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6 CONTENTS TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS AND SAFETY POLICIES INTRODUCTION 1. Traffic Accidents in General 1 2. Promotion of Traffic Safety and Accident Trends 3 3. The Future Direction of Traffic Safety Measures 6 BOOK 1 TRAFFIC ACCIDENT SITUATION Chapter l. Road Traffic Accidents 13 Section l. General Situation of Road Traffic Accidents and Trends in Vehicle Traffic Changes in traffic accidents Trends in vehicle traffic Present road conditions and changes in traffic safety facility conditions Road traffic accidents in various foreign countries 32 Section 2. Analysis of Road Traffic Accidents in General conditions Traffic accidents, by area Numbers of traffic accidents, by month Traffic accident, by day of week Analysis of fatal accidents Traffic accidents involving pedestrians, by age group Traffic accidents involving cyclists, by age group Traffic accidents, by day or night Traffic accidents on expressways 46 Appendix 49 Chapter 2. Railway Accidents Trends in railway traffic Railway accidents 57 Chapter 3. Disaster at Sea Trends in marine transport Disasters at sea and rescue 61 Chapter 4. Aviation Accidents Trends in aviation traffic Aviation accidents 67

7 BOOK 2 TRAFFIC SAFETY MEASURES Introduction: TO IMPROVE COMPREHENSIVE TRAFFIC SAFTY MEASURES Improvement of the traffic safety promotion system Establishing traffic safety programs Traffic safety measures by the Central Traffic Safety Measures Conference and the Head Office for Traffic Policy 73 Part 1. MEASURES RELATED TO LAND TRAFFIC SAFETY 76 Chapter l. Financial Measures Related to Traffic Safety National budget for traffic safety measures Other budgets for traffic safety measures 81 Chapter 2. Measures Related to Road Traffic Safety 82 Section 1. Improvement and Enrichment of the Road Traffic Environment Improvement of traffic safety facilities Promotion of rational traffic controls Controls of parked vehicles on roads Proper road use Securing children's playgrounds Measures for the safe use of bicycles 99 Section 2. Spreading Traffic Safety Concepts in Communities Promotion of traffic safety education Promotion of traffic safety campaigns Promotion of Seat Belt Use Cultivation of leadership and activities of private organizations 115 Section 3. Toward Safer Driving Driver's education Safe driving on the job Promotion of measures to prevent traffic accidents involving large-sized trucks Collecting and organizing road traffic information 135 Section 4. Maintenance of Vehicle Safety Revisions of technical standards related to vehicle safety Improvement of inspection and maintenance of vehicles 138 Section 5. Bringing Traffic Under Control Rational and effective traffic guidance and control Enforcement of the traffic control system Tightening-up investigations of traffic crime and traffic accident management Prosecuting of traffic offenders 149 Section 6. Improvement of the First Aid and Emergency Medical Services Improvement of the first aid system Improvement of emergency medical facilities 156

8 Section 7. Rationalization of Automobile Accident Compensation Coverage of traffic accident compensation Aid activities for traffic victims concerning compensation problems 170 Section 8. Promotion of Highway Traffic Safety Science and Technology Planning the budget at the Science and Technology Agency Research surveys conducted by the Prime Minister's Office Research conducted at the National Research Institute of Police Science of the National Police Agency Research studies at the Civil Engineering Test Laboratory of the Hokkaido Development Agency's Hokkaido Development Bureau Research studies at the Agency of Industrial Science and Technology of the Ministry of International Trade and Industry Research studies at the Traffic Safety and Nuisance Research Institute of the Ministry of Transport Research studies at the Meteorological Research Institute of the Meteorological Agency Research studies at the Public Works Research Institute of the Ministry of Construction. 180 Chapter 3. Railway Traffic Safety Measures 182 Section 1. Improvement of the Railway Traffic Environment 182 Section 2 Safe Railway Operation Education and training of railway employees Improvement of train operation control system Supervision and guidance for railway enterprisers Improving weather reports Dissemination of information concerning the prevention of railway accidents, 184 Section 3. Assuring the Safety of Railway Rolling Stock Improvement of the safety of railway rolling stock structures and equipment Improving inspection procedures of railway roiling stock Implementation of the Japan Industrial Standards concerning railway rolling stock 185 Section 4. Reinforcement of Rescue Systems in Case of Emergency 185 Section 5. Promotion of Science and Technology Related to Railway Traffic Safety Research and development activities at the Traffic Safety and Nuisance Research Institute of the Ministry of Transport Research by the Meteorological Research Institute of the Meteorological Agency Research by the Japanese National Railways 186 Chapter 4. Traffic Safety Measures for Railway Crossings Railway crossing conditions Measures for preventing railway crossing accidents Improvement of traffic control at crossings 189

9 Part 2. MEASURES RELATED TO MARINE TRAFFIC SAFETY 190 Section 1. Improvement of the Marine Traffic Environment Improvement of harbors, fishing ports and shipping lanes Improvement of technical standards of harbor facilities Improvement of navigation markers Rationalization of marine traffic control Improvement of information service and navigation control at Tokyo Bay Improvement of the traffic environment related to giant tankers 192 Section 2. Complete Dissemination of Knowledge Concerning Marine Traffic Safety Dissemination of sea disaster prevention concepts Guidance for non-governmental marine organizations 193 Section 3. Assuring Safe Ship Transportation Nautical specialists Improving education for ship personnel Control of proper shipping service Improvement of ship personnel working conditions Improvement of ship personnel system and other improvements Improvement of the pilot system Clearing-up of maritime accident causes and administrative disposition of nautical specialists Improving information concerning marine traffic 199 Section 4. Improving the Safety of Ships Improving the safety standards related to ship structures and equipment Improvement of the ship inspection system 201 Section 5. Promoting Marine Traffic Discipline 202 Section 6. Improvement of the Marine Accident Rescue System Improvement of the marine accident information gathering and processing system Improvement of the marine accident rescue system Improvement of maritime disaster prevention system 203 Section 7. Appropriate Damage Compensation Liability for injury to ship passengers Oil pollution damage liability 205 Section 8. Promotion of Science and Technology Related to Maritime Traffic Safety Arrangement of expenses for research and development at the Science and Technology Agency Research at the Ship Research Institute of the Ministry of Transport Research at the Port and Harbor Research Institute of the Ministry of Transport Research at the Electronic Navigation Research Institute of the Ministry of Transport Research at the Maritime Safety Agency Research at the Meteorological Research Institute of the Meteorological Agency 210

10 Part 3. POLICIES ON AVIATION TRAFFIC SAFETY 211 Section 1. Improving the Air Traffic Environment Improving and reinforcing aviation safety control Building up and equipping of aviation traffic control facilities Establishing better air communication facilities Implementation of flight inspection Airport improvement 214 Section 2. Toward Safety Aircraft Operation Training and development of qualified personnel and testing for their flight suitability Building up education and training facilities for flight safety personnel Reform of aircraft flight operations Improvement of air traffic information supply 219 Section 3. Improving Aircraft Safety Instituting a more thorough aircraft inspection system Equipping and maintaining aircraft 220 Section 4. Aviation Traffic Safety Policies at the Defense Agency Operation of aircraft Aviation personnel Maintenance and service of aircraft Airport and aviation safety facilities Systems of emergency assistance and rescue 222 Section 5. Building-up a Rescue and Emergency System Emergency firefighting and rescue services at airports Improvement of search and rescue systems 222 Section 6. Improving the System of Compensation for Damages 224 Section 7. Promotion of Science and Technology in Aviation Traffic Safety Research at the Science and Technology Agency Research conducted at the Ministry of Transport's Electronic Navigation Research Institute Research at the Ministry of Transport's Institute for Technical Research on Airport and Harbors Facilities Research at the Traffic Safety and Nuisance Research Institute of the Ministry of Transport Research at the Meteorological Research Institute of the Meteorological Agency Research on the cause of aircraft accidents 227