Physics 1104 Midterm 2 Review: Solutions
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1 Physics 114 Midterm 2 Review: Solutions These review sheets cover only selected topics from the chemical and nuclear energy chapters and are not meant to be a comprehensive review. Topics covered in these chapters that are NOT included on these review sheets may appear on the midterm exam. For a more comprehensive review, see the Midterm 2 Sample Exams. These sheets are for your use studying, and are NOT to be turned in. Chapter 11: Chemical Energy 1) Endothermic and exothermic reactions a) Exothermic reactions give off energy. List examples of different forms of energy released by chemical exothermic reactions. Some examples seen in class: thermal energy (hot pack), visible light (glow sticks), electrical energy (batteries) b) Endothermic reactions take in energy. What are some indicators that a reaction is endothermic? Give examples. An object feels cold or its temperature decreases (cold pack) A reaction absorbs more energy than it gives off. (Green plants absorb radiant energy from the sun for photosynthesis.) A reaction requires a continuing energy input (a battery is used) c) Can a reaction that requires an initial input of activation energy be exothermic? Give an example to support your answer. Yes. Lighting a candle requires an input of energy from a match or lighter. However, the reaction of burning the candle is exothermic because more energy is given off when the candle burns than is put in to light it. 2) Chemical binding energy a) A chemical reaction required 2 joules of energy to break the existing chemical bonds and released 45 joules of energy. The reaction was a) exothermic and took in 25 joules of energy. b) endothermic and released 25 joules of energy. c) endothermic and took in 2 joules of energy. d) exothermic and released 45 joules of energy. e) exothermic and released 25 joules of energy. b) Another chemical reaction required 5 joules of energy to break the existing chemical bonds, but 3 joules of energy were given off when new bonds were formed. The reaction was a) endothermic and took in 5 joules of energy. b) endothermic and released 3 joules of energy. c) exothermic and released 3 joules of energy. d) exothermic and took in 5 joules of energy. e) endothermic and took in 2 joules of energy. 1
2 Chapter 15: Mass and Energy 3) Binding energy calculations When protons and neutrons bind into a nucleus, the mass of the nucleus is slightly less than the mass of the protons and neutrons that make up that nucleus. This difference is the mass that has been converted into energy: E = mc 2. This is the binding energy of the nucleus. 56 a) An iron nucleus ( 26 Fe ) has a mass of x 1 27 kg. Find the binding energy of this nucleus. 1. Find the mass of the protons that make up this nucleus. proton mass = M p = x 1 27 kg 26 ( x 1 27 kg) = x 1 27 kg Find the mass of the neutrons that make up this nucleus. neutron mass = M n = x 1 27 kg 3 ( x 1 27 kg) = x 1 27 kg 2. Find the total mass of the nucleons that make up the nucleus x 1 27 kg x 1 27 kg x 1 27 kg 3. Subtract the known mass, x 1 27 kg, from the total mass of the nucleons you calculated. This difference in mass is the amount of mass that was converted into energy when the nucleus formed x 1 27 kg x 1 27 kg.875 x 1 27 kg 4. Find the binding energy, using E = Mc 2. The variable M is the difference in mass calculated in step #3. E = (.875 x 1 27 kg) x (3 x 1 8 m/s) 2 E = (.875 x 1 27 kg) x (9 x 1 16 m 2 /s 2 ) = x 1 11 J 2
3 Chapter 16: Ionizing Radiation 4) Nuclear Reactions a) How can an atom of one element change into an atom of a different element? Protons can be added to or removed from atomic nuclei. A neutron in the nucleus can be changed into a proton, or a proton can be changed into a neutron. b) Write the equation for the nuclear reaction that occurs when a neutron emits an electron and becomes a proton. 1 1 n 1p 1e, where denotes an antineutrino c) Write the equation for the nuclear reaction that occurs when a proton emits an antielectron and becomes a neutron p n 1e 56 d) A nucleus of iron-56 ( 26 Fe ) has how many protons? 26 How many neutrons does this nucleus have? _56-26 = 3 How many nucleons does the nucleus have? 56 5) Graph of Stable Nuclei a) According to the graph, would a nucleus with 7 protons and 7 neutrons be stable? Why or why not? Unstable. Large stable nuclei have more neutrons than protons. b) Would a nucleus with 8 neutrons and 4 protons be stable? If not, what change could make this nucleus stable? Unstable. To make the nucleus stable, neutrons must decay into protons. c) Would a nucleus with 7 neutrons and 5 protons be stable? If not, what change could make this nucleus stable? Stable. (You can tell this nucleus is stable because it lies within the shaded region of the graph.) 3
4 6) Summary of ionizing radiation Fill in the table below, which summarizes the properties of the types of ionizing radiation. Radiation alpha () Particle emitted A = # of nucleons Z = # of protons Electric Charge 4 helium nuclei ( 2 He ) beta ( ) electron (e ) -1 beta ( ) antielectron (e + ) +1 gamma () high energy photon 7) Decay of unstable isotopes 4 a) Potassium-4 ( K ) is unstable. Why is this nucleus unstable? 19 It is a small nucleus with more neutrons (21) than protons (19). What change in nucleons could make this nucleus stable? Beta-minus decay would change one neutron into a proton. Write the nuclear reaction that shows this nucleus decaying to a stable nucleus K 2Ca e b) Thorium-232 ( 9 Th ) is unstable. Why is this nucleus unstable? It is a large nucleus with more than 83 protons. What change could make this nucleus more stable? Alpha decay would reduce the number of protons. Write an equation that describes this nuclear reaction Th Ra He 14 c) Oxygen-14 ( 8 O ) is unstable. Why is this nucleus unstable? It is a small nucleus with more protons (8) than neutrons (6). What change in nucleons could make this nucleus more stable? Beta-plus decay would change one proton into a neutron. Write the nuclear reaction that shows this nucleus decaying to a stable nucleus. 14 8O 7N 1e 14 4
5 Chapter 19: Beta Decay and Its Applications 8) Formation of nucleons a) Nucleons consist of quark trios. The electric charge of an up quark = + 2/3, and the charge of a down quark = 1/3. Which 3 quarks could combine to form a proton? 2 up quarks + 1 down quark give a total electric charge of 2 ( +2/3) 1/3 = +1 Which 3 quarks could combine to form a neutron? 1 up quark + 2 down quarks give a total electric charge of +2/3 + 2( 1/3) = b) The intrinsic spin of each quark = ½. The spins of two quarks of the same type must point in opposite directions. Draw a diagram showing the quarks that make up a proton and their spins. d u u OR d u u Draw a diagram showing the quarks that make up a neutron and their spins. OR u d d u d d 5
6 Ionizing Radiation Counts 12/22/12 9) Graph of radioactive decay of an unstable isotope Time (in seconds) a) How large is the background radiation illustrated by the graph? 1 counts/second b) What is the half life of this unstable isotope? 1) Pick a point on the graph: 1 cts/sec 2) Subtract the background counts: 1 cts/sec 1 cts/sec = 9 cts/sec 3) Divide the result by 2: 9 cts/sec /2 = 45 cts/sec 4) Add the background counts: 45 cts/sec + 1 cts/sec = 55 cts/sec 5) Find this point on the graph and read off the time elapsed. approximately 2.1 seconds 1) Carbon Dating The carbon-14 level in a sample of charcoal found at an archeological site is 1/8 of what it was when the wood that formed the charcoal was living. How old is this site? (The half life of carbon-14 is 5,73 years.) 1/8 = 1/2 3, so 3 half-lives have passed. (3 half lives) x (5,73 yrs/ half life) = 17,19 yrs 6
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Electrons in Atoms & Periodic Table Name Warm-Ups (Show your work for credit) Date 1. Date 2. Date 3. Date 4. Date 5. Date 6. Date 7. Date 8. Electrons in Atoms & Periodic Table 2 Study Guide: Things You
Time allowed: 1 hour 45 minutes
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PS-6.2 Explain the factors that determine potential and kinetic energy and the transformation of one to the other.
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