins was selected to have one pin just before and one pin just FFI-rapport 2015/

36 after the expected failure diameter at a charge diameter (CD) of 12 mm and at 9 mm. The last two pins were positioned at the top (CD 27 mm) and in the middle (CD 18 mm) of the charge. Figure 3.15 shows the positions of all ionization pins. 90 mm 60 mm 30 mm 90 mm Figure 3.15 The figure shows diffused pictures of the test setup and a drawing with the positions of the ionization pins. Figure 3.16 The figure shows the arrival time of the detonation front for each pin and the distance between pins for the conical firing of MCX-6002 CH 6080/ FFI-rapport 2015/02182

37 Figure 3.16 shows registration for 3 of the 4 ionisation pins. The last ionization pin with registration was positioned at a critical diameter of 12 mm. The pin that failed was positioned at charge diameter of 9 mm. The witness plate gives a critical diameter of 10 mm and confirms the registration obtained with the ionization pins. The obtained velocity between pin No 1 and pin No 2 of 7632 m/s is slightly lower than for the cylindrical charges with diameter 36+1 mm. For the part of the cone having diameter between 18 mm and 12 mm, the average detonation velocity was measured to 7429 m/s. The tested cone had significantly lower average density (1.689 g/cm 3 ) than the cylindrical charges. In addition smaller charge diameter may have influenced on the detonation velocity. That pin No 4 gave no registration confirms a critical diameter larger than 9 mm but less than 12 mm. Pin No Arrival time (µs) Time between Pin No X and X-1 (µs) Distance from Pin X to Pin X-1 (mm) Detonation Velocity (m/s) Firing containing MCX-6002 CH 6080/13 cast 12/ No registration Table 3.4 A summary of the results from the determination of the detonation velocity for MCX 6002 CH 6080/13 conical charge cast 12/ Summary of detonation velocity for MCX-6002 Table 3.5 summarizes the measured detonation velocities for MCX-6002 Lot DDP13A0003E and CH 6080/13. For the 4 different charges (bold black number) the average velocity is m/s. By including the transitions between the charges gives an average of m/s. The lower detonation velocity for the conical charge can be due to lower density and lower charge diameter or a combination of both. The fact that the velocity is as high as 7429 m/s at a charge diameter of 12 mm indicates that the overdrive of the reaction is moderate and that the critical diameter obtained by use of witness plate is representative for MCX-6200 composition. FFI-rapport 2015/

38 Firing No Table 3.5 Cast No Charge diameter (mm) Average Charge density (g/cm 3 ) Between pin No Measuring distance (mm) Detonation velocity (m/s) / (conical charge) The table summarizes the obtained detonation velocities for MCX MCX 8001 From the four tubes casted with Lot DDP13A0004E, 5 pieces were cut off with satisfactory quality with respect to pores density. Table 2.2 gives the dimensions and density for the pieces. From tube 2 a charge with a length of 223 mm was obtained, long enough to be tested without extension by a piece from one of the other tubes. The remaining 4 pieces in Table 2.2 were glued together to two test items. All pieces had sufficient length to position 2 ionization pins. All 3 test items were fitted with 4 ionization pins Shot No 1 The first tested item was MCX-8001 composition Lot DDP13A0004E, called shot No 1. The test item was glued together with the bottom from a piece of tube 4 and at the initiation ends a piece from tube No 3. We used 4 ionization pins: pin No 1 and pin No 2 positioned in the piece from tube 3 with density ρ = g/cm 3 and pin No 3 and pin No 4 in the piece from tube 4 having density ρ = g/cm 3. Figure 3.17 shows a picture of how the ionization pins were positioned. The distance between pin No 1 and pin No 2 was 60 mm, between pin No 2 and pin No3 60 mm and finally between pin No 3 and pin No 4 90 mm. Figure 3.18 shows the test setup. Figure 3.17 Picture of the test item with the ionization pins. 36 FFI-rapport 2015/02182

39 Figure 3.18 Test setup for the first firing with MCX-8001 Lot DDP13A0004E. Figure 3.19 The figure shows the arrival time of the detonation front for each pin and the distances between the pins for shot No 1 containing MCX FFI-rapport 2015/

40 Obtained detonation velocities are summarized in Table 3.6, showing velocities for the piece from tube 3 at 7790 m/s and for the part from tube 4 at 7842 m/s. The velocity between the two pieces (pin No 2 and pin No 3) is lower, 7587 m/s. The overall detonation velocity between pin No 1 and pin No 4 is 7753 m/s. Pin No Arrival time (µs) Time between Pin No X and X-1 (µs) Distance from Pin X to Pin X-1 (mm) Detonation Velocity (m/s) Firing No 1 MCX-8001 Lot DDP13A0004E Table 3.6 A summary of the results from the determination of the detonation velocity for MCX 8001 test No Shot No 4 The second tested item with MCX 8001 composition was shot No 4. It contained tube 2 without lengthening pieces from other tubes. This charge had an average density of ρ = g/cm 3. To determine detonation velocity 4 ionization pins were positioned with No 1 closest to the initiation end. Figure 3.20 shows pictures of the charge, the test setup and how the ionization pins were positioned in addition to the scope with obtained registration after firing. Figure 3.20 The first picture is of the test item; second left test setup for firing and on right a picture of the used scope with the obtained registration. 38 FFI-rapport 2015/02182

41 Figure 3.21 The figure shows the arrival time of the detonation front for each pin and the distance between pins. As shown both in Figures 3.20 and 3.21 we did not obtain registration for ionization pin No 3. However, for pin No 1, pin No 2 and pin No 4 we obtained registrations. As Table 3.7 shows we obtain an average detonation velocity of 7700 m/s between pin No 1 and pin No 4. This is a slightly lower detonation velocity than for the first shot with MCX-8001 having an overall velocity of 7753 m/s. It looks like the detonation velocity for test item 2 is highest close to the initiation end and lowest at the bottom. However, the differences in velocity are small and the number of pointes too few in order to draw a qualified conclusion. Pin No Arrival time (µs) Time between Pin No X and X-1 (µs) Distance from Pin X to Pin X-1 (mm) Detonation Velocity (m/s) Firing No 4 MCX-8001 Lot DDP13A0004E No registration Table 3.7 A summary of the results from the determination of the detonation velocity for MCX-8001 test No 2. FFI-rapport 2015/

42 Shot No 5 The third tested item with MCX-8001 composition was shot No 5. The test item was made from a piece from tube 3 as the bottom and at the initiation end of a piece from tube No 1. Figure 3.22 The two first pictures show the test item without and with the ionization pins follow by the test setup and the scope with the obtained registration.at the bottom 40 FFI-rapport 2015/02182

43 Figure 3.23 The figure shows the arrival time of the detonation front for each pin and the distance between pins. We used 4 ionization pins, pin No 1 and pin No 2 in the piece from tube 1 with density ρ = g/cm 3 and pin No 3 and pin No 4 in the piece from tube 3 having a density of ρ = g/cm 3. Figure 3.22 shows pictures of test item, setup and scope registration after firing. All ionization pins gave registration. Pin No Arrival time (µs) Time between Pin No X and X-1 (µs) Distance from Pin X to Pin X-1 (mm) Detonation Velocity (m/s) Firing No 5 MCX-8001 Lot DDP13A0004E Table 3.8 A summary of the results from the determination of the detonation velocity for MCX-8001 test No 3. Detonation velocities are summarized in Table 3.8 showing a detonation velocity in the piece from tube 1 as 7836 m/s and in the piece from tube 3 as 7426 m/s. The velocity between the two pieces (pin FFI-rapport 2015/

44 No 2 and pin No 3) is 7540 m/s. The overall detonation velocity is measured to 7630 m/s. These results do not reflect the differences in density between tube 1 with density ρ = g/cm 3 and tube 3 having a density of ρ = g/cm Summary of detonation velocity MCX-8001 Table 3.9 summarizes the measured detonation velocities for MCX-8001 Lot DDP13A0004E. The average velocity in single pieces is m/s. Excluding the piece from tube 3 with low detonation velocity, the average was m/s. Including transition measurements gave an average velocity of m/s. Firing No Cast No Charge diameter (mm) Charge density (g/cm3) Measuring Detonation Between distance velocity pin No (mm) (m/s) Table 3.9 The table summarizes the results for determination of detonation velocities of MCX Plate Dent Test MCX-6002 When determining the detonation velocity we also determined detonation pressure by use of the Plate Dent test. The Dent plates had a thickness of 60 mm which is at the limit for these explosive compositions. All witness plates with a Dent depth of 6 mm or more showed a slightly bump on the backside. Appendix A gives the certificate of the used ST-52 bolt. Figure 3.24 shows both test setup and the Dent plates after firing for the two performed tests with MCX-6002 composition Lot DDP13A0004E. The obtained results for both tests are close to the expected result from theoretical calculation with Cheetah of 260 kbar at TMD. Table 3.10 gives the results. 42 FFI-rapport 2015/02182

45 Figure 3.24 The Figure shows the setup and the Dent plates after firing for the two tested charges containing the MCX 6002 composition. Shot No From tube No Charge diameter (mm) Density (g/cm 3 ) Dent Depth (mm) Detonation pressure (kbar) (T) Average Table 3.10 The Table gives results from determination of detonation pressure by Plate Dent test for MCX-6002 Lot DDP13A0003E. FFI-rapport 2015/

46 3.3.2 MCX-8001 For three test items of MCX-8001 Lot DDP13A0004E detonation pressure were determined by use of the Plate Dent test. Figure 3.25 shows the test setup and the Dent plate after firing for shot No 1. Unfortunately the test charge moved a little so the contact with the Dent plate was not optimal. This explains the deviation in Dent depth for this shot compared with the other four performed. Figure 3.25 Left picture shows the test setup and the right picture the Dent plate after the firing. Figure 3.26 shows test setup for shot 4 and 5 with MCX-8001 Lot DDP13A0004E and the Dent plates after firing. The results are given in Table 3.11 showing a detonation pressure of kbar for shot 4 and of kbar for shot 5. Both values are in the expected range. 44 FFI-rapport 2015/02182

47 Figure 3.26 The Figure shows the setup and Dent plates after firing for the two tested charges containing the MCX 8001 composition Lot DDP13A0004E. Shot No From tube No Charge diameter (mm) Density (g/cm 3 ) Dent Depth (mm) Detonation pressure (kbar) Average Shot 4 and Table 3.11 Results from determination of detonation pressure by Plate Dent test for MCX-8001 Lot DDP13A0004E. FFI-rapport 2015/

48 3.4 Theoretical calculations TMD Cheetah 2.0 (15) has been used to calculate the performance of MCX-6002 and MCX-8001 compositions. Calculations have been done with both the BKWC and the BKWS libraries. Appendix C gives summary print outs for all calculations. Table 3.12 summarizes calculations at TMD for both compositions with both product libraries. Property BKWC Product Database BKWS Product Database MCX MCX MCX-6002 MCX-8001 TMD (g/cc) The C-J condition: Pressure (GPa ) Volume (cc/g ) Density (g/cc ) Energy (kj/cc explosive ) Temperature ( K) Shock velocity (m/s) Particle velocity (m/s) Speed of sound (m/s ) Gamma Freezing occurred at T = K and relative V = Mechanical energy of detonation (kj/cc) Thermal energy of detonation (kj/cc) Total energy of detonation (kj/cc) MCX 6002: NTO/TNT/RDX (51/34/15). 2 MCX 8001: NTO/TNT/HMX (52/36/12). Table 3.12 Different properties of tested compositions calculated by use of Cheetah 2.0 at TMD. Detonation pressure and velocity for MCX-6002 and MCX-8001 were calculated by Cheetah giving approximately the same values with both product libraries. In addition both had the same detonation velocity and detonation pressure MCX-6002 different densities Table 3.13 gives detonation pressure and velocity for different densities of MCX-6002 calculated with both the BKWC and BKWS product libraries. Figure 3.27 shows the same data in addition to experimentally measured properties. Experimentally measured detonation pressure and velocity for MCX-6002 firing No 2 cast No 3 were kbar/7700 m/s (ρ =1.790 g/cm 3 ) and for firing No 3 cast No kbar/7859 m/s (ρ=1.796 g/cm 3 ). In addition velocity given for firing No 2 cast No 2 was 7983 m/s (ρ =1.785 g/cm 3 ) and for firing No 3 cast No m/s (ρ =1.78 g/cm 3 ). Two of the 46 FFI-rapport 2015/02182

49 measured detonation velocities are higher and two lower than calculated by Cheetah. Both experimentally measured detonation pressures are below calculations with Cheetah. Product Library BKWC Product Library BKWS Density (g/cm 3 ) Detonation Detonation Pressure (GPa) Velocity (m/s) Pressure (GPa) Velocity (m/s) Table 3.13 Detonation pressure and velocity for different densities of MCX-6002 calculated with Cheetah 2.0. Figure 3.27 Calculated and measured detonation velocities and pressures for MCX-6002 as function of density. FFI-rapport 2015/

50 3.4.3 MCX-8001 different densities Table 3.14 summarizes detonation velocity and pressure for different densities calculated with Cheetah 2.0 (18) and both the BKWC and the BKWS product libraries. Figure 3.28 shows the same data in addition to the experimental results. Experimentally measured detonation pressures and velocities of MCX-8001 firing No 4 cast No 2 was kbar/7672 m/s ( ρ =1.781 g/cm 3 ) and for firing No 5 cast No kbar/7426 m/s (ρ=1.758 g/cm 3 ). Density (g/cm 3 ) Product Library BKWC Detonation Pressure Velocity (m/s) (GPa) Product Library BKWS Detonation Pressure Velocity (m/s) (GPa) Table 3.14 Detonation pressure and velocity for different densities of MCX-6002 calculated with Cheetah 2.0. Figure 3.28 Calculated and measured detonation velocities and detonation pressures for MCX-8001 as function of density. 48 FFI-rapport 2015/02182

51 In addition the measured detonation velocity was plotted for firing No 1 cast No 3 at 7790 m/s (ρ =1.778 g/cm 3 ), for cast No 4 at 7842 m/s (ρ =1.786 g/cm 3 ) and for firing No 5 cast No 1 at 7836 m/s (ρ =1.768 g/cm 3 ). Out of the measured detonation velocities one is equal and five lower than calculated by Cheetah. For the experimentally measured detonation pressures one are lower and one equal to the calculated pressure with Cheetah. 4 Summary Two melt-cast compositions MCX-6002 and MCX-8001 have been characterized. Cylindrical charges with diameter from 11 to 37 mm were casted. The quality of the charges was examined by X-ray. The X-ray pictures shows inclusion of air in all charges. The air inclusion is observed as porosity and pores/bubbles. For the charges with largest diameter even empty space is observed. However, the charges casted for detonation velocity and pressure determination had in the bottom a quality and density that could justify testing. To determine critical diameter of MCX-6002 cylindrical charges of 5 different diameters were glued together to three test items with diameter from 11 mm to 26 mm. The results showed a critical diameter less than 11 mm for all test items. Three conical charges with diameter from 30 mm to 3-4 mm were also casted and tested. Average critical diameter for these test items was 10 mm. For MCX-8001 charges of 5 different diameters were glued to three test items with diameter from 11 mm to 26 mm for testing of critical diameter. All test items had a critical diameter smaller than 11 mm. Detonation velocity and pressure were tested with charges having diameter mm. For both MCX and MCX charges were casted. Only the part of the charges having acceptable density was tested. Measured detonation velocities for MCX-6002: cast No m/s (ρ =1.78 g/cm 3 ), cast No m/s (ρ =1.785 g/cm 3 ), cast No m/s (ρ =1.790 g/cm 3 ) and for cast No m/s (ρ=1.796 g/cm 3 ). On average the detonation velocity is not very different from what is theoretically calculated. Two detonation pressure determinations with average pressure of kbar are slightly below theoretically calculated. Measured detonation velocity for MCX-8001: cast No m/s (ρ =1.768 g/cm 3 ), cast No m/s (ρ =1.781 g/cm 3 ), cast No m/s (ρ=1.758 g/cm 3 ) and 7790 m/s (ρ =1.778 g/cm 3 ) and cast No m/s (ρ =1.786 g/cm 3 ). On average measured detonation velocity is slightly below theoretically calculated. Two detonation pressure determinations with average pressure of kbar are slightly below theoretically calculated. FFI-rapport 2015/

52 References (1) Patrick Goede, Ugo Barbieri, Sebastién Comte, J. Quaresma, Kamil Dudek,Genevieve Eck, Gino Fundarò, Thomas Keicher, Lise Liljeroth Løken, Gunnar Ove Nevstad and Helen Stenmark: Formulation and Production of New Energetic Materials, 44th International Annual Conference of the Fraunhofer ICT, June 25-28, P47-1 P (2) Ugo Barbieri, Giovanni Polacco, Thomas Keicher, Roberto Massimi: Preliminary Characterization of Propellants Based on p(ga/bamo) and pammo Binders, Propellants Explosives Pyrotechnic, 2009, 34, (3) Ugo Barbieri, Thomas Keicher, Roberto Massimi, Giovanni Polacco: Preliminary Characterization of Propellants Based on p(ga/bamo) and pammo Binders, 39th International Annual Conference of ICT 2008, p-130. (4) STANAG 4439 JAIS (Edition 3) Policy for introduction and assessment of Insensitive Munitions (IM), NSA/0337(2010)-JAIS/ March (5) Gunnar Ove Nevstad: Intermediate scale GAP test of MCX-6002, FFI-rapport 2015/02184, 18 November (6) Gunnar Ove Nevstad: Intermediate scale GAP test of MCX-6100, FFI-rapport 2015/02183, 18 November (7) Gunnar Ove Nevstad: Determination of Detonation Velocity and Pressure for MCX-6100, FFIrapport 2015/02323, 2 December (8) Gunnar Ove Nevstad: Characterization of MCX-8100, FFI-rapport 2015/2448, 15 December (9) Philip Samuels, Leila Zunino, Keyur Patel, Brian Travers, Erik Wrobel, Henry Grau, Charlie Patel; Characterization of 2,4-Dinitroanisole (DNAN), 2012 Insensitive Munitions& Energetic Materials Technology Symposium, Las Vegas, May. (10) Leila Zunino, Philip Samuels, C Hu; IMX-104 Characterization for DoD Qualification, 2012 Insensitive Munitions& Energetic Materials Technology Symposium, Las Vegas, May. (11) Philip Samuels, Anthony Di Stasio, Leila Zunino, Daniel Zaloga, Charlie Patel, Sanjeev K Singh, Amy Chau: IM Results Comparison for DNAN for Based Explosives, IM Technology Gaps Workshop 20 to 24 June 2011, The Hague, The Netherlands. (12) Allied Ordnance publication AOP-7: Manual of data requirements and tests for the qualification of explosive materials for military use; Test method U.S , AC/326 Subgroup 1, December 2004, NATO/PfP UNCLASSIFIED (13) Hartmut Badners and Carl-Otto Leiber: Method for the Determination of the Critical Diameter of High Velocity Detonation by Conical Geometry, Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 17, 77-81, (14) Gunnar Ove Nevstad: Introduction of Ionization Pin probes to Measure Detonation Velocity, FFI-rapport 2015/00178, 9 February (15) Harry E. Cleaver: Pin Switch Instrument for microsecond Velocity Measurement. NSWC MP , 8 September FFI-rapport 2015/02182

53 (16) Eriksen Svein, Skarbøvik Knut, Larsen Øivind, Hagen Norman (1984): Bestemmelse av detonasjonsparametre, FFI/NOTAT-84/4041, Unclassified. (17) Gibbs&Popolato (1980): LASL Explosive Property Data, Los Alamos Data Center for Dynamic Material Properties (18) Laurence E. Fried, W. Michael Howard, P. Clark Souers (1998): Cheetah 2.0 User's Manual, UCRL-MA Rev. 5; Energetic Materials Center Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 20 August. FFI-rapport 2015/

54 Appendix A Certificate for Dent Plates Below the certificatee for the steell used as witness plate in the Plate Dent test is given. 52 FFI-rapport 2015/02182

55 FFI-rapport 2015/

56 Appendix B Control report HWC Below figure shows the control report r for thee HWC composition usedd to press boosters for initiation of the different test items. The applied HWC was manufactured by Chemring Nobel AS. Figure B.1 Control report for the HWC composition used in appliedd boosters. 54 FFI-rapport 2015/02182

57 Appendix C Cheetah calculations A.1 MCX BKWC Product Library A.1.1 TMD g/cm 3 Product library title: bkwc Reactant library title: # Version 2.0 by P. Clark Souers The composition: Name % wt. % mol % vol Heat of Mol. TMD formation wt. (g/cc) (cal/mol) NTO C 2 H 2 N 4 O 3 RDX C 3 H 6 N 6 O 6 TNT C 7 H 5 N 3 O 6 Density = g/cc Mixture TMD = g/cc % TMD = The C-J condition: The pressure = GPa The volume = cc/g The density = g/cc The energy = 3.24 kj/cc explosive The temperature = 3589 K The shock velocity = mm/us The particle velocity = mm/us The speed of sound = mm/us Gamma = Cylinder runs: % of standards V/V0 Energy TATB PETN HMX CL-20 TRITON (rel.) (kj/cc) 1.83g/cc 1.76g/cc 1.89g/cc 2.04g/cc 1.70g/cc Freezing occurred at T = K and relative V = The mechanical energy of detonation = kj/cc The thermal energy of detonation = kj/cc The total energy of detonation = kj/cc JWL Fit results: E0 = kj/cc A = GPa, B = 8.20 GPa, C = 1.14 GPa R[1] = 4.80, R[2] = 1.07, omega = 0.33 RMS fitting error = 0.89 % FFI-rapport 2015/

58 C.1.2 Density 1.79 g/cm 3 Product library title: bkwc Reactant library title: # Version 2.0 by P. Clark Souers The composition: Name % wt. % mol % vol Heat of Mol. TMD formation wt. (g/cc) (cal/mol) NTO C 2 H 2 N 4 O 3 RDX C 3 H 6 N 6 O 6 TNT C 7 H 5 N 3 O 6 Density = g/cc Mixture TMD = g/cc % TMD = The C-J condition: The pressure = GPa The volume = cc/g The density = g/cc The energy = 3.19 kj/cc explosive The temperature = 3593 K The shock velocity = mm/us The particle velocity = mm/us The speed of sound = mm/us Gamma = Cylinder runs: % of standards V/V0 Energy TATB PETN HMX CL-20 TRITON (rel.) (kj/cc) 1.83g/cc 1.76g/cc 1.89g/cc 2.04g/cc 1.70g/cc Freezing occurred at T = K and relative V = The mechanical energy of detonation = kj/cc The thermal energy of detonation = kj/cc The total energy of detonation = kj/cc JWL Fit results: E0 = kj/cc A = GPa, B = 8.08 GPa, C = 1.30 GPa R[1] = 4.81, R[2] = 1.10, omega = 0.37 RMS fitting error = 0.68 % 56 FFI-rapport 2015/02182

59 C.1.3 Density 1.78 g/cm 3 Product library title: bkwc Reactant library title: # Version 2.0 by P. Clark Souers The composition: Name % wt. % mol % vol Heat of Mol. TMD formation wt. (g/cc) (cal/mol) NTO C 2 H 2 N 4 O 3 RDX C 3 H 6 N 6 O 6 TNT C 7 H 5 N 3 O 6 Density = g/cc Mixture TMD = g/cc % TMD = The C-J condition: The pressure = GPa The volume = cc/g The density = g/cc The energy = 3.15 kj/cc explosive The temperature = 3597 K The shock velocity = mm/us The particle velocity = mm/us The speed of sound = mm/us Gamma = Cylinder runs: % of standards V/V0 Energy TATB PETN HMX CL-20 TRITON (rel.) (kj/cc) 1.83g/cc 1.76g/cc 1.89g/cc 2.04g/cc 1.70g/cc Freezing occurred at T = K and relative V = The mechanical energy of detonation = kj/cc The thermal energy of detonation = kj/cc The total energy of detonation = kj/cc JWL Fit results: E0 = kj/cc A = GPa, B = 8.05 GPa, C = 1.13 GPa R[1] = 4.81, R[2] = 1.07, omega = 0.33 RMS fitting error = 0.89 % FFI-rapport 2015/

60 C.1.4 Density 1.77g/cm 3 Product library title: bkwc Reactant library title: # Version 2.0 by P. Clark Souers The composition: Name % wt. % mol % vol Heat of Mol. TMD formation wt. (g/cc) (cal/mol) NTO C 2 H 2 N 4 O 3 RDX C 3 H 6 N 6 O 6 TNT C 7 H 5 N 3 O 6 Density = g/cc Mixture TMD = g/cc % TMD = The C-J condition: The pressure = GPa The volume = cc/g The density = g/cc The energy = 3.10 kj/cc explosive The temperature = 3600 K The shock velocity = mm/us The particle velocity = mm/us The speed of sound = mm/us Gamma = Cylinder runs: % of standards V/V0 Energy TATB PETN HMX CL-20 TRITON (rel.) (kj/cc) 1.83g/cc 1.76g/cc 1.89g/cc 2.04g/cc 1.70g/cc Freezing occurred at T = K and relative V = The mechanical energy of detonation = kj/cc The thermal energy of detonation = kj/cc The total energy of detonation = kj/cc JWL Fit results: E0 = kj/cc A = GPa, B = 7.90 GPa, C = 1.29 GPa R[1] = 4.82, R[2] = 1.10, omega = 0.37 RMS fitting error = 0.68 % 58 FFI-rapport 2015/02182

67 C.1.11 Density 1.70g/cm 3 Product library title: bkwc Reactant library title: # Version 2.0 by P. Clark Souers The composition: Name % wt. % mol % vol Heat of Mol. TMD formation wt. (g/cc) (cal/mol) NTO C 2 H 2 N 4 O 3 RDX C 3 H 6 N 6 O 6 TNT C 7 H 5 N 3 O 6 Density = g/cc Mixture TMD = g/cc % TMD = The C-J condition: The pressure = GPa The volume = cc/g The density = g/cc The energy = 2.81 kj/cc explosive The temperature = 3622 K The shock velocity = mm/us The particle velocity = mm/us The speed of sound = mm/us Gamma = Cylinder runs: % of standards V/V0 Energy TATB PETN HMX CL-20 TRITON (rel.) (kj/cc) 1.83g/cc 1.76g/cc 1.89g/cc 2.04g/cc 1.70g/cc Freezing occurred at T = K and relative V = The mechanical energy of detonation = kj/cc The thermal energy of detonation = kj/cc The total energy of detonation = kj/cc JWL Fit results: E0 = kj/cc A = GPa, B = 7.37 GPa, C = 1.12 GPa R[1] = 4.83, R[2] = 1.06, omega = 0.33 RMS fitting error = 0.90 % FFI-rapport 2015/

70 C.2 MCX 8001 BKWC Product Library C.2.1 TMD g/cm 3 Product library title: bkwc Reactant library title: # Version 2.0 by P. Clark Souers The composition: Name % wt. % mol % vol Heat of Mol. TMD formation wt. (g/cc) (cal/mol) NTO C 2 H 2 N 4 O 3 TNT C 7 H 5 N 3 O 6 HMX C 4 H 8 N 8 O 8 Density = g/cc Mixture TMD = g/cc % TMD = The C-J condition: The pressure = GPa The volume = cc/g The density = g/cc The energy = 3.25 kj/cc explosive The temperature = 3562 K The shock velocity = mm/us The particle velocity = mm/us The speed of sound = mm/us Gamma = Cylinder runs: % of standards V/V0 Energy TATB PETN HMX CL-20 TRITON (rel.) (kj/cc) 1.83g/cc 1.76g/cc 1.89g/cc 2.04g/cc 1.70g/cc Freezing occurred at T = K and relative V = The mechanical energy of detonation = kj/cc The thermal energy of detonation = kj/cc The total energy of detonation = kj/cc JWL Fit results: E0 = kj/cc A = GPa, B = 8.13 GPa, C = 1.28 GPa R[1] = 4.80, R[2] = 1.11, omega = 0.36 RMS fitting error = 0.67 % 68 FFI-rapport 2015/02182

71 C.2.2 Density 1.79 g/cm 3 Product library title: bkwc Reactant library title: # Version 2.0 by P. Clark Souers The composition: Name % wt. % mol % vol Heat of Mol. TMD formation wt. (g/cc) (cal/mol) NTO C 2 H 2 N 4 O 3 TNT C 7 H 5 N 3 O 6 HMX C 4 H 8 N 8 O 8 Density = g/cc Mixture TMD = g/cc % TMD = The C-J condition: The pressure = GPa The volume = cc/g The density = g/cc The energy = 3.16 kj/cc explosive The temperature = 3569 K The shock velocity = mm/us The particle velocity = mm/us The speed of sound = mm/us Gamma = Cylinder runs: % of standards V/V0 Energy TATB PETN HMX CL-20 TRITON (rel.) (kj/cc) 1.83g/cc 1.76g/cc 1.89g/cc 2.04g/cc 1.70g/cc Freezing occurred at T = K and relative V = The mechanical energy of detonation = kj/cc The thermal energy of detonation = kj/cc The total energy of detonation = kj/cc JWL Fit results: E0 = kj/cc A = GPa, B = 7.97 GPa, C = 1.28 GPa R[1] = 4.81, R[2] = 1.10, omega = 0.36 RMS fitting error = 0.67 % FFI-rapport 2015/

72 C.2.3 Density 1.78 g/cm 3 Product library title: bkwc Reactant library title: # Version 2.0 by P. Clark Souers The composition: Name % wt. % mol % vol Heat of Mol. TMD formation wt. (g/cc) (cal/mol) NTO C 2 H 2 N 4 O 3 TNT C 7 H 5 N 3 O 6 HMX C 4 H 8 N 8 O 8 Density = g/cc Mixture TMD = g/cc % TMD = The C-J condition: The pressure = GPa The volume = cc/g The density = g/cc The energy = 3.11 kj/cc explosive The temperature = 3572 K The shock velocity = mm/us The particle velocity = mm/us The speed of sound = mm/us Gamma = Cylinder runs: % of standards V/V0 Energy TATB PETN HMX CL-20 TRITON (rel.) (kj/cc) 1.83g/cc 1.76g/cc 1.89g/cc 2.04g/cc 1.70g/cc Freezing occurred at T = K and relative V = The mechanical energy of detonation = kj/cc The thermal energy of detonation = kj/cc The total energy of detonation = kj/cc JWL Fit results: E0 = kj/cc A = GPa, B = 7.94 GPa, C = 1.12 GPa R[1] = 4.82, R[2] = 1.06, omega = 0.33 RMS fitting error = 0.89 % 70 FFI-rapport 2015/02182

74 C.2.5 Density 1.76 g/cm 3 Product library title: bkwc Reactant library title: # Version 2.0 by P. Clark Souers The composition: Name % wt. % mol % vol Heat of Mol. TMD formation wt. (g/cc) (cal/mol) NTO C 2 H 2 N 4 O 3 TNT C 7 H 5 N 3 O 6 HMX C 4 H 8 N 8 O 8 Density = g/cc Mixture TMD = g/cc % TMD = The C-J condition: The pressure = GPa The volume = cc/g The density = g/cc The energy = 3.02 kj/cc explosive The temperature = 3579 K The shock velocity = mm/us The particle velocity = mm/us The speed of sound = mm/us Gamma = Cylinder runs: % of standards V/V0 Energy TATB PETN HMX CL-20 TRITON (rel.) (kj/cc) 1.83g/cc 1.76g/cc 1.89g/cc 2.04g/cc 1.70g/cc Freezing occurred at T = K and relative V = The mechanical energy of detonation = kj/cc The thermal energy of detonation = kj/cc The total energy of detonation = kj/cc JWL Fit results: E0 = kj/cc A = GPa, B = 7.76 GPa, C = 1.12 GPa R[1] = 4.82, R[2] = 1.06, omega = 0.33 RMS fitting error = 0.89 % 72 FFI-rapport 2015/02182

76 C.3 MCX-6002 BKWS Product Library C.3.1 TMD g/cm 3 Product library title: bkws library Reactant library title: # Version 2.0 by P. Clark Souers The composition: Name % wt. % mol % vol Heat of Mol. TMD formation wt. (g/cc) (cal/mol) NTO C 2 H 2 N 4 O 3 RDX C 3 H 6 N 6 O 6 TNT C 7 H 5 N 3 O 6 Density = g/cc Mixture TMD = g/cc % TMD = The C-J condition: The pressure = GPa The volume = cc/g The density = g/cc The energy = 3.06 kj/cc explosive The temperature = 3626 K The shock velocity = mm/us The particle velocity = mm/us The speed of sound = mm/us Gamma = Cylinder runs: % of standards V/V0 Energy TATB PETN HMX CL-20 TRITON (rel.) (kj/cc) 1.83g/cc 1.76g/cc 1.89g/cc 2.04g/cc 1.70g/cc Freezing occurred at T = K and relative V = The mechanical energy of detonation = kj/cc The thermal energy of detonation = kj/cc The total energy of detonation = kj/cc JWL Fit results: E0 = kj/cc A = GPa, B = 9.16 GPa, C = 1.32 GPa R[1] = 5.00, R[2] = 1.11, omega = 0.37 RMS fitting error = 0.91 % 74 FFI-rapport 2015/02182

77 C.3.2 Density 1.79 g/cm 3 Product library title: bkws library Reactant library title: # Version 2.0 by P. Clark Souers The composition: Name % wt. % mol % vol Heat of Mol. TMD formation wt. (g/cc) (cal/mol) NTO C 2 H 2 N 4 O 3 RDX C 3 H 6 N 6 O 6 TNT C 7 H 5 N 3 O 6 Density = g/cc Mixture TMD = g/cc % TMD = The C-J condition: The pressure = GPa The volume = cc/g The density = g/cc The energy = 3.02 kj/cc explosive The temperature = 3631 K The shock velocity = mm/us The particle velocity = mm/us The speed of sound = mm/us Gamma = Cylinder runs: % of standards V/V0 Energy TATB PETN HMX CL-20 TRITON (rel.) (kj/cc) 1.83g/cc 1.76g/cc 1.89g/cc 2.04g/cc 1.70g/cc Freezing occurred at T = K and relative V = The mechanical energy of detonation = kj/cc The thermal energy of detonation = kj/cc The total energy of detonation = kj/cc JWL Fit results: E0 = kj/cc A = GPa, B = 8.73 GPa, C = 1.14 GPa R[1] = 4.94, R[2] = 1.06, omega = 0.33 RMS fitting error = 1.12 % FFI-rapport 2015/

78 C.3.3 Density 1.78 g/cm 3 Product library title: bkws library Reactant library title: # Version 2.0 by P. Clark Souers The composition: Name % wt. % mol % vol Heat of Mol. TMD formation wt. (g/cc) (cal/mol) NTO C 2 H 2 N 4 O 3 RDX C 3 H 6 N 6 O 6 TNT C 7 H 5 N 3 O 6 Density = g/cc Mixture TMD = g/cc % TMD = The C-J condition: The pressure = GPa The volume = cc/g The density = g/cc The energy = 2.98 kj/cc explosive The temperature = 3636 K The shock velocity = mm/us The particle velocity = mm/us The speed of sound = mm/us Gamma = Cylinder runs: % of standards V/V0 Energy TATB PETN HMX CL-20 TRITON (rel.) (kj/cc) 1.83g/cc 1.76g/cc 1.89g/cc 2.04g/cc 1.70g/cc Freezing occurred at T = K and relative V = The mechanical energy of detonation = kj/cc The thermal energy of detonation = kj/cc The total energy of detonation = kj/cc JWL Fit results: E0 = kj/cc A = GPa, B = 8.64 GPa, C = 1.14 GPa R[1] = 4.94, R[2] = 1.06, omega = 0.33 RMS fitting error = 1.12 % 76 FFI-rapport 2015/02182

82 C.3.7 Density 1.74 g/cm 3 Product library title: bkws library Reactant library title: # Version 2.0 by P. Clark Souers The composition: Name % wt. % mol % vol Heat of Mol. TMD (cal/mol) NTO C 2 H 2 N 4 O 3 RDX C 3 H 6 N 6 O 6 TNT C 7 H 5 N 3 O 6 Density = g/cc Mixture TMD = g/cc % TMD = The C-J condition: The pressure = GPa The volume = cc/g The density = g/cc The energy = 2.84 kj/cc explosive The temperature = 3654 K The shock velocity = mm/us The particle velocity = mm/us The speed of sound = mm/us Gamma = Cylinder runs: % of standards V/V0 Energy TATB PETN HMX CL-20 TRITON (rel.) (kj/cc) 1.83g/cc 1.76g/cc 1.89g/cc 2.04g/cc 1.70g/cc Freezing occurred at T = K and relative V = The mechanical energy of detonation = kj/cc The thermal energy of detonation = kj/cc The total energy of detonation = kj/cc JWL Fit results: E0 = kj/cc A = GPa, B = 8.66 GPa, C = 1.30 GPa R[1] = 4.99, R[2] = 1.11, omega = 0.37 RMS fitting error = 0.90 % 80 FFI-rapport 2015/02182

87 C.3.12 Density 1.69 g/cm 3 Product library title: bkws library Reactant library title: # Version 2.0 by P. Clark Souers The composition: Name % wt. % mol % vol Heat of Mol. TMD formation wt. (g/cc) (cal/mol) NTO C 2 H 2 N 4 O 3 RDX C 3 H 6 N 6 O 6 TNT C 7 H 5 N 3 O 6 Density = g/cc Mixture TMD = g/cc % TMD = The C-J condition: The pressure = GPa The volume = cc/g The density = g/cc The energy = 2.67 kj/cc explosive The temperature = 3676 K The shock velocity = mm/us The particle velocity = mm/us The speed of sound = mm/us Gamma = Cylinder runs: % of standards V/V0 Energy TATB PETN HMX CL-20 TRITON (rel.) (kj/cc) 1.83g/cc 1.76g/cc 1.89g/cc 2.04g/cc 1.70g/cc Freezing occurred at T = K and relative V = The mechanical energy of detonation = kj/cc The thermal energy of detonation = kj/cc The total energy of detonation = kj/cc JWL Fit results: E0 = kj/cc A = GPa, B = 7.86 GPa, C = 1.12 GPa R[1] = 4.91, R[2] = 1.05 omega = 0.33 RMS fitting error = 1.11 % FFI-rapport 2015/

89 C.4 MCX BKWS Product Library C.4.1 TMD g/cm 3 Product library title: bkws library Reactant library title: # Version 2.0 by P. Clark Souers The composition: Name % wt. % mol % vol Heat of Mol. TMD formation wt. (g/cc) (cal/mol) NTO C 2 H 2 N 4 O 3 TNT C 7 H 5 N 3 O 6 HMX C 4 H 8 N 8 O 8 Density = g/cc Mixture TMD = g/cc % TMD = The C-J condition: The pressure = GPa The volume = cc/g The density = g/cc The energy = 3.06 kj/cc explosive The temperature = 3599 K The shock velocity = mm/us The particle velocity = mm/us The speed of sound = mm/us Gamma = Cylinder runs: % of standards V/V0 Energy TATB PETN HMX CL-20 TRITON (rel.) (kj/cc) 1.83g/cc 1.76g/cc 1.89g/cc 2.04g/cc 1.70g/cc Freezing occurred at T = K and relative V = The mechanical energy of detonation = kj/cc The thermal energy of detonation = kj/cc The total energy of detonation = kj/cc JWL Fit results: E0 = kj/cc A = GPa, B = 9.10 GPa, C = 1.31 GPa R[1] = 5.00, R[2] = omega = 0.37 RMS fitting error = 0.90 % FFI-rapport 2015/

90 C.4.2 Density 1.79 g/cm 3 Product library title: bkws library Reactant library title: # Version 2.0 by P. Clark Souers The composition: Name % wt. % mol % vol Heat of Mol. TMD formation wt. (g/cc) (cal/mol) NTO C 2 H 2 N 4 O 3 TNT C 7 H 5 N 3 O 6 HMX C 4 H 8 N 8 O 8 Density = g/cc Mixture TMD = g/cc % TMD = The C-J condition: The pressure = GPa The volume = cc/g The density = g/cc The energy = 2.99 kj/cc explosive The temperature = 3608 K The shock velocity = mm/us The particle velocity = mm/us The speed of sound = mm/us Gamma = Cylinder runs: % of standards V/V0 Energy TATB PETN HMX CL-20 TRITON (rel.) (kj/cc) 1.83g/cc 1.76g/cc 1.89g/cc 2.04g/cc 1.70g/cc Freezing occurred at T = K and relative V = The mechanical energy of detonation = kj/cc The thermal energy of detonation = kj/cc The total energy of detonation = kj/cc JWL Fit results: E0 = kj/cc A = GPa, B = 8.93 GPa, C = 1.30 GPa R[1] = 5.00, R[2] = omega = 0.37 RMS fitting error = 0.90 % 88 FFI-rapport 2015/02182

91 C.4.3 Density 1.78 g/cm 3 Product library title: bkws library Reactant library title: # Version 2.0 by P. Clark Souers The composition: Name % wt. % mol % vol Heat of Mol. TMD formation wt. (g/cc) (cal/mol) NTO C 2 H 2 N 4 O 3 TNT C 7 H 5 N 3 O 6 HMX C 4 H 8 N 8 O 8 Density = g/cc Mixture TMD = g/cc % TMD = The C-J condition: The pressure = GPa The volume = cc/g The density = g/cc The energy = 2.95 kj/cc explosive The temperature = 3613 K The shock velocity = mm/us The particle velocity = mm/us The speed of sound = mm/us Gamma = Cylinder runs: % of standards V/V0 Energy TATB PETN HMX CL-20 TRITON (rel.) (kj/cc) 1.83g/cc 1.76g/cc 1.89g/cc 2.04g/cc 1.70g/cc Freezing occurred at T = K and relative V = The mechanical energy of detonation = kj/cc The thermal energy of detonation = kj/cc The total energy of detonation = kj/cc JWL Fit results: E0 = kj/cc A = GPa, B = 8.52 GPa, C = 1.12 GPa R[1] = 4.94, R[2] = 1.06, omega = 0.33 RMS fitting error = 1.11 % FFI-rapport 2015/

92 C.4.4 Density 1.77 g/cm 3 Product library title: bkws library Reactant library title: # Version 2.0 by P. Clark Souers The composition: Name % wt. % mol % vol Heat of Mol. TMD formation wt. (g/cc) (cal/mol) NTO C 2 H 2 N 4 O 3 TNT C 7 H 5 N 3 O 6 HMX C 4 H 8 N 8 O 8 Density = g/cc Mixture TMD = g/cc % TMD = The C-J condition: The pressure = GPa The volume = cc/g The density = g/cc The energy = 2.91 kj/cc explosive The temperature = 3618 K The shock velocity = mm/us The particle velocity = mm/us The speed of sound = mm/us Gamma = Cylinder runs: % of standards V/V0 Energy TATB PETN HMX CL-20 TRITON (rel.) (kj/cc) 1.83g/cc 1.76g/cc 1.89g/cc 2.04g/cc 1.70g/cc Freezing occurred at T = K and relative V = The mechanical energy of detonation = kj/cc The thermal energy of detonation = kj/cc The total energy of detonation = kj/cc JWL Fit results: E0 = kj/cc A = GPa, B = 8.43 GPa, C = 1.12 GPa R[1] = 4.94, R[2] = omega = 0.33 RMS fitting error = 1.11 % 90 FFI-rapport 2015/02182

93 C.4.5 Density 1.76 g/cm 3 Product library title: bkws library Reactant library title: # Version 2.0 by P. Clark Souers The composition: Name % wt. % mol % vol Heat of Mol. TMD formation wt. (g/cc) (cal/mol) NTO C 2 H 2 N 4 O 3 TNT C 7 H 5 N 3 O 6 HMX C 4 H 8 N 8 O 8 Density = g/cc Mixture TMD = g/cc % TMD = The C-J condition: The pressure = GPa The volume = cc/g The density = g/cc The energy = 2.88 kj/cc explosive The temperature = 3622 K The shock velocity = mm/us The particle velocity = mm/us The speed of sound = mm/us Gamma = Cylinder runs: % of standards V/V0 Energy TATB PETN HMX CL-20 TRITON (rel.) (kj/cc) 1.83g/cc 1.76g/cc 1.89g/cc 2.04g/cc 1.70g/cc Freezing occurred at T = K and relative V = The mechanical energy of detonation = kj/cc The thermal energy of detonation = kj/cc The total energy of detonation = kj/cc JWL Fit results: E0 = kj/cc A = GPa, B = 8.33 GPa, C = 1.12 GPa R[1] = 4.94, R[2] = 1.06, omega = 0.33 RMS fitting error = 1.11 % FFI-rapport 2015/

94 C.4.6 Density 1.75 g/cm 3 Product library title: bkws library Reactant library title: # Version 2.0 by P. Clark Souers The composition: Name % wt. % mol % vol Heat of Mol. TMD formation wt. (g/cc) (cal/mol) NTO C 2 H 2 N 4 O 3 TNT C 7 H 5 N 3 O 6 HMX C 4 H 8 N 8 O 8 Density = g/cc Mixture TMD = g/cc % TMD = The C-J condition: The pressure = GPa The volume = cc/g The density = g/cc The energy = 2.84 kj/cc explosive The temperature = 3627 K The shock velocity = mm/us The particle velocity = mm/us The speed of sound = mm/us Gamma = Cylinder runs: % of standards V/V0 Energy TATB PETN HMX CL-20 TRITON (rel.) (kj/cc) 1.83g/cc 1.76g/cc 1.89g/cc 2.04g/cc 1.70g/cc Freezing occurred at T = K and relative V = The mechanical energy of detonation = kj/cc The thermal energy of detonation = kj/cc The total energy of detonation = kj/cc JWL Fit results: E0 = kj/cc A = GPa, B = 8.59 GPa, C = 1.29 GPa R[1] = 4.99, R[2] = 1.11, omega = 0.36 RMS fitting error = 0.89 % 92 FFI-rapport 2015/02182