Odslužen les, še neizkoriščen vir surovin v Sloveniji
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1 Odslužen les, še neizkoriščen vir surovin v Sloveniji Miha Humar Univerza v Ljubljani, Biotehniška fakulteta, Oddelek za lesarstvo Dolenjske toplice, 5. april POSVET SEKCIJE ZA OKOLJE IN ENERGIJO
2 Pregled predavanja Les v Sloveniji Definicija Odsluženega lesa Raba odsluženega lesa Izzivi povezani z odsluženim lesom Zaključek 2
3 Pomen lesa Les je edina naravno obnovljiva surovina, ki je imamo v Sloveniji dovolj Trenutno se v Evropi soočamo s presežki lesa. Koliko časa še? V letih 2020 do 2050 bo v Evropi že začelo primanjkovati lesa Zato moramo z lesom ravnati gospodarno 3
4 Cena lesa ves čas narašča 4
5 Gibanje proizvodnje okroglega lesa v SI m3 neto Mag. Mitja Piškur, GIS Skupaj iglavci Skupaj listavci
6 Proizvodnja izbranih lesnih proizvodov v obdobju m Žagan les iglavcev Žagan les listavcev Iverne plošče Vlaknene plošče Vezane plošče Mag. Mitja Piškur, GIS 2011
7 Upoštevanje učinkov rabe lesa v podnebnih sporazumih Vidiki rabe lesa Kjotski protokol Novi svetovni podnebni sporazum (!?) Skladiščenje ogljika - + (direktno) Substitucija fosilnih goriv + (posredno) + (posredno) Substitucija drugih materialov + (posredno) + (posredno) mag. Mitja Piškur, GIS, 2010
8 Odslužen les? 8
9 Odslužen les Les po koncu življenjske dobe Recovered wood Post consumed wood Altholz Odslužen les lesni ostanki 9
10 Odslužen les Les na koncu (po koncu) življenjske dobe Odslužen konstrukcijski les Staro pohištvo Ostanki pakirnega materiala To niso Industrijski ostanki Gozdni ostanki
11 Odslužen les 11
12 Odslužen les 12
13 Odslužen les 13
14 Odslužen les Večina EU politik je že prepoznala odslužen les, kot pomembno surovino Ideja odsluženega lesa je polno vključena v trenutno uveljavljen sistem kaskadne rabe lesa. 14
15 Del kaskadne rabe lesa 15
16 Odslužen les Kakovost odsluženega lesa je raznolika Dimenzije Starost Razkrojenost Onesnaženost 16
17 Razvrstitev odsluženega lesa (Altholz directive) Razred AI: Les, ki je v svojem naravnem stanju in je bil morda le mehansko obdelan in ni kontaminiran s kemikalijami. Razred AII: Lepljen, s površinskimi premazi obdelan les. Lepila in premazi ne vsebujejo halogeniranih ogljikovodikov ali premazov za les Razred AIII: Odslužen les obdelan s premazi, ki vsebujejo halogenirane ogljikovodike a ne vsebujejo biocidnih proizvodov za zaščito lesa. Razred AIV: Odslužen les, obdelan z zaščitnimi sredstvi za les (železniški pragovi, telefonski drogovi, ograje,... V ta razred uvrstimo les, ki ga ne moremo uvrstiti v nižje tri razrede, z izjemo lesa, ki vsebuje PCB
18 Primer razreda AIV 18
19 Možne uporabe Postopek recikliranja Sekanci namenjeni za proizvodnjo lesnih kompozitov Proizvodnja sintetičnih plinov Proizvodnja aktivnega oglja Pridobivanje energije Razredi odpadnega lesa AI Da AII AIII AIV Da (Da) Ne Da Da Da Da Da Da Da Da Da Da Da (Da) Posebne zahteve Obdelava lesa iz razreda AIII je dovoljena edino v primeru, če smo odstranili površinski premaz. Obdelava lesa razvrščenega v razred AIV je dovoljena edino v obratih z dovoljenjem Obdelava lesa razvrščenega v razred AIV je dovoljena edino v obratih z dovoljenjem Obdelava lesa razvrščenega v razred AIV je dovoljena edino v obratih z kvalitetnim filtriranjem dimnih plinov.
20 Hierarhija ravnanja z odpadki (2008/98/ES) PREPREČEVANJE PRIPRAVA ZA PONOVNO UPORABO RECIKLIRANJE (KOMPOSTIRANJE) DRUGA PREDELAVA (ENERGETSKA PREDELAVA) ODLAGANJE
21 Hierarhija ravnanja z odpadki 21
22 Primeri rabe lesa Odlaganje Prosto sežiganje Energetska izraba Recikliranje Ponovna uporaba 22
23 Prosto/nekontrolirano sežiganje Odslužen les lahko vsebuje onesnaževala Pepel s težkimi kovinami As se pri temperaturah okoli 270 C uplini Velika nevarnost nastanka dioksinov pri sežiganju lesa zaščitenega s kreozotom, ali drugimi organskimi pripravki 23
24 Odlaganje na deponije Zahteva veliko prostora za relativno malo strupene snovi, kapaciteta odlagališč je omejena Pri odlaganju prihaja do nastanka metana EU bo v prihodnosti močno obdavčila odlaganje Izcedki NIMBY not in my back yard sindrom
25 Odlaganje odpadkov 25
26 Odlaganje 26
27 Proizvodnja aktivnega oglja Les segrevamo pri temperaturi okoli 1000 C V odsotnosti kisika Pride do suhe destilacije lesa Vsi organski biocidi razpadejo Oglje zmeljemo in centrifugiramo težji delci s kovinami letijo dlje, lažje čisto oglje ostane na mestu 27
28 Proizvodnja aktivnega oglja 28
29 Ponovna uporaba
30 Ponovna raba 30
31 MH 31
32 Recikliranje odsluženega lesa Lesni (ploščni) kompoziti Biorafinerije 32
33 Recikliranje lesni ploščni kompoziti delež surovine (EPF 2008) 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 25% 24% 15% 18% 7% 12% 28% 14% 55% 25% 5% 32% 38% 97% 20% 19% 18% 12% 17% 9% 22% 14% 65% 8% 5% 7% 20% 65% 17% 31% 6% 20% 21% 24% 34% 42% BE CZ DK FI FR GE LV RO UK ostalo Odslužen les Listavci žaganje Iglavci žaganje listavci okrogel les iglavci okrogel les listavci sekanci iglavci sekanci 33
34 Energetska raba Odlična alternativa Ustreznih naprav za predelavo v Sloveniji 34
35 Izzivi povezani z odsluženim lesom 35
36 Primerjava odsluženega lesa in l. ostankov Kriterij Odslužen l. Ostanki Viri Nastaja izredno razpršeno Nastaja točkasto Kvaliteta Variabilna Homogena Količine Težko predvidljive Načrtovane Anorganske nečistoče Ostanki biocidov, težkih kovin Da Da Ne Ne 36
37 Število, raznolikost virov Odslužen les Ostanki gospodinjstev 875 lesno predelovalnih podjetij Kvaliteta in kvantiteta izredno niha Trg še ni vzpostavljen Kvaliteta je enotna Obstaja trg 37
38 Divja odlagališča 38
39 Prisotnost onesnažil 39
40 Kemijska analiza lesa Izvedena v letih Okolica Ljubljane Analiza opravljena z XRF Rezultati so podani v ppm 40
41 Prikaz 1000 ppm 41
42 Kvantitativna analiza odsluženega lesa iz Slovenije Vzorec Koncentracija onesnažil (ppm) Cl Cr Fe Cu Zn Br Pb kontrola
43 Kvantitativna analiza odsluženega lesa Vzorec Koncentracija onesnažil (ppm) Cl Cr Fe Cu Zn Br Pb
44 Kvantitativna analiza dezintegriranega lesa Vzorec Koncentracija onesnažil (ppm) Cl Cr Fe Cu Zn Br Pb Iverna plošča I Iverna plošča II Iverna plošča III MDF HDF
45 Izziv zakonodaja Zakonodaja trenutno še ne predvideva ponovne uporabe lesa Les, lesni ostanki in odslužen les so povsem izenačeni Odslužen les, kot lesne ostanke enači z vsemi SRF (Solid recovered fuels) Uredba o predelavi nenevarnih odpadkov v trdno gorivo 2008, Uradni list RS 57:
46 Primer: zahteve Uredbe Onesnaževalo Mejne vrednosti za obdelani les (ppm) (ppm) B 30 / As 3 25 Cd / 50 F Cu Pb / 90 Hg 0,4 2,5 Cl Brez PVC oplemenitenja 150 S PVC oplemenitenjem PCP / 0,5 Krozotno olje (benzo(a)pireni) / 0,05 Priporočila EPF* 46
47 Uredba Zahteve so tako hude, da ima 80 % slovenskih lesarjev težave z izpolnjevanjem Če se hlod z lesom pelje pozimi po soljeni cesti, les ne ustreza več zahtevam te uredbe in se lahko uporablja le še v kotlih z okoljskim dovoljenjem 47
48 Prednosti izkoriščanja odsluženega lesa 48
49 Prednosti ponovne uporabe lesa Zmanjšan pritisk na odlagališča Odslužen les, lahko nadomesti del lesnih ostankov v energetskih napravah Manjši pritisk na cene 49
50 Odslužen les postaja pomembna surovina (Nemčija 2008) Waste wood in it s natural state; wood chips (0-150 mm) NE NW S Bonded, painted, coated, lacquered or otherwise treated waste wood; w chips NE NW S Waste timber treated with wood preservatives; wood chips NE NW S R. D. Peek
51 Volumen odsluženega lesa v Sloveniji Slabi podatki Ocene najpogosteje temeljijo na modelih Zelo pomemben podatek v modelu je splošno gospodarsko okolje V kriznih časih se manj zida, menja pohištvo 51
52 Proizvodnja izbranih lesnih proizvodov v obdobju m Žagan les iglavcev Žagan les listavcev Iverne plošče Vlaknene plošče Vezane plošče Mag. Mitja Piškur, GIS 2011
53 Akcijski načrt Les je lep Ukrep Optimizacija sistema zbiranja, sortiranja in predelave (recikliranje) vseh oblik ostankov lesa iz pridelave in predelave ter odsluženega lesa, ki prihaja iz izdelkov po izteku njihove življenjske dobe (dopolni MOP - MKO) a: Poenostavitev ravnanja z lesnimi ostanki b Postaviti sistem zbiranja in predelave odsluženega lesa Kazalnik: Delež odsluženega lesa, ki se po izteku življenjske dobe vrne v predelavo ali uporabi v energetske namene 53
54 Ekološki otok 54
55 Zaključek Čas je za akcijo Odslužen les je pomemben vir Z uporabo je povezanih nekaj izzivov Zbiranje 55
56 Hvala 56
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