OFFSHORE WIND FARM ELECTRICAL CONNECTION OPTIONS. W.Grainger 1 and N.Jenkins 2 SYNOPSIS
|
|
- Jody Watson
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 OFFSHORE WIND FARM ELECTRICAL CONNECTION OPTIONS W.Grainger 1 and N.Jenkins 2 1 Border Wind Ltd, Hexham 2 Dept of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, UMIST SYNOPSIS The development of large scale offshore wind farms raises new issues in the electrical connection of the wind farm to the electricity grid. Wind farms may well be located 10 to 30 km offshore. Three options for connection to shore are explored in the paper 1 multiple 33 kv submarine cables 2 one 132 kv submarine cable with a 33 kv to 132 kv substation located offshore 3 one High Voltage DC link The connection issue has been addressed in the past, but advances in electrical and wind technologies in the last few years require it to be reassessed. Previous studies and the latest developments are reviewed. The results of the study indicate that the first wind farms are likely to be connected to shore at 33kV and that, in the medium term, High Voltage DC links look promising. INTRODUCTION Large wind farms offshore have not been built before although there are small wind farms off the coast of Denmark and Sweden, and one in the Ijsselmeer in Holland. Offshore wind farms are likely to be larger than those on shore as the economies of scale in offshore projects are more significant. These wind farms are likely to be located some distance from the shore. There are no comparable offshore electrical installations to give guidance on the design of the electrical infrastructure. PREVIOUS IDEAS The three offshore wind farms constructed to-date have been small and relatively simple to connect electrically. Practice has broadly followed that of onshore wind farms although, of course, with submarine cables. A UK study completed in 1993 considered only small wind farms (1) although there was some work done in the eighties (and revised in 1991) on the design of a very large (2000 MW) wind farm in the Wash (2). Both of these studies are interesting and reflect the state of knowledge at that time. However, wind turbine technology and onshore wind farm practice has advanced so rapidly since the studies were completed that they are not directly relevant to the commercial offshore wind farms now being considered. The 2000 MW study (2) considered a range of turbine ratings up to 8.6 MW. The proposed generator voltage was 11 kv and 70 MVA 11/132 kv substations were to be located in specially enlarged towers of some turbines. The main wind farm connection voltage was then 132 kv and a large 132/400 kv substation
2 was to be constructed on a platform at the centre of the wind farm. This substation was a conventional double busbar design although with reactive power compensation. Some 200 MVAr of mechanically switched reactors was required to compensate the charging current of the 400 kv submarine cables while some 600 MVAr of mechanically switched capacitors were connected to the 132 kv busbars to compensate the reactive power demand of the induction generators. Local power factor correction capacitors at each turbine were not proposed. It is interesting to note that paper insulated cables were considered for both the 132 kv and 400 kv circuits, Ethylene Propylene Rubber (EPR) was considered for the 11 kv circuits and there was considerable concern over the high fault level rating required of the 11 kv switchgear due to the fault level contribution of the generators. The later study (1) was a detailed feasibility study of a single 400 kw offshore turbine although the electrical study was extended to consider 10 turbines (4 MW) and 54 turbines (21.6 MW). The generator voltage was assumed to be 690 V and the wind farm connection voltage was 11 kv. For the largest wind farm (21.6 MW) both 11 kv connection to shore, a distance of 7 km, and 33 kv were considered. In addition to EPR cable, Cross Linked Poly-Ethylene (XLPE) submarine cables were also considered. The advantage of EPR insulation is that no metal sheath is required and the cables can be of "wet" construction. However, XLPE is now commonly used on land and, although an impermeable moisture barrier is required over the insulation, there may be economies because of its widespread use. The study found that synchronous generators can offer advantages in terms of power factor control, reduced losses and increased stability. Although conventional synchronous generators are very difficult to use in wind turbines because of their lack of compliance, there may be advantages in using variable speed wind turbines with a voltage source network converter as this operates in a similar manner to a synchronous generator. The study also proposed a rule of thumb that "To ensure stable operation the fault level of the main supply should be approximately 9 times the installed MW rating of the array". A conservative rule of thumb of this type is very convenient but the operation of an induction machine in its generating mode, rather than as a motor, can allow this rule to be relaxed in certain circumstances and a number of onshore wind farms are operating satisfactorily with this ratio reduced to between 5 and 6. CURRENT THINKING OF WIND FARM ELECTRICAL DESIGN ONSHORE As wind farms have increased in size and under the intense pressure to improve reliability and reduce cost, various new concepts have been introduced. Removal of local turbine switchgear At one time, each turbine transformer had a separate switch-fuse on the HV side. Now turbines are generally switched on and off in banks and individual turbine transformers isolated off line in the rare event this is necessary. Although the impact on operation of the lack of isolating switches can be predicted, care is necessary to ensure faults on the LV winding and terminal area of the transformer can be detected and cleared rapidly. This was an important function of the local switch-fuse, which included a mechanical switch, operated by a striker pin in the fuses, to interrupt low fault currents. Single phase to ground faults are notoriously problematic to detect and clear with low fault levels and "full-range" fuses at 33 kv are difficult to source. One response to this problem using a new type of source protection relay is described in Ref (3). Increase in distribution voltage In many onshore wind farms, the wind farm collection voltage has been increased from 11 kv to 33 kv. This reduces electrical losses and there is a potential capital cost saving by eliminating the main wind farm site transformer. The cost of the 33 kv collection circuits has been contained by using single core polymeric insulated 33 kv cables and new cable termination techniques. The 33/0.69 kv turbine transformers appear to be performing well and, on some onshore wind farms, they are located within the turbine towers. For the foreseeable future, on cost and
3 technical grounds, the transformers inside towers will be limited to 33 kv and this maximum collection voltage may prove to be an important limitation on the distance offshore of wind farms. Elimination of the site transformer If at all possible, the wind farms are connected directly to the local REC primary distribution voltage, often at 33 kv, to avoid the need for a site transformer. In the unlikely event of a site transformer failing, the whole wind farm could be out of action for several months. There is also a cost saving in switchgear and protection relays. There are some technical difficulties caused by dispensing with the main wind farm transformer as voltage control is more difficult without an on-load tap-changer and earth fault currents are not restricted to the wind farm circuits. However, for offshore wind farms the advantage of not having to locate a large transformer substation at sea are clear. ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS FOR OFFSHORE CONNECTIONS Submarine cables These cables are more expensive than land based ones to withstand their location. If XLPE insulation is used then particular care is required to prevent the ingress of moisture (4). The design voltage stress may also be lower for submarine cables than for those intended for use on land. Typically cables are available with a single wire or double wire armour layer. (There are more complicated designs for laying in deeper water than likely for this application.) Several fibre optic cables can be easily incorporated in the cable for use in protection circuits and for communications. Submarine cables are vulnerable to damage by shipping, unless buried. There is little information available on the actual likelihood of this sort of damage in the likely sites for offshore wind farms. These sites are likely to be in shallow water, 5 to 10 m, and away from shipping lanes. The failure rate in 1981 for submarine cables around Scotland is given as 1.3*10-2 per annum per km (6), which is high. The total length of submarine cable around Scotland at that time was 150 km and some links are in very vulnerable locations such as the Pentland Firth and Sullom Voe Oil terminal. XLPE insulated cables have a lower capacitance than paper insulated cables of a similar rating. Although the capacitance values vary with cable designs, most credible sizes of 33 kv cable circuit will generate less than kvar/km. Thus the reactive power generation at this voltage level can easily be accommodated although its impact on induction generator self-excitation must be recognised. At 132 kv the reactive power generation will be in the region of 1 MVAr/km and so may have a more significant impact on the wind farm electrical design. Once onshore the connection to the network is more cheaply handled by overhead lines if the planning authorities allow their use. Wood pole designs are available up to 132 kv with a rating of up to approximately 100 MVA, although some unearthed 132 kv constructions can lead to difficulties with a high ground potential rise caused by earth fault currents. 132 kv wood pole lines use stronger supports and longer insulators than 33 kv designs but are of a similar concept and there is only a proportional increase in costs. For submarine cable, by contrast, different construction techniques have to be used as the voltage increases and the price increases out of step with the voltage. Current costs for 132kV links are double that of 33kV for similar power levels. HVDC Links Advances in power electronic technology have led to the development of HVDC systems at lower ratings than were previously cost effective. For instance, one manufacturer has a system in the range 2 to 200 MW based on IGBT voltage source converters (5). Typically a 110 MW link including cable, but not laying the cable, might cost 13M. One advantage of voltage source forced commutated converters, over traditional HVDC current source converters based on thyristors, is that synchronous rotating machines are not required at each end of the link. The AC connection voltage at the ends does not have to be the same, possibly saving a site transformer at the shore. To date only a demonstration
4 system has been installed and there has yet to be an offshore installation. The technology is in its infancy and further advances are likely. In the longer term, there is the possibility that offshore turbines will be connected at DC offshore, making HVDC links more attractive. This was the concept used at the Sexbierum wind farm in Holland many years ago. Switchgear and transformers If voltages greater than 33 kv are used for the link to shore, then a substation will be required at sea. There is no precedent for a small substation located at sea. Oil-rig switch-rooms and generators are located on much larger structures and have staff monitoring them continuously. Onshore switchgear and transformers for the higher transmission voltages are generally outdoor to take advantage of large air gaps for insulation. Offshore substations will require more expensive indoor equipment and additional environmental protection. Switchgear will be required to isolate parts of the wind farm on occasion for maintenance, if one main feed is used as well as to provide adequate protection. Packaged substations are available, but these are usually used as emergency replacements or for quick installation in remote areas. The manufacturers are cautious about offering these for offshore installation. The reticence may disappear if a sizeable market appears. Cable laying This is a significant cost for an offshore wind farm. The projects will be too small for the specialist cable laying boats, even if they could manoeuvre in the shallow waters. Modified general purpose boats are most likely to be used. Hauling the 33 kv cable between turbines is relatively straightforward and could be handled by winches temporarily mounted on the foundations. The link to shore is going to be several three core 33 kv cables or several separate cables comprising a higher voltage AC or an HVDC link. Cable laying companies contacted to date indicate that the single cores will need to be laid separately, ie the cost of laying three 33 kv cables would be the same as laying one 132 kv AC link. POSSIBLE CONNECTIONS Three options for connecting an offshore wind farm have been examined to establish the electrical characteristics, feasibility and costs. Option 1 - Multiple 33 kv links This option has no wind farm transformers offshore, only the individual turbine transformers. The wind farm is divided into blocks. Each block is fed by its own, 3 core, cable from shore. The maximum practical conductor size for operation at 33 kv appears to be 300 mm 2, giving a block rating in the range 25 to 30 MW. If necessary, two blocks could be connected by one cable, while the faulty cable is repaired. Option 2 - Single 132 kv link and transformer This is the simplest system with a higher transmission voltage for the link to the shore. From discussion with cable manufacturers, 132 kv is their preferred voltage rather than 66 kv. However, an offshore substation is required, on a separate platform. Also, if the link fails, the whole wind farm is disconnected. Option 3 - HVDC link The HVDC link uses the technology available at present on the assumption that a marinised version is available. Again a platform is required to house the offshore converter and switchgear, and the whole wind farm is lost if the cable fails. RESULTS Obtaining cost information on the different options for different wind farm sizes proved quite difficult as none of the equipment is off-the-shelf. Budget costs, see Figure 1, and some simple assumptions on scaling have led to the following conclusions.
5 Option 1 - Multiple 33 kv links This appears to be the cheapest option for distances offshore up to 20 km and power levels up to 200 MW. Outside these ranges the cable laying costs and electrical losses are the limiting factors. Also it must be recognised that 200 MW is a large injection of power for any distribution circuit to accept and so there may well be limitations imposed by the utility for large wind farms. Option 2 - single 132 kv link This option is expensive for all distances out to 30 km and power levels less than 200 MW. Putting a substation offshore for this type of link is novel and the first few would be expensive and require careful monitoring. Thus, it is unlikely to be used for the first offshore wind farms around the UK. Option 3 - HVDC link This option is too expensive for distances closer to shore than 25 km and for power levels less than 200 MW. There is also a risk, which will decrease with time, associated with applying this new technology offshore. OTHER ISSUES Earthing, particularly for lightning protection, will need to be addressed as offshore structures may be more exposed to positive polarity lightning strokes. Positive downward lightning has higher peak currents and charge transfer, and is likely to be more destructive than the more common negative downward strike. Coupled with the difficulties of offshore access, this may lead to a much higher economic benefit of improved lightning protection. Also for directly connected wind farms with 33 kv collection circuits, some form of reactive power compensation/voltage control may be required. It will, of course, be cheaper to locate this on land. CONCLUSIONS The equipment required for the electrical infrastructure of offshore wind farms is available. The early offshore wind farms are likely to use electrical designs quite similar to those adopted for recent on shore developments. A maximum voltage of 33 kv both for the wind farm collection circuits and for the connection to land is likely in the first instance. However, as large offshore installations are developed (>100 MW) then HVDC transmission to shore may be more cost effective. Considerable development work is still required for the large offshore substations or converter stations which will be required for large offshore wind farms. REFERENCES 1) Renewable Energy Systems Ltd, Feasibility Study for a Prototype Offshore Wind Turbine, ETSU W/35/00251/REP/C Vol I, Vol II, Vol III, )Burton, A.L. (ed) Offshore Wind Energy Assessment Phase IIB Study ETSU -WN-5009 Vol I, Vol II, Vol III, 1985, revised )Haslam SJ, Crossley PA, Jenkins N, Burt M and Borrill A, "Source based protection of wind farms using multi-function protection relay - its design and site experience" CIRED 97, 2-5 June, IEE Conference Publication No 438, paper ) Moore, G.F.(ed), 1998, Electric Cables Handbook, 3rd Edition, Blackwell Science. 5) Asplund G. et al, "DC Transmission based on voltage source converters", CIGRE Session 1998 paper No ) Wallace, A.R.S & Whittington H.R., 1981, Routing of submarine cables for wave power transmission. Third International Conference on Future Energy Concepts, IEE Conference Publications No 192, p ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors would like to thank the following companies for information used in this paper, ABB Power Systems, AEI Cables, Alstom Transmission and Distribution, BICC Cables and Paulwels International.
6 Offshore Wind Farm HV Link Costs distance MW from Option shore 1 / km MW Option 23 C a Figure 1 - Shore to Wind Farm Connection Costs
factsheet High Voltage Direct Current electricity technical information
factsheet High Voltage Direct Current electricity technical information Introduction High voltage direct current (HVDC) technology is one of the technical options National Grid can consider for the future
More informationfactsheet High Voltage Direct Current Electricity technical information
factsheet High Voltage Direct Current Electricity technical information Introduction High voltage direct current (HVDC) technology is one of the technical options National Grid can consider for the future
More informationHVDC Light Cables. Submarine and land power cables
HV Light Cables Submarine and land s The HV Light s to offshore platform The light and robust HV Light s can be laid with very cost effecient methods HV Light System HV Light is a transmission system in
More informationProduct brochure Multi Functional Switchgear PASS M00 72.5 kv Flexible and compact switchgear solutions for windfarms
Product brochure Multi Functional Switchgear PASS M00 72.5 kv Flexible and compact switchgear solutions for windfarms The future of Wind Farms As offshore wind farms move towards deploying higher capacity
More informationHVDC Light, a tool for electric power transmission to distant loads
Presented at VI Sepope Conference, Salvador, Brazil, May 1998 HVDC Light, a tool for electric power transmission to distant loads by Gunnar Asplund Kjell Eriksson* Ove Tollerz ABB Power Systems AB ABB
More informationMagnus Callavik, ABB Power Systems, HVDC, 721 64 Västerås, Sweden Phone: +46(0)21323226. e-mail: magnus.callavik@se.abb.com
HVDC GRIDS FOR OFFSHORE AND ONSHORE TRANSMISSION Magnus Callavik, ABB Power Systems, HVDC, 721 64 Västerås, Sweden Phone: +46(0)21323226. e-mail: magnus.callavik@se.abb.com SUMMARY The objective with this
More informationHV Submarine Cable Systems Design, Testing and Installation
HV Submarine Cable Systems Design, Testing and Installation CIGRE Ireland Technical Seminar 6 th October 2010 Robert Donaghy Senior Consultant Engineer, ESB International Presentation Overview Applications
More informationELECTRICAL INSULATION TESTING OF HV EQUIPMENT UP TO 33kV
1. SCOPE This document details PowerSystems requirements for electrical testing of HV Equipment up to and including 33kV. 2. ISSUE RECORD This is a Reference document. The current version of Controlled
More information2012 San Francisco Colloquium
2012 San Francisco Colloquium http : //www.cigre.org Advances in voltage source converter (VSC) technologies B4-6 500 kv VSC Transmission System for lines and cables B. JACOBSON, B. WESTMAN, M. P. BAHRMAN*
More informationTopics. HVDC Fundamentals
Topics HVDC Fundamentals Conventional Converters Capacitor Commutated Converters Voltage Source Converters Reactive Power Requirements System Configurations Tapping Control basics High Power Transmission
More informationHVDC Technology for Large Scale Offshore Wind Connections
HVDC Technology for Large Scale Offshore Wind Connections Nandan Mahimkar, Gunnar Persson,Claes Westerlind, ABB AB, SE-771 80, Ludvika, Sweden, nandan.mahimkar@in.abb.com, gunnar.persson@se.abb.com,claes.westerlind@se.abb.com,
More informationPOWER TRANSMISSION FROM OFFSHORE WIND FARMS
POWER TRNSMISSION FROM OFFSHORE WIND FRMS Thorsten Völker University of pplied Sciences Bremerhaven Germany BSTRCT The future for wind power generation in Germany is offshore wind energy. The preferred
More informationBrochure Introducing HVDC
Brochure Introducing HVDC ABB and HVDC The world s first commercial high-voltage direct current (HVDC) link, situated between the Swedish mainland and the island Gotland, was delivered by ABB already in
More informationCost Benefit Methodology for Optimal Design of Offshore Transmission Systems
Centre for Sustainable Electricity and Distributed Generation Cost Benefit Methodology for Optimal Design of Offshore Transmission Systems Predrag Djapic and Goran Strbac July 2008 FUNDED BY BERR URN 08/1144
More informationE-Highway2050 WP3 workshop April 15 th, 2014 Brussels
E-Highway2050 WP3 workshop April 15 th, 2014 Brussels High voltage underground and subsea cable technology options for future transmission in Europe Ernesto Zaccone, Chairman Europacable High Voltage Systems
More informationSubmarine Power Cables. State-of-the-art production facility, more than 100 years of experience and reference installations around the world.
Submarine Power Cables State-of-the-art production facility, more than 100 years of experience and reference installations around the world. Reliable submarine power cables ABB is one of the world s most
More informationNetwork Interconnection of Offshore Wind
Network Interconnection of Offshore Wind Prepared for REOLTEC Carlos Aguirre Madrid, December 3rd Experience you can trust. Introducing KEMA A trusted independent partner providing advise throughout the
More informationFundamentals of Modern Electrical Substations Part 1: Mission of Electrical Substations and their Main Components
Fundamentals of Modern Electrical Substations Part 1: Mission of Electrical Substations and their Main Components Course No: E02-010 Credit: 2 PDH Boris Shvartsberg, Ph.D., P.E., P.M.P. Continuing Education
More informationVoltage Source HVDC Overview Mike Barnes Tony Beddard
Voltage Source HVDC Overview Mike Barnes Tony Beddard Note: This is a version with images removed which have copyrighted other than from the University of Manchester, for web publication. Should a conference
More informationSummary of Electric Transmission Assessment Report
Summary of Electric Transmission Assessment Report January 2010 Assessment and Analysis of the State-Of-the-Art High-Voltage Electric Transmission Systems with Specific Focus on High-Voltage Direct Current
More informationFACTS. Solutions to optimise network performance GRID
Solutions to optimise network performance GRID Solutions to optimise your network Our worldwide presence: Better solutions for your network all around the world Tampere Philadelphia Stafford Konstanz Beijing
More informationGrid connection of near shore wind farms
Grid connection of near shore wind farms methods, preconditions and results Rene Starup 5. Marts 2015 1 Topics Methods Preconditions Technical and socio-economic analysis 5. Marts 2015 2 60, 150 and 400
More information2012 San Francisco Colloquium
2012 San Francisco Colloquium http : //www.cigre.org HVDC and Power Electronic Systems for Overhead Line and Insulated Cable Applications B4-8 Trans Bay Cable A Breakthrough of VSC Multilevel Converters
More informationMEDIUM AND HIGH VOLTAGE CAPACITORS, CAPACITOR BANKS AND SYSTEMS
MEDIUM AND HIGH VOLTAGE CAPACITORS, CAPACITOR BANKS AND SYSTEMS Meher Capacitors offers reliable and innovative products and solutions in the fields of Reactive Power Compensation, Power Quality and Energy
More informationOffshore Wind China 2010 Bergen, 15th March 2010. Olivier Angoulevant Nexans Norway AS
Offshore Wind China 2010 Bergen, 15th March 2010 Olivier Angoulevant Nexans Norway AS At the core of performance At the core of performance : a worldwide leader Worldwide leader in cables, cabling systems
More informationIntroduction to The Trans Bay Cable Project
Introduction to The Trans Bay Cable Project We ve come a long way 1 But thanks to the advances of two men and 2 The Battle of Currents 3 Utilities are able to choose the most effective and efficient means
More informationHVDC-VSC: transmission technology of the future
A bi-pole ± 285 kv HVDC line sandwiched between 3-phase 400 kv HVAC lines. HVDC-VSC: transmission technology of the future A new hybrid HVDC circuit technology using voltage source converters is only half
More informationINTRODUCTION TO SYSTEM PROTECTION. Hands-On Relay School 2012
INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEM PROTECTION Hands-On Relay School 2012 CONGRATULATIONS On choosing the field of system protection. It is an exciting, challenging profession. System protection has changed considerably
More informationDC TRANSMISSION BASED ON VOLTAGE SOURCE CONVERTERS
DC TRANSMISSION BASED ON VOLTAGE SOURCE CONVERTERS by Gunnar Asplund, Kjell Eriksson, Hongbo Jiang, Johan Lindberg, Rolf Pålsson, Kjell Svensson ABB Power Systems AB Sweden SUMMARY Voltage Source Converters
More informationPower transformers. Special transformers Railway
Power transformers Special transformers Railway A leader in railway systems Our compact and low-weight transformers fully comply with the customer s specifications. The products are developed together
More informationVariable Frequency Drives - a Comparison of VSI versus LCI Systems
Variable Frequency Drives - a Comparison of VSI versus LCI Systems Introduction TMEIC is a leader in the innovative design and manufacture of large ac variable f requency drive systems. TMEIC has been
More informationOverview of the 500MW EirGrid East-West Interconnector, considering System Design and Execution-Phase Issues
Overview of the 500MW EirGrid East-West Interconnector, considering System Design and Execution-Phase Issues J Egan, P O Rourke EirGrid Plc, Republic of Ireland john.egan@eirgrid.com paul.o rouke@eirgrid.com
More informationHyperlinks are Inactive
Prepared by: NIB/EOB PLANNING GUIDE FOR SINGLE CUSTOMER SUBSTATIONS SERVED FROM TRANSMISSION LINES 05503 Department: Electric T&D Section: T&D Engineering and Technical Support Approved by: G.O. Duru (GOD)
More informationWe appreciate your feedback
Publishing date: 23/07/2015 Document title: We appreciate your feedback Please click on the icon to take a 5 online survey and provide your feedback about this document REPORT ON UNIT INVESTMENT COST INDICATORS
More informationOptimization of the coupled grid connection of offshore wind farms
Optimization of the coupled grid connection of offshore wind farms Dirk Schoenmakers Graduation project at Evelop Netherlands BV Technical University of Eindhoven September 2008 Supervisors: TU Eindhoven
More informationScottishPower Distribution Cables & Equipment. Metal Theft
ScottishPower Distribution Cables & Equipment Metal Theft April 2012 As an aid to deterring to metal theft this booklet has been put together to help identify the types of utility power cables and associated
More informationOffshore wind farm electrical engineering (when considering the operation of array cabling at voltages of 66kV)
Offshore wind farm electrical engineering (when considering the operation of array cabling at voltages of 66kV) 29 th January 2015 Lyndon Greedy / Hans Cleijne 1 SAFER, SMARTER, GREENER DNV GL Renewables
More informationJ W Spencer School of Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Computer Science
J W Spencer School of Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Computer Science To consider the electrical energy network and how it might be affected over the next 100 years and beyond to 2500. Coastal
More informationUnified requirements for systems with voltages above 1 kv up to 15 kv
(1991) (Rev.1 May 2001) (Rev.2 July 2003) (Rev.3 Feb 2015) Unified requirements for systems with voltages above 1 kv up to 15 kv 1. General 1.1 Field of application The following requirements apply to
More informationSHE Transmission. 2015_10_30 Transmission Losses Strategy Rev 2.0 October 2015
SHE Transmission 2015_10_30 Transmission Losses Strategy Rev 2.0 October 2015 Summary This paper presents SHE Transmission s views and approach on the impact of transmission losses on the transmission
More informationES281 COMPANY-SPECIFIC APPENDICES TO ENA ENGINEERING RECOMMENDATION G81 PART 1
ES281 COMPANY-SPECIFIC APPENDICES TO ENA ENGINEERING RECOMMENDATION G81 PART 1 Design and Planning Specification for New Low Voltage Installations for Housing Developments 1. SCOPE This appendix to ENA
More informationAssessment of the Technical Issues relating to Significant Amounts of EHV Underground Cable in the All-island Electricity Transmission System
Assessment of the Technical Issues relating to Significant Amounts of EHV Underground Cable in the All-island Electricity Transmission System Summary Report November 2009 Technical Report on using EHV
More informationLIMITING SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENTS IN MEDIUM-VOLTAGE APPLICATIONS
LIMITING SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENTS IN MEDIUM-VOLTAGE APPLICATIONS Terence Hazel Senior Member IEEE Schneider Electric 38050 Grenoble France Abstract The power requirements for large industrial sites is increasing.
More informationHVDC 2000 a new generation of high-voltage DC converter stations
HVDC 2000 a new generation of high-voltage DC converter stations Improved performance and robustness, shorter lead times and faster delivery, plus reduced maintenance needs, were the development goals
More informationAdvantages of Fixed Circuit Breaker Switchgear
Advantages of Fixed Circuit Breaker Switchgear by Lionel Mackay, EDF Energy, and Mike Adams, Schneider Electric Ltd Introduction The purpose of this paper is to review the advantages of fixed circuit breaker
More informationElectrical Considerations for HVDC Transmission Lines. Joe Mooney, PE
Electrical Considerations for HVDC Transmission Lines Joe Mooney, PE POWER Engineers has met the standards and requirements of the Registered Continuing Education Program. Credit earned on completion of
More informationVOLTAGE CONTROL IN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS AS A LIMITATION OF THE HOSTING CAPACITY FOR DISTRIBUTED ENERGY RESOURCES
VOLTAGE CONTROL IN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS AS A LIMITATION OF THE HOSTING CAPACITY FOR DISTRIBUTED ENERGY RESOURCES C. Schwaegerl*, M.H.J. Bollen, K. Karoui #, A. Yagmur + *Siemens AG, # Tractebel STRI AB
More informationThe electrical energy produced at the gen
300 300 Principles of Power System CHAPTER CHAPTER 12 Distribution Systems General 12.1 Distribution System 12.2 Classification of Distribution Systems 12.3 A.C. Distribution 12.4 D.C. Distribution 12.5
More informationenvironment briefing02
PRODUCED BY THE SAFETY, HEALTH & ENVIRONMENT GROUP OF THE ENERGY NETWORKS ASSOCIATION - JULY 2006 environment briefing02 transporting electricity Overhead Lines or Underground Cables? Introduction The
More informationCurriculum Vitae Fredrik Rüter 1 December 2014
Name RÜTER Fredrik Date of Birth 8 May 1960 Nationality Position Languages Coordinates Swedish Senior Consultant Swedish: mother tongue English: fluent (business, conversation, reading, writing) German,
More informationOffshore Wind. IEEE Boston PES - November 16, 2010
Offshore Wind IEEE Boston PES - November 16, 2010 Offshore Wind A high-level overview of offshore wind project development identifying current technologies, challenges, risks and costs. Presented by: Brook
More informationFault location on power cables. Fault location on power cables
Fault location on power cables Fault location on power cables Contents: 1. Introduction 2. Construction of power cables 3. Cable faults 01. Introduction Fault location on communication and power cables
More informationModular Systems wind portfolio overview Power Collection and Grid Connection products
Modular Systems wind portfolio overview Power Collection and Grid Connection products Slide 1 Modular Systems wind portfolio Wind power - definition A wind turbine is a device that converts kinetic energy
More informationSmart Grid and Renewable Energy Grid Integration. Jian Sun, Professor and Director Department of ECSE & Center for Future Energy Systems
Smart Grid and Renewable Energy Grid Integration Jian Sun, Professor and Director Department of ECSE & Center for Future Energy Systems 1 How Smart Can We Make This Grid? 2 Smart Grid Drivers Need to Use
More informationRelion. Power system protection and automation reference Fast substation busbar protection with IEC 61850 and GOOSE
Relion Power system protection and automation reference Fast substation busbar protection with IEC 61850 and GOOSE Fast substation busbar protection with IEC 61850 and GOOSE Falu Elnät AB applies new power
More informationF.C. Chan General Manager, CLP Engineering Ltd., Hong Kong SAR, China
ELECTRIC POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS F.C. Chan General Manager, CLP Engineering Ltd., Hong Kong SAR, China Keywords: Distribution system planning, Load characteristics, Subtransmission Lines, Distribution
More informationHVDC Light and development of Voltage Source Converters
1 HVDC Light and development of Voltage Source Converters K. Eriksson, ABB Utilities Abstract- On March 10, 1997 was transmitted on the 3 MW HVDC Light transmission between Hellsjön and Grängesberg in
More informationEarthing Guidance Notes
Central Networks Earthing Manual Section E2 Earthing Guidance Notes Version: 2 Date of Issue: September 2007 Author: Nigel Johnson Job Title: Earthing Specialist Approver: John Simpson Job Title: Head
More informationHow the National Grid System Operates. Chris Gorman Lead Account Executive Syracuse
How the National Grid System Operates Chris Gorman Lead Account Executive Syracuse 2 Parts of the Electric System Parts of the Electric System 1. Generating Station: Produces Electricity. 2. Transmission
More informationMINISTERIE VAN ECONOMISCHE ZAKEN GENERAL COST COMPARISON BETWEEN UNDERGROUND CABLES AND O.H. LINE SYSTEMS FOR H.V. TRANSMISSION
MINISTERIE VAN ECONOMISCHE ZAKEN GENERAL COST COMPARISON BETWEEN UNDERGROUND CABLES AND O.H. LINE SYSTEMS FOR H.V. TRANSMISSION REPORT ON NETWORK RELIABILITY ASPECTS OF THE CHOICE LINE VERSUS CABLE FOR
More informationLine Reactors and AC Drives
Line Reactors and AC Drives Rockwell Automation Mequon Wisconsin Quite often, line and load reactors are installed on AC drives without a solid understanding of why or what the positive and negative consequences
More informationEMTP STUDIES PERFORMED TO INSERT LONG AC CABLES IN THE FRENCH GRID
Tension (kv) Impedance (Ohms) EMTP STUDIES PERFORMED TO INSERT LONG AC CABLES IN THE FRENCH GRID frequency (Hz) Simon DESCHANVRES Yannick VERNAY RTE, CNER, Substations Department t (ms) EMTP-RV Users Group
More informationComparison of GIS and AIS systems for urban supply networks
Comparison of GIS and AIS systems for urban supply networks Studies carried out by ABB show that for urban supply networks the combination of HV gas-insulated switchgear (GIS) and HV cable has important
More informationPower products and systems. Intelligent solutions for power distribution Zone concept
Power products and systems Intelligent solutions for power distribution Zone concept Securing continuous power supply ABB is one of the world's leading power and automation technology companies whose products,
More informationAsset Management Plans
November 213 Introduction Table of Contents Page # ACS Buildings & Grounds 2 Purpose and Scope ACS Buildings & Seismic 3 The purpose of these ( Plans ) is to demonstrate how we intend to deliver on the
More informationOahu Wind Integration and Transmission Study (OWITS) Hawaiian Islands Transmission Interconnection Project
Oahu Wind Integration and Transmission Study (OWITS) Hawaiian Islands Transmission Interconnection Project Dennis Woodford Electranix Corporation Winnipeg, Manitoba Canada NREL is a national laboratory
More informationElectric Power Systems An Overview. Y. Baghzouz Professor of Electrical Engineering University of Nevada, Las Vegas
Electric Power Systems An Overview Y. Baghzouz Professor of Electrical Engineering University of Nevada, Las Vegas Overview Power Generation Conventional power generation Power generation from renewables
More informationWIND TURBINE TECHNOLOGY
Module 2.2-2 WIND TURBINE TECHNOLOGY Electrical System Gerhard J. Gerdes Workshop on Renewable Energies November 14-25, 2005 Nadi, Republic of the Fiji Islands Contents Module 2.2 Types of generator systems
More informationINTRODUCTION TO HARMONIC ASSESSMENT IN POWER SYSTEMS
INTRODUCTION TO HARMONIC ASSESSMENT IN POWER SYSTEMS LIST OF CONTENT 1. INTRODUCTION... 1 2. HARMONIC VOLTAGE ASSESSMENT REQUIREMENT IN THE UK... 2 3. THE ASSESSMENT... 2 3.1. SYSTEM MODELLING...3 3.2.
More informationProject description. Power Electronics for Reliable and Energy efficient Renewable Energy Systems
Project description Title: Power Electronics for Reliable and Energy efficient Renewable Energy Systems OBJECTIVES Principal objective Provide competence and decision basis for enabling reliable and energy
More informationPB POWER ISLAND OF IRELAND CAVAN-TYRONE AND MEATH-CAVAN 400KV PROJECTS PRELIMINARY BRIEFING NOTE OVERHEAD AND UNDERGROUND ENERGY TRANSMISSION OPTIONS
ISLAND OF IRELAND CAVAN-TYRONE AND MEATH-CAVAN 400KV PROJECTS PRELIMINARY BRIEFING NOTE OVERHEAD AND UNDERGROUND ENERGY TRANSMISSION OPTIONS FEBRUARY 2008 PB POWER PB Power Page i EXECUTIVE SUMMARY General
More informationINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY (IJEET)
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY (IJEET) International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 ISSN 0976 6545(Print) ISSN 0976 6553(Online) Volume
More informationSUITABILITY OF DIFFERENT TEST VOLTAGES FOR ON-SITE TESTING OF XLPE CABLE SYSTEMS
SUITABILITY OF DIFFERENT TEST VOLTAGES FOR ON-SITE TESTING OF XLPE CABLE SYSTEMS Michael Hensel HIGHVOLT Prüftechnik Dresden GmbH 2 3 Content 1 Introduction Test parameters and their significance Differences
More informationCONNECTING YOU TO SPECIALIST ELECTRICAL SUPPORT services
CONNECTING YOU TO SPECIALIST ELECTRICAL SUPPORT services SpecialistS IN ELECTRICAL SUPPORT SERVICES TO MINING, UTILITIES & industry Ampcontrol is committed to supporting our customers to maintain efficient
More informationSub sea Cable Technology
EERA DeepWind 2014 Sub sea Cable Technology Hallvard Faremo SINTEF Energy Research Brief presentation of: Wind Farm Cable R&D project Technology for a better society 1 High Voltage Subsea Cables Networking
More informationOffshore Work Packages
Rampion Offshore Wind Farm Offshore Work Packages Meet The Buyer Naren Mistry, Engineering Manager 26 th Feb 2014 Rampion Offshore Project Scope Design, manufacture, transportation and Installation: Up
More informationCO-ORDINATION OF PARALLEL AC-DC SYSTEMS FOR OPTIMUM PERFORMANCE
CO-ORDINATION OF PARALLEL AC-DC SYSTEMS FOR OPTIMUM PERFORMANCE Ana Diez Castro & Rickard Ellström Ying Jiang Häfner Christer Liljegren Vattenfall Utveckling AB ABB Power Systems Gotlands Energiverk AB
More informationUnderground vs. Overhead Transmission and Distribution
electric power engineering Underground vs. Overhead Transmission and Distribution Your Power System Specialists June 9, 2009 1 NATIONAL TRENDS Municipalities have passed laws requiring new distribution
More informationCOMPONENTS AND SUBSTATIONS FOR ELECTRICAL TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
COMPONENTS AND SUBSTATIONS FOR ELECTRICAL TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS B. E. Kirichenko Division for Basic Researches in Electric Power Engineering, Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), St.Petersburg,
More informationOffshore Platform Powered With New Electrical Motor Drive System
Offshore Platform Powered With New Electrical Motor Drive System Authors: Jan O. Lamell, M.Sc E.E. ABB Automation Technologies Presenters: Thomas Johansson, M.Sc E.E. ABB Automation Technologies Timothy
More informationMedium-voltage cables for reliable windpark infrastructure
Medium-voltage cables for reliable windpark infrastructure exans, worldwide leader in cables and cabling systems As a global expert in cables and cabling systems, Nexans brings an extensive range of advanced
More informationIntroduction. Harmonics and IEEE 519 Page 1 of 19
Introduction In an ideal power system, the voltage supplied to customer equipment, and the resulting load current are perfect sine waves. In practice, however, conditions are never ideal, so these waveforms
More informationANCILLARY EQUIPMENT AND ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT Power Supply Systems and Electrical Equipment for Desalination Plants - Y.M. Hamud and A.H.
POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS AND ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT FOR DESALINATION PLANTS Y.M. Hamud and A.H. Anwar Abu Dhabi Water and Electricity Authority, Abu Dhabi, UAE Keywords : Electrical System, Network for Desalination,
More informationViking Link Interconnector
Viking Link Interconnector Public information event for Bicker Parish Why we re here today We re here today to introduce the Viking Link project, to explain what we want to build and to answer any questions
More informationProduct Data Bulletin
Product Data Bulletin Power System Harmonics Causes and Effects of Variable Frequency Drives Relative to the IEEE 519-1992 Standard Raleigh, NC, U.S.A. INTRODUCTION This document describes power system
More informationHow To Monitor Water Penetration In A Cable Screen
Detection and location of high voltage cable sheath damage with Water Penetration Monitoring*) Purpose of Monitoring System The expected lifetime of high voltage underground cables is more than 40 years,
More informationRecent Siemens HVDC Activities Yuriy Kazachkov Siemens PTI
IEEE PES 2008 HVDC & FACTS Subcommittee Recent Siemens HVDC Activities Yuriy Kazachkov Siemens PTI 660MW 500kV in operation since July 2007 Commercial Operation Neptune RTS Costumer Project Name Location
More informationTRANSMISSION OPTIONS FOR OFFSHORE WIND FARMS IN THE UNITED STATES
TRANSMISSION OPTIONS FOR OFFSHORE WIND FARMS IN THE UNITED STATES Sally D. Wright, PE Anthony L. Rogers, Ph.D. James F. Manwell, Ph.D. Anthony Ellis, M.S. Renewable Energy Research Lab University of Massachusetts
More informationAn Introduction to High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) Underground Cables
Page 1 An Introduction to High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) Underground Cables Brussels, 10 October 2011 An Introduction to High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) Underground Cables Page 2 Table of content
More informationEarth Fault Detection Basics in Theory
Earth Fault Detection Basics in Theory Author: Dipl.-Ing. Ingo Kühnen Woodward Power Solutions Krefelder Weg 47 47906 Kempen, Germany Kempen, 16.04.2010 Earth_Fault_Detection_20100416.doc page 1 1. Star
More informationTransformers. Special transformers Reactors products
Transformers Special transformers Reactors products Reactors Custom designed, custom built ABB Oy Transformers has extensive experience and numerous references from different reactor applications, having
More informationThe following table shows approximate percentage wise the
SHORT-CIRCUIT CALCULATION INTRODUCTION Designing an electrical system is easy and simple, if only the normal operation of the network is taken into consideration. However, abnormal conditions which are
More informationSustainable energy systems with HVDC transmission
Sustainable energy systems with HVDC transmission Gunnar Asplund Abstract Article on the necessity of efficient electric transmission on electricity to make sustainable generation of energy possible. In
More informationModeling of Transmission Lines
Modeling of Transmission Lines Electric Power Transmission The electric energy produced at generating stations is transported over high-voltage transmission lines to utilization points. The trend toward
More informationHVDC ENABLING THE TRANSITION TO AN ENERGY SYSTEM BASED ON RENEWABLES
HVDC ENABLING THE TRANSITION TO AN ENERGY SYSTEM BASED ON RENEWABLES O. Vestergaard 1, B. Westman 2, G. McKay 3, P. Jones 4, J. Fitzgerald 5, B. Williams 6 1+2 ABB AB, Sweden, ole.vestergaard@se.abb.com,
More informationTHE NEPTUNE REGIONAL TRANSMISSION SYSTEM 500 kv HVDC PROJECT
21, rue d Artois, F-75008 PARIS B4-118 CIGRE 2008 http : //www.cigre.org THE NEPTUNE REGIONAL TRANSMISSION SYSTEM 500 kv HVDC PROJECT E. STERN, J. NASH - NEPTUNE RTS, LLC (U.S.A.) C. SCHOENIGER, C. BARTZSCH
More informationCAPACITOR BANK TESTING SWP
1. PURPOSE AND SCOPE The purpose of this Standard Work Practice (SWP) is to standardise and prescribe the method for testing Capacitor Banks including capacitors, tuning reactors and inrush limiting reactors.
More informationThe stable way. Synchronous condenser solutions. siemens.com/energy/facts
The stable way Synchronous condenser solutions siemens.com/energy/facts Bringing grids in line with new requirements Global climate change poses new challenges for power generation and transmission. Innovative
More informationFeasibility Study of Deep Water Power Cable Systems. Enrico Colombo CESI S.p.A
Feasibility Study of Deep Water Power Cable Systems Enrico Colombo CESI S.p.A Layout of Presentation The Study Context, Objectives, Participants Study Approach & Methodology Assessments and Findings Implementation
More informationJoint Con Edison LIPA Offshore Wind Power Integration Project Feasibility Assessment
Joint Con Edison LIPA Offshore Wind Power Integration Project Feasibility Assessment March 20, 2009 Joint Con Edison LIPA Offshore Wind Power Integration Project Feasibility Assessment Table of Contents:
More information