METIER Course No. 6: Remote Sensing & Hydrosphere Helsinki 6 November 2008 Kati Tahvonen Finnish Environment Institute

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1 The Use of Remote Sensing, Drifting Forecasts and GIS Data in Oil Response and Pollution Monitoring METIER Course No. 6: Remote Sensing & Hydrosphere Helsinki 6 November 2008 Kati Tahvonen Finnish Environment Institute

2 Contents Oil Transportation and Risks in the Baltic Sea Oil Response GIS tools in northern Baltic Sea Drifting models Illegal Oil Spill Monitoring The Use of Remote Sensing GIS tools National Map User Interfaces

Drifting models Illegal Oil Spill Monitoring The Use

3 Ship Traffic in the Baltic Sea HELCOM (Helsinki Comission Baltic Marine Environment Protection Comission) GIS tool MARIS providing e.g. statistical information HELCOM statistics 2006 Annually vessels Gulf of Finland (2005) vessels Cargo 62% Tankers 18% Passanger 15% 2008: more oil tankers

e.g. statistical information HELCOM statistics 2006 Annually 50.

4 Oil Transportation in the Baltic Sea Mtn of oil was transported via Gulf of Finland More than 50% of the Russian oil is transported via the Baltic Sea Risks for accidents?! OIL TRANSPORTATION IN THE GULF OF FINLAND THROUGH MAIN OIL PORTS Oil transportation in and estimated development by year th June 2008 Million tonnes Oil transported in 2007: about 145 Mtn by year 2010 by year 2015

! OIL TRANSPORTATION IN THE GULF OF FINLAND THROUGH MAIN OIL PORTS Oil transportation in 1995 2005 and estimated

5 Oil Response in Finland SYKE (Finnish Environment Institute) National oil and chemical response authority In charge of oil and chemical response at open waters and whenever severity of the accident so requires 24 h on duty service Co operates with other authorities:

chemical response at open waters and whenever severity of the

6 Finnish Oil Spill Response Vessels and Boats 15 open sea response vessels: 2 Navy 3 Border Guard 9 State Shipping Enterprise 1 Ahvenanmaa Rescue Areas have about 100 oil spill response boats hour range 10/2007

Shipping Enterprise 1 Ahvenanmaa Rescue Areas have

7 GIS tool: scenarios for oil spreading Spill Mod by Sergey Ovsienko Example of oil spreading in the Gulf of Finland A typical Autumn day Finland ϕ ϕ ϕ Autumn 24 E Estonia 26 E 1 day

8 SOME EXAMPLE tn crude oil

9 Operational Drifting Forecast: Seatrack Web Available for the Baltic Sea area Possible to forecast drift of oil or some objects Up to date wind and current forecasts Available 24 h daily Internet user interface Forecast length max h

some objects Up to date wind and current forecasts

10 Operational Drifting Forecast: Seatrack Web Possibility for backtracking Ships which have sailed via oiled area?

11 Illegal Oil Pollution Monitoring in the Baltic HELCOM Recommendations Each country should monitor its main shipping lanes and port entries at least twice a week and other sea areas once a week Aerial surveillance with remote sensing equipment Co operation

lanes and port entries at least twice a week and other sea

12 Aerial surveillance of the Baltic Sea About annual pollution surveillance flight hours are carried out in the Baltic Sea area Around 300 oil spills are detected in Baltic Sea every year. In 1995, as many as 649 slicks were detected 2007: 85% of the slicks were estimated to be smaller than 1 m³ Total amount 2007: 125 m³ (5 tank trucks!) Amount of oil not found? Most of the pollution found on the shipping lanes

In 1995, as many as 649 slicks were detected 2007: 85% of the slicks were estimated to be smaller than 1

13 Illegal Pollution Monitoring in Finland Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE) is the national competent pollution control authority Responsible for surveillance of illegal oil discharges Surveillance in close co operation with Border Guard of Finland Two surveillance aircraft, Dornier 228 Aircraft equipped with Environmental monitoring equipment hours annually Also helicopters monitor oil pollution! Marine Rescue Coordination Center (MRCC) coordinates the use of resources 2 1. Surveillance radar SLAR side looking radar 3. FLIR/LLTV 4. IR/UV scanner 1 3 4

228 Aircraft equipped with Environmental monitoring equipment 600 700 hours annually Also helicopters monitor oil pollution!

14 Surveillance equipment SLAR (Side Looking Airborne Radar) Indication of oil 20 Nm both sides of the aircraft Integration of the instruments user interface

15 IR/UV Scanner Oil IR greyscale image of oil spill. IR is used for thickness estimation. UV greyscale image of oil spill. UV is used for area determination. Daylight needed. Information for Response Vessels thickest part of the oil!

16 FLIR (Forward Looking InfraRed) E.g. details of the Polluter Adjustable look direction

17 Use of Satellite Imagery for Oil Spill Monitoring First experiences of the use of satellite images 1996 Benefits of using SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) images One image can cover 400 by 400 km area at once Possibility to detect oil in the darkness and through clouds Good supplementary tool for aerial surveillance All the indications has to be checked A lot of false alarmsl Today, almost 1000 images annually for the Baltic Sea area European Maritime Safety Agency (EMSA) CleanSeaNet Service 2007: 65 verified oil slicks first seen from satellite images

supplementary tool for aerial surveillance All the indications has to be checked A lot of false alarmsl Today, almost 1000 images annually

18 Why Radar is able to detect oil? Bragg Scattering Clean sea areas show the spatial deviation of waves fullfilling Bragg Scattering rule E.g. For Radarsat 1: 5.6 cm sea waves Oil dampens down these small waves No backscattering from the oily area Clean sea looks light Oil covered sea looks dark

fullfilling Bragg Scattering rule E.g. For Radarsat 1: 5.

19 Oil Spill Detection from the Satellite Images Challenges Lots of look alikes Algae blooms in the summer time Low wind areas Ice conditions (every winter!) Etc Challenges in distinguishing look alikes from oil in SAR images Very similar radar backscattering! Canadian Space Agency Distributed by Kongsberg Satellite Service Canadian Space Agency Distributed by Kongsberg Satellite Service

) Etc Challenges in distinguishing look alikes from oil in SAR images Very similar radar

20 Algae blooms Algae, , Sea of Åland Radarsat, distributed by KSAT Blue green algae (Cyanobacteria) , Sea of Åland The boarder guard of Finland Blue green algae (Cyanobacteria) , Kotka beacon The boarder guard of Finland

21 Low wind areas Finnish Institute of Marine Research Canadian Space Agency, distributed by Kongsberg Satellite Service

22 Canadian Space Agency, Distributed by Kongsberg Satellite Service Ice conditions SYKE Canadian Space Agency Distributed by Kongsberg Satellite Service

23 A) Canadian Space Agency Distributed by Kongsberg Satellite Service Dealing with Uncertainty? Uncertainty map for each SAR scene Reliablity is the sea really clean from oil? Which are the areas oil spill detection is not possible? E.g. Due to wind conditions B) C) Ok High wind Low wind Wind dir. Upwelling Land area

24 Satellite Monitoring in Practice

25 European Maritime Safety Agency (EMSA): CleanSeaNet Service Based on SAR satellite images Service for EU coastal states (Norway+Iceland) Service started 04/2007 Aim of the service: information on possible oil slicks in 30 minutes after satellite overpass Spill Candidates are devided in three categories = Confidence level Low, medium, high

26 The Use of CleanSeaNet in Finland After satellite overpass e mail for Marine Rescue Coordination Center (MRCC) SYKE duty officers If something detected, phone call to respective country MRCC MRCC coordinates the use of resources Information for aircraft/helicopters to check the spill Information for others if needed

27 CleanSeaNet Web User Interface More detailed information Images + additional info

28 CleanSeaNet in Practice Additional information Wind information Canadian Space Agency / EMSA 2007

29 CleanSeaNet in Practice Additional information Ships interpreted from the satellite image (Radarsat) Canadian Space Agency / EMSA 2007

30 CleanSeaNet in Practice Additional information AIS (Automatic Identification System) information on ships Canadian Space Agency / EMSA 2007

31 CleanSeaNet in Practice Feedback from the slicks

32 National Map User Interfaces in Finland?

33 Datasystems in Operative use EMSA CleanSeaNet: Satellite images HELCOM and FMA AIS Live: Traffic image Swedish SMHI STW: Oil drifting model HELCOM MARIS: HELCOM fleet, Sensitive Areas, SYKE BORIS: Sensitive areas and Response equipment

34 BORIS Baltic Oil Response Information System Sensitivity mapping Available trough internet Used by Finnish oil and chemical response authorities Used for Contingency planning Operational decision making Environmental impact assassment

35 BORIS Sensitive areas include inter alia Water intakes Fish farming areas European ecological network areas = Natura 2000 areas Important bird and seal islands and islets IBA areas according to BirdLife international Kvarken

36 BORIS 3/5 Response capacity includes inter alia Toxic waste disposal plants Places for polluted soil Airports, ports Harbours suitable for boat trailers Stocks for oil response equipment Coast guard base stations Oil response vessels and boats Problems: Needs constant updating

37 BORIS 4/5 Coming new datasets Data on most vulnerable species = Results of OILECO A Finnish Estonian Interreg III A project Additional information: The colour of the grid cells is defined by Populations conservation value Vulnerability to oil Recovery potential Oil response effiency Problems: Lack of information on the occurance of different species In large scale of oil spill it is not possible to priorisize the protection of some islets or islands Own maps for different seasons and weather conditions

38 BORIS 4/5 Coming new datasets Operational data on beach cleaning = Results of SÖKÖ An Interreg III A project Additional information: The extent of oil at each sector of the beach Logistical information on oily waste handling

39 BORIS 5/5 development ideas Planned new features to BORIS: Importing oil drift forecasts (STW results) Importing EMSA satellite images Vision to combine traffic image with other information

40 Thank you!

Baltic Sea Perspective on - Building a Gas Pipeline and - Oil Spills

Baltic Sea Perspective on - Building a Gas Pipeline and - Oil Spills Dr Juha-Markku Leppänen Head of the Monitoring and Assessment Unit, Marine Research Centre, Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE) Content