Establishment of National GIS of Korea

Transcription

1 2. AN OUTLINE OF THE KOREAN HOUSING MARKET Establishment of National GIS of Korea KRIHS SPECIAL REPORT 2007 Geospatial Information Research Center Korea Research Institute for Human Settlements

2 Copyright 2007 Korea Research Institute for Human Settlements All rights reserved. Printed in the Republic of Korea. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any manner without written permission from KRIHS except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. For more information, please address inquiries to: Korea Research Institute for Human Settlements, 224 Simin-ro, Dongangu, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, , Korea. Anyang: Korea Research Institute for Human Settlements, 2007 p.cm Includes bibliographical references ISBN

3 Establishment of National GIS of Korea FOREWORD Supply and use of computers have become widespread since the mid 1980's in Korea. In line with this, public institutions and local governments began to use Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and as GIS application was gradually extended, the need for national standards and criteria has been raised that are essential for data compatibility. GIS also became spotlighted as a means by which one can accurately identify and effectively manage underground facilities, following two tragic events: an underground storage tank explosion that occurred in Seoul in 1994, and an explosion at a Daegu subway construction site which occurred in Under this backdrop, the need for the National GIS (NGIS) was actively discussed, culminating in the initiation of the NGIS Project in Under the NGIS Project, a Master Plan has been established every five years. Also, under the initiative, the nation has expanded infrastructure for national spatial information through various efforts including framework data construction, standards setting-up, technology development, GIS education and distribution network construction. During the first five years of the project (1995~2000), the infrastructure for fundamental spatial information was constructed, which included converting existing paper topographic maps into digital maps, and digitizing cadastral maps, underground facilities maps and road network maps. The next 6 years of the project (2001~2005) set up the institutional infrastructure such as establishment of related laws. Also, a GIS-based administrative information system was established and applied for each individual sector. Since 2005, the nation has been promoting a project of advancing the National Spatial Data Infrastructure targeting informatization of the national territory to accommodate the ubiquitous information environment. Korea has expanded infrastructure for national spatial information over the past 12 years, successfully implementing the NGIS Project. On this basis, public institutions have improved their administrative efficiency and public services. Also, private enterprises have contributed to activating the service industry exploiting geospatial information. It is my wish that this report, which summarizes the progress, will be frequently referred to by GIS experts overseas who are interested in the NGIS Project of Korea. In particular, I hope that this report will be useful for developing countries in Asia, who wish to learn from experiences and know-hows on NGIS construction of Korea. Byung-Sun Choe, Ph. D. President Korea Research Institute for Human Settlements 11 3

4 Establishment of National GIS of Korea

5 Contents 3 Foreword 7 Authors 9 Acronyms and Abbreviations Outline of Korea National GIS Sakong, Ho-Sang 1) Background and Purpose 2) Process and Status of NGIS Project 3) Functions and Roles of Korea Research Institute for Human Settlements 4) Future Plan Present Status of National Spatial Data Infrastructure 1) Framework Data Shin, Dong-Bin 2) NGIS Standard Kim, Mi-Jeong 3) National Geographic Information Clearinghouse Shin, Dong-Bin 4) NGIS Technology Development Chung, Moon-Sub 5) GIS Education Han, Shun-Hee 6) Institutions and Organizations Lee, Young-Joo 7) Research Projects for NGIS Seo, Ki-Hwan Major NGIS Projects 1) Korea Land Information Systems Choe, Byong-Nam & Kim, Kirl 2) Roads and Underground Facilities Management Systems Kim, Jung-Hoon & Han, Jay-II 3) Korea Planning Support Systems Kim, Kirl

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7 Authors Authors Choe, Byong-Nam Research Fellow of KRIHS. Ph.D. in Management Information Systems, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology. Major research fields are National GIS policy and analysis, and design of GIS applications. Recent research works include A Study on the Basic Framework of the National Territorial Policy Decision Support Systems 2007), Development of Korea Planning Support Systems (2006~2007), Strategies for Creating Cyber National Territory toward the Ubiquitous World(II) (2005), Integrated Spatiotemporal Simulation Model for National Territorial Policy(I, II) (2005~2006), Strategies for Implementation GIS-based Local e-government (2004), Development of Land Information Systems (1998~2004), Methods and Strategies for Construction Land Use Monitoring System (2003), and A Study on the 2nd(2000) and 3rd(2005) National GIS Master Plan. ([email protected]) Chung, Moon-Sub Research Fellow of KRIHS. Completed Ph.D. course in Geomatics, Inha University. Major research fields are National Territorial Information System and GIS policy. Recent research works include Strategies for Building Disaster Prevention Territory Using GIS (2006), Strategies of Digital Networked Territory for Ubiquitous World (2005), Vision and Policy Issues for National Geographic Information System in Korea (2004), Strategies for Integrated National Territorial Information System (2003), A Study on the Strategies for National Spatial Data Infrastructure (2003), A Study on the Appraisal for National Geographic Information System (2002) and A Study on Strategies for Local Government Informatization Using GIS (2000). ([email protected]) Han, Jay-Il Assistant Research Fellow of KRIHS. Master of Science in Civil Engineering, Myongji University. Major research fields are National Geographic Framework Database, National Geographic Information Standards, and Roads & Underground Facilities Database management. Recent research works include R&D on Intelligent Urban Underground Facilities Management (2007), Strategies for NGIS Standards (2006), Methods to Integrate and Manage National Framework Data (2006), and A Study on the Promotion of Integrated Management Plan of Roads and Underground Facilities Database (2003). ([email protected]) Han, Shun-Hee Associate Research Fellow of KRIHS. Bachelor in Computer Engineering, Dongguk University. Major research fields are National GIS policy and statistics. Recent research works include Methods to Survey on the Status of Use of Territory in North Korea (2006), Strategies for Creating Cyber National Territory toward the Ubiquitous World(II) (2005), A Study on the 3rd NGIS Master Plan (2004), Assembling Geographic Information in North Korea : Focusing on Non-Field Survey Methodology (2004), The Study on the Accuracy Measurement Methods of Geographic Information (2002), Cyber Territory Construction in Digital Age (2001), and Land Use Interpretation Using High Resolution Satellite Imagery of Kaeseong, North Korea (2001). ([email protected]) Kim, Jung-Hoon Research Fellow of KRIHS. Ph.D. in Town and Country Planning, University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK. Major research fields are National GIS policy and u-city. Recent research works include The Study on the Planning System for the Realization of u-city (2007), The National Strategies for the Realization of u-city (2006), A Study on the Application of Land Form Standards for the Rational Choice of Available Lands For Developmen (2005), and A Study on Implementation Strategies of Urban Information System Based on Common-Use Program for facilities Management (2004). ([email protected]) Kim, Kirl Associate Research Fellow of KRIHS. Ph.D. in Geography, Florida State University. Major research areas are urban geography, quantitative geography and GIS. Recent research papers include A Study on the Basic Frameworks of the National Territorial Policy Decision Support Systems (2007), Korea Planning Support Systems (2006~2007), The Strategies of Developing the Korea Planning Support Systems (2007), and The Causes and Factors Generating Gentrification in Seoul (2007). ([email protected]) 11 7

8 Authors Kim, Mi-Jeong Associate Research Fellow of KRIHS. Ph.D. in Geography, Konkuk University. Major research fields are National GIS policy and analysis, and land information system. Major research works include Methods and Strategies for Land Use Regulation Information System (2005), 3rd National GIS Master Plan (2005), Development of Land Information Systems (1998~2005), Strategies for Implementation GIS_based Local e-government (2004), and Methods and Strategies for Construction Land Use Monitoring System (2003). Lee, Young-Joo Associate Research Fellow of KRIHS. Ph.D. in Media and Governance, Keio University. Major research areas are National GIS policy and business GIS. Major research projects and studies include Assessment and Establishment of Action Program for National GIS Projects (2006), A Study on a White Paper of the 2nd National GIS Project (2006), and A Study on the 3rd National GIS Master Plan (2005). ([email protected]) Sakong, Ho-Sang Director of the Geospatial Information Research Center of KRIHS. Ph.D. in Urban Planning, University of Seoul. Major research projects and studies concerning national policy of GIS/Remote Sensing include NGIS Strategies for Preparing Paradigm Shift of Geospatial Information (2007), Support Study of NGIS Policy and Implementation (2006), A Study on the 3rd NGIS Master Plan (2004), Strategies for Integrated National Territorial Information System (2003), and Urban Analysis through Integration of Remotely Sensed Data and GIS (2002). ([email protected]) Seo, Ki-Hwan Associate Research Fellow of KRIHS. Master in Geographic Information Systems, Kyungpook National University. Major research fields are spatial decision support and GIS. Recent research works include Strategies for NGIS in Preparation for Paradigm Shift in Geospatial Information (2007), Methods to Survey on the Status of Use of Territory in North Korea (2006), Assembling North Korea's Geographic Information to Promote Cooperation between South and North Korea (2005), A Study on the 3rd National GIS Master Plan (2004), and Strategies for Integrated National Territorial Information System (2003). ([email protected]) Shin, Dong-Bin Research Fellow of KRIHS. P.E, Ph.D. in Civil Engineering, Yonsei University. Major research fields are National GIS policy, Geographic Information Circulation and Quality Control of GIS Database. Recent research works include Strategies for Enhancing National Geographic Information Clearinghouse (2006), A Study on the Promotion of Integrated Management Plan of Roads and Underground Facilities Database (2003), A Study on Implementation Strategies to Build Framework Database (2002), A Study on the Audit of Underground Facility Database (2002), A Study on a White Paper of the 1st National GIS Construction Project (2002), and A Study on the Unified Management for Roads and Underground Facilities Database (2002). ([email protected]) 128

9 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS GIS KLIS KOPSS KRIHS LBS LMIS MCIE MIC MOCT MOGAHA NGIC NGIS NSDI PBLIS WAMP Geographic Information Systems Korea Land Information Systems Korea Planning Support Systems Korea Research Institute for Human Settlements Location Based Service Land Management Information System Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Energy Ministry of Information and Communication Ministry of Construction and Transportation Ministry of Government Administration and Home Affairs National Geographic Information Clearinghouse National Geographic Information Systems National Spatial Data Infrastructure Parcel-based Land Information System Widely Applicable Management Program 11 9

10 1. Outline of Korea National GIS 1) Background and Purpose In Korea, the concept of a Geographic Information System (GIS) was introduced in the late 1980's. On an independent basis, some local governments, public institutions and private sector companies began to carry out GIS projects. With multiple GIS projects being conducted by separate institutions, problems arose such as duplicated data implementation, lack of compatibility and quality deterioration. It soon became evident that it was necessary to formulate national standards and present a diversity of standards so as to prevent waste and improve data interoperability. That is, a wellstructured arrangement and planned promotion was required. In addition, Korea was faced with a range of problems that included environmental pollution, traffic jams, and a lack of basic infrastructure, as a result of rapid industrialization and urbanization that had occurred in the past 20 years (from the beginning of the 1990s). The necessity of new analysis and a management technique for solving it became conspicuous. Specifically, the occurrence of a city gas supply base explosion in Ahyeon-dong, Seoul in 1994, and a subway construction site gas pipe explosion in Sangin-dong, Daegu in 1995 became decisive moments for the introduction of the NGIS. Accordingly, the Korean government established the NGIS Master Plan and began to actively execute the NGIS Project in May 1998, in order to establish the National Spatial Information Infrastructure (NSDI) systematically and consistently

11 1. Outline of Korea National GIS Table 1 Vision of NGIS Master Plan Description 1st NGIS Master Plan 2nd NGIS Master Plan 3rd NGIS Master Plan Vision To construct national spatial data, to strengthen national competitiveness and to improve ministrative productivity To realize a digital national territory by expanding the NSDI To create infrastructure for realization of ubiquitous country Objectives Strategies Spatial DB construction National standard acceptance and GIS S/W development Establishment of basic spatial DB standard Construction of basic spatial DB infrastructure Spatial data standardization Government GIS application system development Improvement of related regulations Development of digital national territory foundation Internet utilization and application of geographic information Core technology development and industry promotion Continuous development of infrastructure environment, such as standardization and GIS education Expansion of the NSDI Improvement of distribution system Strong support from government Strengthening of mutual partnership Maximization of publiccentered service Realization of GIS-based e- Government Improvement of quality of life through GIS Creation of new businesses by using GIS Expansion and substantialization of fundamental geographic information Maximization of GIS use Promotion of development of GIS core technology Establishment of NGIS standard system Advancement of GIS policy 2) Process and Status of NGIS Project The first NGIS Project (1995~2000) was intended to construct spatial information, with the goals of strengthening national competitiveness and improving administrative productivity. In order to realize these goals, the government constructed spatial information DB and established NGIS standards and developed GIS software. In this period, the government concentrated on the computerization of the national basemap, which was the basis of national spatial information. That is, it computerized the topographic map published by the government at the scales of 1/5000, 1/25000, and 11

12 12 1/50000, and also computerized the Cadastral Map, Land Use Map, and the road network. In addition, the government formulated the standards required for data construction, and developed the related technologies. In 2000, it laid the groundwork for the NGIS, through formulating and executing the Act on the Implementation and Utilization of the National Geographic Information System (NGIS Law). The second NGIS Project (2001~2005) was aimed at realizing a digital national territory through the expansion of the NSDI. In order to actualize this, the infrastructure environment was continuously constructed through a range of initiatives, and this included the arrangement of the foundation of the digital national territory, the distribution of geographic information via the Internet, core GIS technology development & industry support, standardization and manpower cultivation. In this period, the government concentrated on establishing the application system with the framework data. The framework data included administrative districts, traffic, marine & water resources, cadastre, geodetic control points, topography, facilities, satellite images and aerial photos: geographical information that became the most basic framework of the nation. In addition, the government executed the application system construction project in each ministry using the implemented geographic information. It also established an infrastructure that enabled public institutions to share information each other and acquire geographical information easily, which was the national geographic information distribution network. The third NGIS Project (2006~2010) set the goal of building up the infrastructure for the realization of Ubiquitous territory. To achieve this goal, the government has expanded, reinforced, and maximized GIS utilization, developed GIS's core technologies, established a NGIS standard system, and advanced GIS policy. The concept of ubiquitous territory refers to an environment in which everyone can acquire and utilize spatial information easily, anytime and anywhere. To achieve this, the government plans to complete the framework data construction, to build the integrated GIS DB, and to develop the Intelligent National Territorial Information Technology before For the first NGIS Project, a budget of approximate 280 billion won was invested, including national expenses and the local government's expense. For the second NGIS Project, a budget of approximate 550 billion won was spent(only national expense). Finally, a total budget of 1.5 trillion won is scheduled to be required for the third NGIS Project.

13 1. Outline of Korea National GIS Table 2 Accomplishments of NGIS Project Description 1st NGIS Project 2nd NGIS Project 3rd NGIS Project Geographic data construction Topographical map and cadastral map computerization Construction of special maps, such as land utilization status map Construction of framework data by sector, such as road, river, building and cultural heritage Inclusion of Statistical Districts in framework data Completion of framework data construction by 2010 Application system establishment Underground facilities map construction GIS application system development, such as land utilization, environment, agriculture and marine and GIS education Linkage and integration of individual GIS application systems Standardization Formulation of DB construction-related standards, such as national basemap and special maps Formulation of geographical information exchange and distribution-related standards Formulation of 1 standard for framework data, 13 standards for geographical information construction, 5 standards for distribution, and 4 standards for the application system Re-establishment of framework data standard Modification and supplementation of existing standards Strengthening of standard application PR Technology development Mapping technology, DB Tool, GIS S/W technology development Technology development such as 3-dimensional GIS, and high-precision satellite image processing Intelligent National Territorial Information Technology Development project GIS education Manpower cultivation through informatization labor project Off-line GIS education Off-line and On-line GIS education Education materials and practice program development Operation of 15 GIS education universities Production of On-line education contents Distribution Pilot NGIC project promotion NGIC establishment: A total of 139 types and about 700,000 cases registered The same 11 13

14 3) Functions and Roles of Korea Research Institute for Human Settlements Because the NGIS Project has involved the active participation of many ministries, including the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries, the Ministry of Government Administration and Home Affairs (MOGAHA), the Ministry of the Environment, the Ministry of Information and Communication (MIC) and the Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Energy (MCIE), as well as the Ministry of Construction and Transportation (MOCT), the role of the NGIS Management Agency is very important. As the NGIS Management Agency of the NGIS Promotion Committee, the Korea Research Institute for Human Settlements (KRIHS) has taken the initiative in executing the NGIS Project by developing related policies and by monitoring the project. The KRIHS established the 1st, 2nd and 3rd NGIS Master Plan, and has constantly developed NGIS policies and strategies through its research. In particular, the KRIHS has directly executed the framework data, standards, distribution, and GIS education project, which are the core factors of the NSDI, and has developed the related policies. That is, it has played the role of a policy brain. The KRIHS planned the NGIS Project conducted by the government, and took the initiative in developing the technology and system while executing the policy functions. Its representative project is the Korea Land Information Systems (KLIS). For this project, the KRIHS conducted basic research, experimental research and a pilot project. The project was then implemented by the MOCT. In addition, the KRIHS has established the GIS analysis technique and analysis model through basic research, and has recently concentrated on the Decision Support System using GIS. 4) Future Plan As shown in <Figure 1>, the Korean government has resolved 'infrastructure development for the realization of ubiquitous national territory as the policy principle behind the currently-implemented third NGIS Project. The goal of the project encompasses the public sector, the civil sector and industrial sector. The public sector goals target the central government and the local governments, and include realization of GIS-based e-government. The civil sector goals include the promotion of civil safety and convenience through the utilization of GIS. Also, the industrial sector will research new industrial developments, such as the service utilizing GIS and g-contents development. Strategies for the third NGIS Project are as follows; Firstly, strengthen the NSDI, such as the framework data, standard, distribution 12 14

15 1. Outline of Korea National GIS technology development, and GIS education. It is necessary to modify, supplement and update the NSDI continuously, not simply execute for a certain period. Accordingly, the third NGIS Project will concentrate on reinforcing and enhancing the NSDI. Secondly, maximize the application value of the NGIS. It intends to execute national territory informatization, to enable active responses to changes in the information environment. It will also establish the Integrated Land Information System, which links or integrates individually operated information systems, to easily apply spatial information anytime and anywhere. In order to develop the technology to connect the GIS with the ubiquitous information environment, the korean government is expected to execute the Intelligent National Territorial Information Technology Development Project, for 5 years starting from this year. Thirdly, construct a user-oriented NGIS. In the beginning of the NGIS Project, the focus was on building the NSDI. However, in this stabilization phase, the NGIS Project aims to construct custom-made geographic information, or an application system desired by users. Lastly, because the NGIS is one part of national information infrastructure, the NGIS Project will not independently execute the project, but collaborate with other national informatization-related projects. For example, it is effective to maintain a cooperative relationship with e-government projects and IT-based projects. The NSDI is the important national infrastructure required for continuous territory development, support for the nation s economic activity, development of a safe and convenient living environment, and efficient & productive administration. Until now, the focus has been on the GIS establishment of the public sector, by the central and the local governments. However, a course of development must be pursued that allows for the activation of GIS-based private industry, and the expansion of GIS contents in the public service

16 Figure 1 3rd NGIS Master Plan Schema Vision Creation of Infrastructure for Realization of Ubiquitous Country Objectives Realization of GIS-based e-government Improvement of quality of life through GIS Creation of new businesses by using GIS Strategies Expansion and substantiation of NGIS infrastructure Construction of user-oriented national spatial information Maximization of NGIS use value Cooperation with national informatization project Expansion and substantiation of fundamental geographic information Maximization of GIS use Main Projects Promotion of development of GIS core technologies Establishment of NGIS standard system Advancement of GIS policy 12 16

17 2. Present Status of National Spatial Data Infrastructure 2. Present Status of National Spatial Data Infrastructure 1) Framework Data (1) Outline of Framework Data As the information society has developed, the demand for applied geographic data in the private sector and public sector has substantially increased. This demand for geographic data has continuously increased on all fronts; from individuals, public institutions, and industry. To effectively respond to this increasing demand, while ensuring reliability and preventing waste from overlapping construction, geographic data must be constructed and supplied at the national level. Most countries around the world have constructed the most basic geographic information and supplied it to the public. This can be referred to as framework data. Recognizing the importance and necessity of framework data, Korea has been also promoting framework data construction as a priority task of the NGIS Project. In Korea, a definition for framework data and the items of framework data is prescribed in the NGIS Law. According to the NGIS Law, there must be geographic information that becomes a basic framework in construction and application of the NGIS as requisites of framework data. Secondly, there must be basic geographic information, which is extensive and is required by a range of users. Thirdly, there must be many types of geographic information that add or overlap, diagrammatically or spatially. Also, the object of the framework data is specified in the Enforcement Decree of the Implementation and Utilization of the National Geographic Information System ACT. Framework data, as specified by the president, means administrative districts, transportation, marine & water resources (including the sewer system), land register, geodetic control points, topography, facilities (including national cultural heritage and the designated cultural heritage of Si & Do), satellite images & aerial photos, and other geographic information designated by the head of the related central administrative organ by the committee s review. As the Statistical District is included in the above framework data, it has been adjusted into 10 fields. As prescribed in the NGIS Law, because the framework data is the information that provides the most basic framework, and is the NSDI that is commonly used in extensive and varied fields, the framework data must be built according to strict standards and guidelines

18 Figure 2 Framework Data Items Administrative district Cadastre Transportation Geodetic control point Overlapping Utilization Facilities Topography Water resources Spatial imagery Ocean Statistical district (2) Framework Data Construction to Date In the period of the first NGIS Project (1995~2000), the framework data construction project was not conducted in a strict sense. This was because there was a fundamental condition required prior to constructing the framework data. At that time, there were no existing standards with regard to construction of geographic information in digital form. Accordingly, in this period, research was performed to determine a plan for constructing framework data that was suitable for our needs. Also, we carried out tasks such as construction of framework data of an experimental level for a project area prior to fully promoting the project

19 2. Present Status of National Spatial Data Infrastructure For the second NGIS Project period (2001~2005), the framework data was actively constructed. In 2004, the framework data model standards of administrative district, transportation, facilities and water resources fields were formulated. In 2005, the framework data construction for the transportation, facility and water resources fields were completed. In addition, the framework data-related DB construction project has been constantly executed for the ocean, spatial imagery, geodetic control point and cadastre. (3) Method of Framework Data Construction Because the framework data are composed of 10 different items, it is difficult for one organization to implement completely. For this reason, it is desirable that a legally or occupationally related public institution should implement and continue to maintain the framework data. Therefore, as shown in <Figure 3>, the boundary of the administrative district is the responsibility of the MOGAHA, while transportation is the Figure 3 Institutions in Charge of Framework Data Construction Administrative district Transportation Facilities Cadastre Water resources Ocean Ministry of Government Administration and Home Affairs Ministry of Construction and Transportation National Geographic Information Institute National Geographic Information Institute Cultural Heritage Administration Ministry of Government Administration and Home Affairs Ministry of Construction and Transportation National Geographic Information Institute Korea Water Resource Corporation Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries National Oceanographic Research Institute Topography Geodetic control point National Geographic Information Institute Spatial imagery Statistics Korea National Statistical Office Primary Institution 11 19

20 responsibility of the National Geographic Information Institute. Also, the shoreline is the responsibility of the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries, and the topography, geodetic control points and spatial imagery is the responsibility of the National Geographic Information Institute. Finally, the statistical district is the responsibility of the Korea National Statistical Office. In other words, a responsible organization has been designated for each item. Institutions that implement the framework data will implement and update the data by determining the object of implementation, the level of quality, the production method and the production plan for each field through discussions with the MOCT. (4) Status of Framework Data Construction The most desirable situation would be to newly develop framework data according to current requirements in terms of quality. However, as this would involve a lot of time and expense, the framework data have been implemented through application of a digital topographic map. That is, the procedure to connect a structured editing and attribute information after extracting the geographic information layer from the Digital Topographic Map has been additionally executed. As the status of the framework data implementation shown in <Table 3>, the transportation, facilities, cadastre and water resource sectors were completely implemented, and have been continuously updated as of the end of The administrative district, ocean, topography, and geodetic control point sectors are currently under construction. The spatial imagery and statistical district sectors are scheduled to be implemented beginning in Because the framework data have been constructed applying digital topographic map layers, its quality in terms of accuracy and precision is low. To improving this, an enhancement process must be constantly executed. Also, in order avoid overlap of the framework data s application, a framework data integration and management institution, which synthetically manages all items of framework data, will be designated and managed. In addition, all items of framework data are scheduled to be completely constructed by

21 2. Present Status of National Spatial Data Infrastructure Table 3 Present Status of Framework Data Construction Field Item Completed In progress Planned Administrative district Administrative and legal boundary Transportation Road boundary and road center line Railway boundary and railway center line Facilities Building Cultural heritage Cadastre Cadastre Water resources River center, river boundary, lake & reservoir, river valley boundary Ocean Shoreline, ocean boundary, submarine topography, ocean control point Topography Digital elevation model Control point Geodetic control point Spatial imagery Orthoimage, orthophoto Statistics Statistical district (5) Future Plan The goal of the framework data implementation project of the third NGIS Project (2006~2010) is to complete implementation of framework data and to improve its quality. In order to complete implementation of framework data by 2010, cooperation among institutions that implement the framework data is crucial. Accordingly, the cooperation system of the institutions implementing the framework data is to be strengthened, mainly by the MOCT. Next, the requisites of framework data must be definitely determined, in order to improve the quality of framework data. Because framework data are currently extracted from the digital topographic map, there is an insufficient requisite as topographic information. Accordingly, the requirements of quality will be determined, such as time accuracy, position accuracy, attribute accuracy, completeness and consistency. As the framework data is widely utilized by all, everyone should be able to easily utilize it. To this end, the framework data must be accessible via the Internet, from anywhere and at any time. If possible, it must be provided free of charge. Therefore, the framework data are scheduled to be provided effectively through the National Geographic Information Clearinghouse (NGIC)

22 2) NGIS Standard (1) Overview When the NGIS Project is executed according to the prescribed standards, budget waste can be prevented, and synergy can be created through improved efficiency and inter-connectedness between projects. Accordingly, GIS standardization has been pursued from the earliest stages of the NGIS Master Plan. Standardization means determining a common system and following it, so as to enable a range of different users to share data or a system. The system requires data, a method of making the data, and a method of exchanging the data. Also, to enable multiple users to follow it, there needs to be reasonable discussion and the approval of an authorized organization. For such a system, the standard system is composed of an object of standardization, a method of standardization, procedures of standardization, and organization of standardization. That is, it is necessary to establish what will be standardized, which method will be used for the standard, which procedures will be executed for the standard, and who will make the standard. Accordingly, the GIS standard system to be established for the NGIS was composed of the object of GIS standardization, the method of GIS standardization, the procedures of GIS standardization, and the organization of GIS standardization. Figure 4 NGIS Standard System GIS Standard Method - Data standard - Procedure standard - Technology standard Procedures of GIS Standardization - Development (updating) procedure - Maintenance procedure - Standard application GIS Standardization Targets - Spatial data implementation - Maintenance & updating - Distribution & service Organization of GIS Standardization - Organization formulation - Role and detailed duties 12 22

23 2. Present Status of National Spatial Data Infrastructure (2) Performance of GIS Standardization In the 10-year period from 1995 to 2005, 73 GIS-related standards were developed. These included the standard for implementation of spatial data for effective execution of the NGIS Project, the spatial information exchange and distribution-related standard, and the standard for the interface or architecture for improving the efficiency of GIS application system. With regard to the standard for implementing spatial information, there were mostly the standards for the production of digital drawings, such as the national basemap, thematic map and underground facilities map. To this end, about 49 related standards were developed. With regard to the standard for continuously maintaining and updating implemented spatial information, one standard was developed. With regard to the standard for providing spatial information and system, a total of 23 standards for data exchange, web service, mobile service and others were developed. Its development was focused on the individual unit project. Table 4 Standards Developed for Period of the 1st and 2nd NGIS Master Plan (example) Object Method GIS Standards Building Spatial Information Data standard Process standard Design guideline for geographic framework data model, Geographic data model standard, Standard for underground facility map for NGIS, Digital map integrated standard for NGIS, etc. Geographic information-quality evaluation procedures, Geographic information-procedures for item registration, etc. Technology standard - Maintenance & Updating Service Data standard Metadata standard for geographic information management Process standard - Technology standard - Data standard Geographic information-portrayal, Exchange standard of national framework database based on GML, etc. Process standard - Technology standard Web feature service, Function for mobile GIS services, etc

24 From 2006, the NGIS standard is intended to actually modify the standard of framework data implementation for the NSDI. In addition, a GIS standard to support implementation of spatial information infrastructure by objects of GIS standardization will be selected as shown in <Table 5>, and then related standards by year will be developed. In addition, continuous maintenance will be executed for developed GIS standards. By actively promoting the developed and maintained GIS standards, it will be able to be applied in diverse fields. Table 5 Standards to be Developed During Period of the 3rd NGIS Master Plan (example) Object Method GIS Standards Building Spatial Info Maintenance & Updating Service Data standard Process standard Technology standard Data standard Process standard Technology standard Data standard Process standard Technology standard Specification for imagery and gridded data, Data model for moving features, Extended UFIS for u-service, etc. 3-dimensional geographic information specification using GIS DB Sensor data model for u-service Profile for geographic information metadata, Metadata for imagery geographic information, etc. Guideline for GIS standard application in public sector, Guideline for GIS implementation in public sector, Geographic information updating process, Quality control for geographic information web service Guideline for integrating geographic information service based on web service 3-dimensional geographic information portrayal based on web service, XML encoding based on imagery data, Simple portrayal model for moving feature, Semantic web framework for geographic information web service Geographic information service workflow, SQL for moving feature query Sensor service interface for u-service, Common service for GIS integration in public sector, Geographic information RSS service interface, Common interface for geographic information web service, Geographic information cataloguing service interface 12 24

25 2. Present Status of National Spatial Data Infrastructure (3) Organization of GIS Standard The NGIS Promotion Committee is composed of a total of 5 subcommittees. Among them, the standardization subcommittee is in charge of standardization. In order to actively perform standardization, a working group and a technical advisory committee operate under the standardization subcommittee. The standardization subcommittee executes decision-making duties such as drawing mutual agreements among standard-related institutions. The standardization subcommittee must report to the MCIE, the MIC, and the MOCT. The working group executes ordinary duties such as the public subscription and acceptance of standards in relation to GIS Standard. The Korean Agency for Technology and Standards, the Korea Research Institute for Human Settlements, the National Information Society Agency, and the Korea Ocean Research & Development Institute have jointly executed the GIS Standard. The technical advice team is in charge of technical review & modification of developed standards, the pilot application of the proposed standard and the evaluation of application results. This team is organized by private experts who are experienced in performing actual standardization, or of implementing the system and data by utilizing the standard. Figure 5 Formation of Standardization Subcommittee Standardization Subcommittee (MCIE, MIC & MOCT) Korea Ocean Research & Development Institute Working Group Technical Advice Team Korean Agency for Technology and Standards National Information Society Agency KRIHS 11 25

26 The standardization subcommittee needs to have close cooperation with other subcommittees such as the framework data subcommittee, the utilization & distribution subcommittee, and the technology development subcommittee. That is, when the framework data subcommittee, the utilization & distribution subcommittee, and the technology development subcommittee related to the GIS standard establish a standard execution plan for developing the GIS standard, they submit it to the standardization subcommittee, and the standardization subcommittee reviews the submitted plan and standard for overlap. Therefore, there is a mutual partnership of the subcommittees. In addition, when each subcommittee develops the GIS standard, the standardization subcommittee executes active supports for it. (4) Process of GIS Standardization The NGIS standard is formulated through a five-phase process. The first phase is the exploration and public subscription of the GIS standard to be developed. This phase explores the standard required for implementation of the national spatial information infrastructure, and to publicly subscribe it to the standard experts. Through it, it is expected that the development of the standard will be participated in more practical and diversified fields. The second phase is the development of the standard selected in the phase of public subscription. The third phase is the procedure for improving the application by evaluating and reviewing the developed standard. The fourth phase is the determination of the standard s level; for example, a determination of whether the developed standard is suitable as a national standard, or as a group standard. Following this, the determined national standard will be presented as a national standard, and will improve the position of Korea s standard

27 2. Present Status of National Spatial Data Infrastructure Figure 6 Procedures of GIS Standard Development International standard Registration as the national standard No Yes Review of the national standard proposal appropriateness Standard (proposal) review Standard (proposal) development Exploration and public subscription 11 27

28 3) National Geographic Information Clearinghouse (1) Background As the NGIS Project has been actively executed from 1995, multiple public institutions, including the central government, local governments and government-invested institutions, have implemented the spatial data required for the project. However, as there is no amicable information exchange among the institutions that implement the spatial data, data are repeatedly implemented, or implemented data is not commonly utilized. That is, problems of inefficiency occur. In order to solve such problem and to search & utilize the spatial data without any restriction of time and space, anywhere and at any time, the NGIC project was launched. It has been conducted since 2000 by the MOCT, according to the second NGIS Master Plan. As the result, the NGIC, which can distribute the spatial data produced by nationwide public institutions online, has been established. (2) NGIC Construction The NGIC is composed of the NGIC center, the regional gateway, supplier and demander, as shown in <Figure 7>. Each component is explained in the following. The NGIC center is the core institution to synthetically manage the spatial data implemented by the NGIS Project and various GIS projects. The regional gateway is the institution that sells or distributes the spatial data and metadata produced by the region. The supplier is the institution which entrusts and sells the implemented and owned spatial data to the NGIC center or the regional gateway. Finally, the demander is the individual, enterprise, research center or institution that purchases the spatial data and uses it according to its own purpose. The demander researches the spatial data by accessing the NGIC center, and the center informs the demander of the metadata research result of the regional gateway. The demander can confirm the spatial data through the preview function, and then can download the data

29 2. Present Status of National Spatial Data Infrastructure Figure 7 Components of the NGIC Distribution Gateway Access Center of National Geographic Information Clearinghouse Internet Geographic Information Download Electronic Payment Geographic Information User Geographic Information Search Distribution Status Information Sale Price Payment Geographic Information Supplier Korea Financial Telecommunications & Clearings Institute Payment Geographic Information Regional Gateway Geographic Information Sale on Commission The NGIC is currently operated by the NGIS Division of the MOCT. Regional gateways are operated by 9 institutions, as shown in <Figure 8>. Figure 8 Regional Gateways by Region Seoul Regional Gateway Gyeonggi Regional Gateway Distribution Center (MOCT) Gangwon Regional Gateway (Chuncheon) National Geographic Information Institute Regional Gateway Chungcheong Regional Gateway (Daejeon) Honam Regional Gateway (Gwangju) Jeju Regional Gateway Gyeongbuk Regional Gateway (Daegu) Gyeongnam Regional Gateway (Busan) 11 29

30 The NGIC provides the spatial data owned by the central ministries, local governments and public institutions to the demander. The system configuration of the NGIC is described in <Figure 9>, and it provides the function of distributing the file-based data and the feature-based spatial data. It is connected to the PG (Payment Gateway) service of Korea Financial Telecommunications & Clearing Institute, to enable electronic payment for the sale of data. The NGIC center plays the role of an NGIC gateway, and manages the regional gateway and the distribution record information. Each regional gateway operates its own independent system, which distributes the spatial data of the corresponding region. Figure 9 Configuration Diagram of the NGIC Customer Supplier management tool Decoding & Download module Map Browser Payment Gateway module Web Browser File-based distribution Center of NGIC (MOCT) Management tool Metadata registration management Regional Gateway homepage RDBMS Metadata information (File-based) Regional Gateway homepage Payment Gateway module Coding module Regional Gateway list Member information Distribution history Distribution Gateway File+spatial DB-based distribution KFTC Metadata registration management Regional Gateway homepage Data re-announcement Payment Gateway RDBMS Metadata information (File-based) Spatial DBMS Geographic information (Layer-based spatial data) Regional Gateway management tool Payment module Coding/Compression module Customer access Supplier access Payment route Internal route KFTC: Korea Financial Telecommunications and Clearings Institute 12 30

31 2. Present Status of National Spatial Data Infrastructure The NGIC provides about 150 kinds of diversified spatial data, including digital topographic map, a detailed soil map, a green naturality map, and a land cover map, as shown in <Figure 10>. As of October 2007, about 760,000 spatial data elements have been provided through the NGIC. Figure 10 Example of Spatial Data Provided by the NGIC Digital Topographic Map Detailed Soil Map Green Naturality Map Land Cover Map Road Network Map Framework Data In order to use the spatial data and the related service through the NGIC, the user must access As costs have been collected in the past through the sale of spatial data, there is more charged data available than free data. Users can search for spatial data using index map search, string search, or map number search methods. After the user finds the required data, the user can make an online payment and then download the data. Data that has been designated as Free can be downloaded from the main page, without search procedures or payment. The user can preview the data in advance, and can also inquire regarding the history of data through the provided metadata

32 (3) Implementation Plan Following implementation of a quantitatively and qualitatively-advanced NGIC, we intend to make improvements to it that enable the user to utilize the spatial data more easily and rapidly. The advanced NGIC provides not only simple data but also a range of services that can utilize the spatial data together. Examples of provided services include a satellite image service, a format conversion service and a user community service. In order to provide various spatial data and application services by developing the existing performance, we intend to expand our partnerships with the private sector and to increase the variety of content and the convenience to the user. We plan to create added value and to activate related industries through spreading, utilizing and promoting such spatial data. In addition, we plan to provide a service broker function, as shown in <Figure 11>, to enable the government, public and private service providers to register each spatial data utilization service with the NGIC. The service broker plays the role of collecting and providing the registered service. Through the service broker, the spatial data-related services can be utilized in the NGIC. Figure 11 Service Framework Concept Map Customized for Korea Find & Bind Requestor (User. Other system, etc.) Web Browser Desktop GlS APP Broker + Provider (NGIC Center) Application Services Broker function of SOA model Catalog Services Metadata information Publish Provider (Regional gateway, Distribution node, etc.) Data Services Portrayal Services Processing Services Mobile GIS APP Bind Geographic data Other Business APP Related institutions/private connection system 12 32

33 2. Present Status of National Spatial Data Infrastructure 4) NGIS Technology Development (1) Overview A part of the NSDI, the NGIS technology development project formed the basis of implementation through the first and second NGIS Project. As of 2007, the third technology development project required for the enhancement of GIS application system for the ubiquitous era has been conducted. During the first planning period (1995 ~2000), the GIS technology infrastructure was developed, as the Ministry of Science and Technology executed the GIS technology development in 4 sectors. During the 2nd planning period (2001~2005), the MIC conducted the GIS technology development project. During the third planning period (2006~2010), the MOCT is scheduled to conduct the Intelligent National Territorial Information Technology Development in five sectors, to build the geospatial information society. (2) Accomplishments to Date For the 1st NGIS technology development, the Ministry of Science and Technology conducted the GIS technology development project in four sectors, with the goal of developing GIS technology through foreign technical cooperation and independent technology development. In the DBMS Independent basic S/W technology, the projects of GIS API technology development, GIS analysis operational S/W technology, DB Tool technology, and GIS system integration technology were conducted. Mapping technology, data acquisition and modification software, data processing & threedimensional topographic analysis software, as well as map print and map design automation software were developed, utilizing GIS input & output and spatial analysis technology software. For DB TOOL technology development, the spatial object management & storage system and the RDBMS & OODBMS interface were developed through the development of the DBMS interface for GIS data application. In GIS system integration technology, the system integration technology, GIS advanced technology monitoring & technology diffusion, GIS application S/W for the public facilities management system, GIS data edition and integrated management technology and three-dimensional spatial analysis S/W in the Internet environment were developed

34 For the 2nd NGIS technology development project, the Open GIS and imaging process-related technology development was promoted for GIS S/W development, with the support of the MIC. In the Open GIS component technology development, the data supply, common core, spatial information distribution and GIS application component were developed with the goal of developing open middleware S/W to support two-way compatibility and data sharing of spatial information in the distribution environment. In the three-dimensional GIS S/W development, the software for implementing and processing large-capacity three dimensional geographic information, such as three dimensional geographic information & facility configuration extraction, four-dimensional space-time data processing, efficient automation modeling, three-dimensional information, and the core components to efficiently store, search, manage, analyze and visualize visual information. In terms of high-resolution satellite imagery processing technology development, the design & realization of satellite image data input/output & shared standard data structure and the common view, the development of core components organized into 9 categories and container realization, the basic research on test bed implementation for the verification of developed technology and the high-precision satellite image-related policy research were executed. In the spatial image information integration technology development, the application method research in the fields of the core technology for the integration of multi-sensor spatial image information, the public sector utilization business of multi-sensor spatial image information processing technology, multi-sensor spatial image information standardization and the related spatial information were executed

35 2. Present Status of National Spatial Data Infrastructure Table 6 Results of the 1st and 2nd NGIS Technology Development Project Title Period Institution in Charge DBMS Independent GIS Basic S/W - GIS API Development - GIS Analysis S/W Development - GIS Operation S/W Development - GIS User Interface Technology Development Mapping Technology Development - Data acquisition and modification S/W development - Data processing and three-dimensional topographic S/W development - Map printing and map design automation S/W development The First DB Tool - Spatial object management system development - Spatial object storage system development - RDBMS Interface development - OODBMS Interface development 1995~ 1999 Ministry of Science and Technology GIS System Integration - System integration development - GIS advanced technology monitoring and spread - Public facility management GIS application software development - GIS data editing and integrated management technology development - Internet environment three-dimensional spatial analysis S/W development The Second Open GIS component technology development 3-dimensional GIS S/W technology development High-precision satellite image processing technology development Spatial information(4s)-connected technology support business 1999~ ~ ~ ~ 2003 Ministry of Information and Telecommunication Multi-sensor spatial image information integration technology development 2004~ 2006 Various GIS technology development projects were conducted under the auspices of the 1st and 2nd NGIS technology development projects. With the introduction of 11 35

36 advanced GIS technology development and the utilization of independent manpower, active GIS projects were executed, but there has been an insufficient application of the developed technology. To solve this problem, we plan to develop the component technology and core technology required for GIS application system and then to contribute to domestic and foreign GIS projects, with the goal of supporting the spatial information society of the ubiquitous era, in the third NGIS technology development product. (3) Implementation Plan In the third NGIS Project, which began in 2006, the five sectors Intelligent National Territorial Information Technology Development project is scheduled to be conducted mainly by the MOCT (Korea Institute of Construction & Transportation Technology Evaluation and Planning) in order to respond to the change in the national informatization paradigm and to execute customized technology development for the geographic information demander. The Intelligent National Territorial Information Technology Development project intends to contribute to the improvement of quality of life in the public and private sectors by advancing the spatial information technology under the vision of Infrastructure building for ubiquitous territory actualization. To this end, real-time territory management, convenient city operation and safe construction will be supported through the development of the primary territorial information technology for territorial spaces, cities, and SOC. In this project, the technology development projects of five sectors including the spatial information infrastructure, territory monitoring, city facility intelligence, construction informatization and u-gis combination are scheduled by 2010, mainly by the intellectual territory information division of the Korea Institute of Construction & Transportation Technology Evaluation and Planning. In the spatial information-based infrastructure project, base infrastructure improvement, spatial information acquisition equipment development, and construction of object-based territory spatial information are planned for spatial information infrastructure innovation. In the territory monitoring project, air & ground monitoring technology, integrated monitoring management system, and monitoring data application system development for real-time territory monitoring are scheduled. In the 12 36

37 2. Present Status of National Spatial Data Infrastructure urban facility intelligence project, the Intelligent underground facility management technology, the advanced IT-based ground facility management technology, and the urban space information integration platform technology development projects are scheduled, with the goal of establishing an intelligent urban space information infrastructure. In the u-gis-based construction informatization project, the development projects of u-gis spatial information processing technology, the next-generation visualization technology, the indoor spatial information management technology, and customized territory information technology are planned, with the goal of realizing safe and convenient construction spaces. In the u-gis core combination technology project, the development projects of u-gis spatial information processing technology, next-generation visualization technology, indoor spatial information management technology, and customized territory information technology for the inducement of adoption of the u-gis standard and technology are planned. When the Intelligent National Territorial Information Technology Innovation Project is successfully completed in 2010, it will promote innovative territory management, and contribute to the improvement of the quality of people s lives by obtaining the core technology of the next-generation territory information system

38 Figure 12 3rd GIS Technology Development Plan Core Task Directions Major Technologies Spatial information-based infrastructure Spatial information infrastructure innovation - Based infrastructure - Spatial information acquisition equipment development - Implementation of object-based territory spatial information Territory monitoring Real-time territory monitoring - Air & ground monitoring technology - Integrated monitoring management system - Monitoring data application system Urban facility intelligence Establishment of intelligent urban space information infrastructure - Intelligent underground facility management technology - IT-based ground facility management technology - Urban space information integration platform u-gis-based construction informatization Realization of safe and convenient construction space - Spatial information construction technology for construction drawing - Location-based construction resources management technology - u-gis-based ground information management u-gis core combination technology Induction of u-gis standard and technology - u-gis spatial information processing technology - Next-generation visualization technology - Indoor spatial information management technology - Customized territory information technology 12 38

39 2. Present Status of National Spatial Data Infrastructure 5) GIS Education (1) Background and Purposes of GIS Education The government has recognized the importance of GIS for many years now, having conducted the first NGIS Project beginning in However, at that time, many people did not fully understand the concepts and the potential applications of GIS. In light of this, to ensure the successful execution of the NGIS Project, it was necessary to quickly and effectively educate the central government and local government officials who were to be involved in the project. Several important GIS-based application systems have been introduced, implemented and operated by the central government, local governments and public institutions, and these include the KLIS, the urban information system, and the underground facilities system. However, as the officials in charge lacked the sufficient ability to use the system, and as many of these officials were frequently replaced, there were difficulties in operating these GIS application systems. When a GIS application system is not satisfactorily utilized and operated, the effectiveness of the NGIS Project is likely to be reduced. For this reason, GIS education has been provided to public officials, industry personnel, teachers and general citizens. Table 7 GIS Education Goal by Target Target of Education Public Officials Industrial Workforce Secondary School Teachers Student & General Citizens Education Goals Improve ability to utilize the NGIS application system Improve working ability by providing theoretical education and practical education on GIS Promote understanding of the NGIS Providing the chance to receive re-education on GIS and to learn new technology rapidly Improve learning ability through improving understanding of geographic information shown in textbooks Improve understanding and ability to utilize GIS 11 39

40 The purpose of GIS education is to systematically cultivate the human resources required for construction, maintenance and application of various types of the NGIS. In addition, GIS education is intended to ensure the satisfactory performance of the NGIS Project, and to stimulate its development and application infrastructure by increasing national interest in GIS, by promoting its concept and applications. <Table 7> describes the GIS education goals by the object of education. As can be seen in the table, the intent of GIS education is to promote the ability of public officials to utilize the NGIS application system, and to provide the overall workforce with a chance to receive re-education and learn about this new technology. An additional aim is to improve education secondary schools, and improve the ability of students and general citizens to use GIS applications. (2) Process and Status Through establishment of a decentralized network-type GIS education system, On- Site education has been provided via the GIS Education University, which was designated by the MOCT from The GIS Education University is divided into 6 regional schools, with schools in the Seoul metropolitan region, the central region, the Gangwon region, the Honam region, the Yeongnam region and the Jeju region. This division enables an effective response to the national demand for GIS education, as each local education center is designated as the institution in charge of GIS education for the region. The GIS Education University designated by MOCT which is selected among the universities and GIS-related professional institutions provides the GIS education of the corresponding region by receiving the support of government s budget. As the GIS Education University provides education that combines theory and practice, practical help is required. The high level of face-to-face contact ensures that educational effectiveness is high, especially for beginners. Accordingly, GIS education has been conducted mainly for public officials holding GIS-related jobs, and for secondary school teachers who teach GIS-related subjects. Curriculum includes basic GIS, GIS applications, as well as courses tailored to the specific needs of public officials and secondary school teachers. Actual education is provided by GIS Education University, but the Center for GIS education Korea Research Institute for Human Settlements is in charge of the systematic execution and management of education, including the educational institution, trainee management and performance measurement

41 2. Present Status of National Spatial Data Infrastructure Figure 13 Status of On-site Education Seoul metropolitan region Gangwon region Central region Honam region Yeongnam region Jeju region Regional Centers for GIS Education Year No , , , , ,500 Total 7,388 Number of Trainees The government has established an Online education system ( to complement the On-Site education, and has operated GIS online education continuously from While On-Site education does seem to be more effective thanks to the extensive face-to-face contact between teacher and learner, it has limitations in terms of time and place, and requires more educational costs per person. On the other hand, Online education can operate without the limitation of time and space, and can the self-motivated learning system can actually improve the professionalism of the learner. In addition, while the initial development cost of the Online education system is somewhat high, it can provide the benefits of education to a wider range of learners. Considering all of these factors, the cost effectiveness of online education is excellent, and for this reason, online education programs are becoming activated in a wide range of fields. The GIS online education system has stably provided effective education on a 24-hour a day basis, by allocating exclusive manpower (professors) and rapidly 11 41

42 Table 8 Status of Clip Course Production Category Course Name Category Course Name Category Course Name GIS Theory (12) GIS Policy (2) GIS Introduction Understanding of digital map Map and coordinate system Virtual GIS Advanced GIS Spatial philosophy and GIS GIS inspection Enterprise GIS GIS space analysis (Beginning, Intermediate) GIS standard (Beginning, Intermediate) NGIS master Case of GIS implementation and application GIS Tool practice (11) Ground information system Land Suitability Assessment Urban Information System (UIS) Seoul SDW Construction and Utilization GEOMania/ EasyMAP Zeus ArcSDE data server operation Arc GIS (Beginning, Intermediate) GeoDB implementation and operation GIS program practice (Beginning, Intermediate) Visual Basic Program GIS new technology GIS e-textbook (4) Thematic map production (1) International seminar (3) Mobile mapping system (4S Van) u-gis GIS education for high school students Study for middle and high school students 1st year s society textbook of high school (8 types) Educational practice for secondary school teachers Understanding of environmental geographic information Ubiquitous technology status and prospect Cyber territory implementation / e- government development GIS-based Disaster-free Territory implementation strategy Photogrammetry 3rd NGIS Master Plan C++ Programming Remote sensing Geographic information production (3) Digital map production GPS measurement and data processing Production of underground facility map GIS WAMP practice Ubiquitous computing Mobile GIS Exploration theory and practice (7) Satellite image processing (PG-Stream) Satellite image processing (ERDAS) Remote sensing (Satellite imagery / spatial analysis) LMIS Web/Internet GIS Digital photo surveying Case of GIS implementation and application (9) Road management system Underground facility management system Case of land management information network implementation GIS new technology (10) LBS GIS new technology 3D GIS (Beginning, Intermediate) Surveying (2) Utilization of high resolution satellite imagery Spatial positioning system GPS concept and utilization Seoul GIS implementation and application IRS and future transportation DB utilization and maintenance (1) Database utilization and maintenance 12 42

43 2. Present Status of National Spatial Data Infrastructure responding to the questions and requests of learners. In addition, the data on the site is regularly updated, enabling members to rapidly access new GIS-related information, and this has led to the active involvement of many GIS learners, who share information with each other. As of 2007, GIS Online education has been provided to 21,000 members. In addition, the government has produced a clip course that allows everyone to learn and utilize GIS-related contents easily, improving the effectiveness of Online education. The government has done this by dividing GIS education into various subfields, and developing creative educational techniques to enable learners to study with interest. In addition, various high-quality multimedia content such as a flash and animation has been added, and learners opinions have been sought to ensure that the courses reflect current needs. Through such efforts, the government produced 65 clip courses covering 12 different fields, from 2003 to By carrying out a combination of On-Site education and Online education, the synergy of GIS education can be improved. That is, the level of GIS awareness can be improved without any business vacuum through the execution of online remote education, which is not limited by time and space. Effective practical and theoretical education in GIS is provided through On-Site education. The On-Site education consists primarily of a basic and conceptual education, while the online education deepens the educational contents and expands the education area. In addition, the same elements of the educational infrastructure, such as the teaching material and practical program, are utilized in Online education and in On-Site education. Thus, by carrying out Online education and On-Site education together, synergy is improved. (3) Future Plan In the future, the GIS education business will be carried out while maintaining the present framework. Educational demand by region and field will continue to be satisfied through the regional On-Site education. To improve the effectiveness of On-Site education, custom-made special education programs that are tailored to suit a specific object, level and goal of education will be developed and operated. This means that education programs will be developed by occupation and by field, and classified into beginner level, intermediate level and high level. Secondly, the Online education will be expanded. To do this, the courses that upgrade and provide the system need to be varied. That is, it is difficult to develop and operate various functions, such as the one-on-one lessons and studying ability evaluation provided by the virtual GIS Teaching Center (Virtual GIS TC) with the present system. Therefore, the online education system must be upgraded, and various new functions must be developed. In addition, the effectiveness of online 11 43

44 education must be improved by varying the type, level, and implementation method of the online courses. In other words, digital education contents, such as clip courses, will be systematically developed, and data will be updated constantly. By operating this system stably, a framework for active remote education can be built. Thirdly, user-oriented customized GIS education will be provided. To achieve this, an education plan will be established by investigating the education demand. The education demand will be determined by dividing learners into local government officials, central government and public institution employees, secondary school teachers, and private sector human resources. For local government officials, central government and public institution employees, the position transfer cycle must be considered. In addition, educational program and methods that can improve convenience to the user will be developed, to ensure a user-oriented customized GIS education. For example, there is a plan to provide On-site education for geography teachers in Gwanak-gu, by establishing a night course. Detailed education history for trainees will be managed, such as trainee records and levels. In addition, trainees will be attracted through the use of friendly characters, such ass animation, games, and avatars. 6) Institutions and Organizations (1) Institutions The government has recognized that GIS is a new infrastructure of the knowledge information era, and has currently executed the third NGIS Project since the launch of the first NGIS Project in When GIS was firstly introduced in Korea in the early 1990 s, the regulations relating to spatial information were prescribed in a manner that suited the analog environment of manual work, rather than the electronic environment. Accordingly, the spatial information-related regulations of the past were not suitable for the digital environment, which was the basis of GIS. In order to overcome this problem, the government formulated the NGIS Law as the institutional support for the efficient implementation of the NGIS Project in January The NGIS Law is composed of total 8 Chapters and 29 Articles, starting with the general provisions and progressing to the NGIC. In addition, the NGIS Law prescribes supplementary rules, punitive rules and additional rules. The purpose of the NGIS Law is to contribute to the reasonable utilization of territory and resources and to the development of the national economy through providing a diverse range of geographic information to the nation by prescribing the provisions on the efficient implementation, utilization and maintenance of the NGIS. To achieve such a goal, the 12 44

45 2. Present Status of National Spatial Data Infrastructure structure of the NGIS is arranged, and the infrastructure of the NGIS is built up. Also, conditions are prescribed for NGIS implementation, maintenance, application and distribution, and security management and government supports. The Enforcement Ordinance of the NGIS Law is composed of a total of 24 Articles, and prescribes the provisions entrusted by the NGIS Law and other necessary provisions required for enactment. The Enforcement Ordinance of the NGIS Law prescribes the determination and modification of the NGIS Master Plan, the items & contents of the definite Action planning, and the details regarding the operation of the NGIS Promotion Committee. In particular, it describes the definite items and objects of the framework data, and prescribes the details for the establishment and duties of the organization that will take charge of the geographic information utilization and distribution (Geographic information distribution and management organization). In addition, it prescribes the detailed provisions that must be included in the security management provision for the protection of geographic information. However, considering the NGIS Law formation structure, the Enforcement Ordinance is not formulated, and there are no detailed provisions & guidelines required for the implementation, management, distribution and utilization of geographic information. In addition, because laws such as the Land Survey Act and Law of Cadastre do not explicitly mention the other laws provisions, the NGIS Law does not execute its actual role sufficiently. Accordingly, the future NGIS Law must be the legislative system by which the present NGIS Law is converted to a national spatial information-based law. It is expected that the overlapping of spatial information production and management will be minimized, and interoperability between information systems will be obtained. Also, because consistent spatial information will be obtained by a consistent legislative system, the quality of spatial information will be improved and costs will be reduced

46 Figure 14 Construction of the NGIS Law Chapter 1. General Provisions Purpose (1) Definitions (2) Disclosure of Geographic Information (3) Purpose (1) Access to Geographic Information (2) Chapter 6. Security Geographic Information Security (22) Ensuring of the Safety of Database (23) Prohibiting of Infringement and Damage of Geographic Information (24) Geographic Information Security (23) Duplication and Management of Database (24) Explanatory Note Provision Chapter 4. Implementation and Management of the NGIS Relation with Other Law (4) Implementation of Framework (14) Implementation and Management of Geographic Information Database (15) Partnership (16) Prevention of Overlapping Investment (17) Implementation of Framework Data (15) Implementation and Management of Geographic Information Database (16) Reporting on the Establishment of a Cooperative Council (17) Prevention of Overlapping Investment (18) Chapter 2. Implementation System of the NGIS Duty of Secret Observance (25) Establishment of a Master Plan for the NGIS (5) NGIS Promotion Committee (8) Research and Development (9) Resolution and Amendment of a Master Plan (3) Establishment of an Action Plan (6) Establishment of an Action Plan (4) Establishment of a Local Action Plan (7) Establishment of a Local Action Plan (5) Management of Committee (6) Executive Secretary (7) Subcommittee (8) Hearings (9) Miinutes (10) Allowance (11) Enforcement Decree Regulations & Guidelines Chapter 5. Utilization and Distribution of the NGIS Practical Use of Geographic Information (18) Dissemination of Geographic Information (19) Creation of the Metadata (20) Reproduction and Sales of Geographic Information Database (21) Establishment o a Distribution Management Organization (19) Creation of the Metadata (20) Utilizing Printed Materials of Geographic Information Database (21) User's Fee (22) Chapter 3. Fostering of the NGIS Infrastructure Standardization of the GIS (10) Expert Fostering (11) Pilot Project (12) Expertise Assistance Organization (13) Rules of Operation (12) Pilot Project (13) Designation of an Expertise Assistance Organization (14) NGIS Promotion Committee Rules of Operation 12 46

47 2. Present Status of National Spatial Data Infrastructure (2) Organizations In order to promote the NGIS Project and to review matters relating to implementation, maintenance and utilization of the NGIS, the NGIS implementation system is organized under the name of the NGIS Promotion Committee, to improve the project s efficiency and effectiveness. The NGIS Promotion Committee coordinates major policies regarding NGIS implementation, maintenance and utilization, and evaluates the master plan and Action planning and performance. In addition, the NGIS Promotion Committee performs the function of framework data selection and geographic information distribution & protection. The NGIS Promotion Committee is composed of no more than 29 members, who can be Vice Ministers of related central ministries, directors, heads of regional governments and private experts, as well as the Minister of Construction and Transportation, who is the chair. The NGIS Promotion Administrative Subcommittee was organized for the effective performance of the NGIS Promotion Committee, the higher organization. The NGIS Promotion Administrative Subcommittee coordinates inter-ministry and inter-division tasks, and executes the directives of the NGIS Promotion Committee. In addition, the NGIS Promotion Administrative Subcommittee deliberates and decides on matters discussed in each subcommittee. The Director of the Housing Welfare Bureau at the MOCT is designated as the chair of the NGIS Promotion Administrative Subcommittee. The NGIS Promotion Administrative Subcommittee is composed of no more than 19 members, including director-level officials of the related ministries, the directors of local government, and private experts. Each subcommittee draws actual policy direction and tasks, and determines the task-related issues in each concerned field. Each subcommittee then presents these to the NGIS Promotion Administrative Subcommittee. Each subcommittee also establishes the action plan for next year based on each subcommittee's guidelines, and evaluates the prior year s performance. Each subcommittee consists of no more than 19 members, and shall include working level-officers from the related institutions and private experts. To be managed as a working group system, the subcommittee is organized by the working-level officials. The Expertise Assistance Organization is designated and managed by each subcommittee. In addition, each subcommittee receives consulting and advice on NGIS through a civil advisory committee, which is made up of no more than 19 private experts by field. In particular, the subcommittee executes actual NGIS Project implementation, and will be changed depending on the particular characteristics of a project. The first NGIS Project was executed mainly by five subcommittees, including the General Affairs Subcommittee, the Framework Data Subcommittee, the Technology Development Subcommittee, the Standardization Subcommittee and the Land 11 47

48 12 48 Information Subcommittee. The second NGIS Project was executed mainly by 8 subcommittees, including the General Affairs Subcommittee, the Framework Data Subcommittee, the Technology Development Subcommittee, the Standardization Subcommittee, the Cadastral Information Subcommittee, the GIS Education Subcommittee, the Industry Support Subcommittee, and the Utilization & Distribution Subcommittee. As the NGIS Project has been actively executed, it has been extended to diversified fields. The third NGIS Project has been executed mainly by five subcommittees, as shown in <Figure 15>. The Framework Data Subcommittee implements and updates the framework data, and maintains partnerships between institutions. In addition, it ensures data compatibility and quality level. The Territorial Information Planning Team of the MOCT is the supervising institution. The Standardization Subcommittee executes the duties of exploring, modifying and updating the standards to smoothly implement NGIS standardization, and has been operated under the joint supervision of the MIC, the MCIE, and the MOCT. The Utilization & Distribution Subcommittee has been operated by the MOCT for inter- GIS application system linkage and integration and tasks for output utilization, utilization-centric geographic database implementation and system operation. The Technology Development Subcommittee selects the technology to be preferentially developed and evaluates the technology development results & performance, and is jointly operated by the MIC and the MOCT. The Policy and System Subcommittee executes tasks for the advancement of GIS policy, such as annual project evaluation, action plan generalization & support of industry, education, public relations and system improvement, through integrating the Industry Support Subcommittee and GIS Education Subcommittee during the second NGIS Project. It has been operated by the Territorial Information Planning Team of the MOCT as the NGIS General Affairs Division.

49 2. Present Status of National Spatial Data Infrastructure Figure 15 3rd NGIS Implementation System NGIS Promotion Committee Civil Advisory Committee NGIS Promotion Administrative Committee Framework Data Subcommittee Standardization Subcommittee Technology Development Subcommittee Utilization & Distribution Subcommittee Policy System Subcommittee Expert Assistance Organization 7) Research Projects for NGIS (1) Overview In 1995, the first NGIS Master Plan was established. When the plan was established, it was predicted that the NGIS Project would require a massive investment for a long period of time. In addition, many problems and difficulties were forecasted due to the application of new technology, and active investment was keenly required for the research to control a extensive area. In addition, a research project was conducted which would support the general area of NGIS, to enhance the understanding of NGIS and to implement the NGIS Project efficiently and successfully. The NGIS Law was formulated in January 2000 to promote the successful implementation of the NGIS Project. Article 9 of Chapter 3 of the NGIS Law is a provision relating to research development, and arranges the legal ground. On this basis, annual research of a scale of 0.8~1 billion won has been executed. The research project included in the plan included 14 basic research areas, including research on detailed NGIS plans, and the spatial information database s framework, and 13 pilot projects to improve spatial information utilization, such as a 11 49

50 pilot project of environmental information DB implementation using GIS, and a pilot project for implementation of a national infrastructure maintenance system. With this as the background, the research project for NGIS support has been conducted for the purpose of directly and indirectly supporting all areas of NGIS, such as execution of pilot projects to undergo the process of trial & error before carrying out a large-scale project, basic research for planning, technology development for applying to the utilization system, the implementation of framework data for arranging the NSDI, and standard-related research. (2) Implementation System and Present Status In terms of the procedures and methods by which research projects are carried out, the MOCT first explores the theme of the research project through the demand survey each year for the central ministries, local governments, industries, universities, and research centers. When appropriate, the MOCT selects a proper theme according to the necessity of policy, such as the infrastructure for a mid and long term plan, as well as the NGIS Master Plan. The research project selected by such procedure is executed by the research center well acquainted with the corresponding field as the designated research center, or is executed by various GIS institutions of industry, universities and research centers through public subscription. The results of such research are reflected on the exploration of next year s research theme and the execution of the next year s project, based on the evaluation of experts and the self-evaluation of the researching institution. In terms of the status of research projects conducted up to now, the KRIHS carried out 36 research projects during the period of the 1st NGIS Mater Plan, from 1995 to 1999, which were focused on support research for DB implementation and application system development. As various experts from industry, academia and research centers have participated based on the legal ground since 2000 when the NGIS Law was formulated, 59 wide-ranging studies have been executed, including the central and local government's GIS project-related research, the evaluation of the NGIS Project, GIS education, the conversion of the world geodetic coordinates system, and GIS supervision. Even now, three studies are in progress, relating to the framework data road-map, standards research, and basic research for planning (see <Table 9>)

51 2. Present Status of National Spatial Data Infrastructure Figure 16 Research Project Implementation System Ministry of Construction & Transportation (NGIS Promotion Administrative Subcommittee) Exploration of Research Theme Research Demand Survey - Central government ministries - Local governments - Industry - Universities and research centers Policy Request Master planning Mid & long-term strategy establishment Other policies Research Execution Evaluation Result Feedback Designated Research Center - Professional research center in the corresponding research field Research Center by Public Subscription - Select the appropriate center after receiving proposals from industry, universities and research centers Research Result Evaluation 11 51

52 (3) Future Implementation Plan Up to now, research projects for intensively executed DB implementation were mainly conducted in the period of the 1st NGIS Master Plan. During the period of the 2nd NGIS Master Plan, research was conducted in extensive and varied fields for the utilization of data implemented during the period of the 1st NGIS Master Plan, and these included education & manpower cultivation, 3-dimensional spatial information implementation, Mobile, LBS-related research, from the basic research for the development GIS application system. However, in many projects conducted over the past 10 years while the 1st and 2nd NGIS Master Plan were executed, multiple problems occurred, including a discord of spatial data, lack of current information, and budget waste resulting from overlapped system development. Even though research projects were continuously conducted to solve the problems, it was recognized that an unresolved fundamental cause was the lack of NSDI. Through this infrastructure, research projects are now in progress, focused on the arrangement and supplementation of the NSDI in the period of the 3rd NGIS Master Plan in Accordingly, the NGIS support research projects of the future will be focused on the NSDI, which had been a neglected element in the process of the 1st and the 2nd master plans. This will involve basic research and actual research development for the arrangement of the NSDI, after which further research projects will be scheduled. In addition, basic research that responds to the new information technology paradigm and a research project for actualizing the future spatial information society will be conducted together

53 2. Present Status of National Spatial Data Infrastructure Table 9 Status of Research Projects Year Title Design of Network for National Geographic Information System Planning development of Underground Facilities Management System Basic concept of spatial information database Case Study of GIS Database Development: Focused on Foreign Countries Informatization and GIS Application Developments of Local Governments Overseas Public GIS Development Trends and Best Practices Research on plans for NGIS construction Master Plan for Transportation GIS Digitizing Thematic Maps for Spatial Planning Research on scheme for digitization of national base map A Study on the Format of the Digital Map A Survey on New Technologies of Photogrammetry Design of underground facilities management system and validity analysis Detailed planning and establishment of guidelines for development of Public GIS Application System Research for establishment of spatial information distribution management agency Public information DB design and detailed implementation method Empirical study for digitization of common thematic maps Establishment of general plan for the 2nd NGIS Project Legislation for Promoting the Use and Exchange of Spatial Information Establishment of the Road Plan using GIS Development and Promotion of Spatial Information Network An Experimental Study on Building a Spatial Information Database The Application of GIS for National Land Use Planning A Study on the Guidelines for Mapping a Common Thematic Map A Study on the Digital Mapping Method of the Thematic Map The Application of GIS for Location Decision Basics and Practices of GIS Supportive Measures for Local Government GIS Building a National Spatial Data Infrastructure Analysis of the Effects of GIS Construction Application of Satellite Imagery for Improving National Spatial Data Infrastructure Application of GIS for Managing National Territory: Focused on Natural Environment White Paper: Building 1/5,000 Digital Topographic Maps Application of GIS for Land Use Planning 11 53

54 (Continued) Year Introduction of Audit system for GIS Title Fostering the Use of National Statistical Data by Using GIS Strategies for the Informatization of Local government through GIS Fostering and Supporting GIS Industry A Study on Establishing the 2nd Master Plan for National GIS Development of Widely Applicable Management Program for the Management of Underground Facilities Establishment of East Asia Geographic Information Processing Center Establishing and Managing Ground Control Points to Prepare for the Introduction of a Global Coordinate System Strategies for Building DEM for Korean Topography Integration of Construction-transportation SOC Information System Assuring Quality of Framework Data Trends of Leading GIS Technologies and Building International Partnerships Using NGIS Digital Maps on Transportation Fields A Study on Common Data Model for NGIS National Policy Direction for GIS Education A Study on Operation and Development of Portal Web Site for GIS Education and Public Information A Study on Policy Evaluation and Implementation Plan for National GIS A Study on a White Paper of the First NGIS Construction Project Building GIS-based Knowledge Management System for Administrative Tasks in the areas of Construction and Transportation Evaluation of Local Government GIS Projects and Promotion of the Use of Local Government GIS Technologies for Linking NGIS Project and Water Resources Informatization Developing Advanced Application Technologies for Mobile GIS Developing Technologies for Citizen GIS Building National Geographic Information for Transportation Sector Introduction of Acceptable Quality Level for Geographic Information Strategies for National Spatial Data Infrastructure A Study on the Real-time Updating Methods for the GIS DB 2002 Building a New National Geodetic Control Point System through an Optimum Design Method Establishment of Implementation Plan for 3D Spatial Data Construction Methodology of Cost-benefit Analysis for GIS Applications Revitalization of GIS Market for m-government Strategies for Local Government GIS Advancing Local Government GIS for Citizen-based Services: Jeju 12 54

55 2. Present Status of National Spatial Data Infrastructure (Continued) Year Title 2002 Definition of GIS Project Management and Development of Guidance Calculation of National Coordinate Transformation Parameter for Island and Ocean Areas for WGS-84 Maintenance and Management of Local Government Underground Facility Database using LBS Developing Analytical Models and Database for Natural Disasters from the Outcomes of National GIS A Study on the Utilization of the 3D Urban Space Model Enhancing the Usability of National GIS - Focused on Effective Measurement Promoting Local Government GIS to Satisfy New Technological Development 2003 A Study on the Handling Method of the Uncertain GIS DB Utilizing Ubiquitous Computing Technologies for GIS and LBS A Study on the Linkage Method of e-government and GIS Improving Legislation to Foster Local Government GIS Strategic Development of East Asia Geographic Information Using Satellite Networks Participating in the Global Spatial Data Infrastructure Management Strategy of Location Information to Prepare for a Post GPS Era 2004 Building e-library for Managing Urban Infrastructure Facility A Study on Establishing the 3rd Master Plan for National GIS A Study on a White Paper of the Second NGIS Construction Project 2005 A Study on the Next-Generation Intelligent Control Points Supporting the Export of Domestic GIS Technologies to China A Study on Integrated Management for the Framework Data A Study on Implementing Standardization of National GIS A Study on Implementing Project Evaluation and Action Plan for National GIS Strategies for Making International Partnership and Cooperation to Globalize National GIS 2006 Definition and Management of Census Block with GIS-based Approaches A Study on the Standard Cost of GIS Application Development Integration and Application of Local Government GIS to Build u-city Establishment of Master Plan for Edu-GIS Transformation of Cadastral Coordinate System into Global Coordinate System A Study on the Roadmap and Interoperability for the Framework Data 2007 Development and Public Relations of NGIS Standard Establishment of Project Evaluation and Plan for National GIS 11 55

56 3. Major NGIS Projects 1) Korea Land Information Systems (1) Land Regulations and Information Systems in Korea Land regulations vary according to different countries. Land regulations in Korea can be broadly divided into three parts: cadastral management, ownership registry, and land use management. The legal basis and executing body differs for each part. For this reason, their information systems have been built in an exclusive rather than an integrated manner. Cadastral Management is a system that provides public access to a factual relationship of land boundaries using locational punctuality based on the land survey. The legal foundation is based on 'the Law of Cadastre' and the MOGAHA of Korea is in charge of this system. There are two main documents involved at the core of the cadastral management system: 'the Land Registry', which has the attributes of land by parcels such as Parcel Numbering Unit, legally given land use, area, etc., and 'the Cadastral Map', which has the boundaries and X-Y coordinates of each land parcel. From 1987 to 1990, more than 34 million Land Registry sheets were digitized, in a government-funded project to build the Cadastral Information System. This project was completed in early 1990, and is used to manage the Land Registry and public provision services. To digitize the Cadastral Map, the Parcel-based Land Information System (PBLIS) project was undertaken from 1996 to 2002 by the MOGAHA and the Korean Cadastral Survey Corporation. Later, the PBLIS was integrated with the Land Management Information Systems (LMIS) controlled by the MOCT, and then was further developed into the KLIS in The Land Ownership Registry is a system that shows the intangible relationship of ownership of each land parcel, and is controlled by the Supreme Court, based on the 'Law of Real Estate Registry'. The Supreme Courts launched information systems to digitally control land ownership management from 1994, and these systems were completely operational in The second period of the project began from The public can now apply for and be issued most of the official documents related to the land ownership registry via the Internet. The Land Use Management is a system related to land use policies, land appraisal, land trading management, land use planning, and it is legally based on several laws executed and authorized by the MOCT. To build this computerized system, the LMIS project was launched in 1998, with a pilot test at Nam-Gu in Daegu Metropolitan City. Research into BPR (Business Process Re-engineering), Data 12 56

57 3. Major NGIS Projects standardization, and Regulations for the project have been undertaken for the pilot project. The LMIS project has been further developed for almost 10 years, and was replaced by the KLIS, which was later supplemented by the PBLIS. Thus, the KLIS was an integrated system encompassing the LMIS and the PBLIS, which are mainly operated by the MOCT in cooperation with the MOGAHA. The structure of the KLIS was designed to have a 3-tiered Client-Server architecture. The integration project between the LMIS and the PBLIS was planned in 2003 and the integrated systems (the KLIS) were delivered to local governments in Its architecture has been further developed to adjust to the changes in the web environment since (2) KLIS Development The KLIS was designed to be an open architecture in order to support heterogeneous distributed computing environments of local governments consisting of hierarchical 3-tiered systems: the clients, the application server, and the database server. The application server was operated on the basis of CORBA (Common Object Request Broker Architecture), which mainly consists of the Data Provider, the Edit Agent, and the Map Agent as illustrated in <Figure 17>. Figure 17 System Architecture of the KLIS DB Server ORACLE SDE Native API ZEUS Data Provider Native API Gothic Native API Application Server Local Government MOCT Map agent Edit agent Web Server Client Visual Application Web Browser CORBA(Orb)- OP Editing Application Remote Service MapOCX(VC++) Visual Basic, Map Object Java(Applet, Servlet) Cgi JPS, ASP AutoCAD ARX(C++) C/C++ / VB Application Kiosk Facsimile 11 57

58 The Data Provider searches spatial data from the databases using the GIS engine, and relays them to the Map Agent or Client. The Map Agent creates a map image from the spatial data relayed from the Data Provider, and relays the created maps to the Client. The role of the Edit Agent is to edit (input, modify, and delete) the spatial data. In addition, the web server can be added to the architecture, to facilitate applications from the public via the Internet. The core of the KLIS lies in the management support systems for the land administration of local governments. Data produced at the local government level is collected and relayed to the regional and central government, to support the decision-making process on land policies. Public services can also be provided at the local government, regional government and central government level via the Internet, and through specially designed Web portal services. Communication between the public and administrators of local/regional/central governments takes place both via the Internet and the governmental intranet. Other client devices are tightly connected with the high-speed governmental intranet, so that data produced and modified in a specific client can be shared and synchronized with others (see <Figure 18>). Figure 18 Application Architecture of the KLIS System Summary KLIS Services MOCT Decision Making System of Land Policy Land Policy DB Regional Gov Spatial Planning System Land Policy DB Public Service (Internet) Civil Service System - Landuse plan certificate - Land price certificate - Cadastral map certificate KLIS DB Local Gov General Admin DB Local Government Land Admin. System KLIS Spatial DB KLIS MiddleWare Zoning Mgmt. System KLIS Attribute DB Middleware Connection Continuous/ Edit Cadastral Map Mgmt. System Land/Forest Attribute DB Spatial DB Mgmt. System Finance/Tax Attribute DB Administration MiddleWare Official Documents Provision System Resident DB Cadastral Map Mgmt. System Land Admin Dept. Civil Engineering Dept. Civil Appeal Dept. Cadastral Dept

59 3. Major NGIS Projects Essentially, two kinds of databases were constructed in one physical database server by local governments, which were spatial databases and attribute databases. Spatial databases include cartographic databases, cadastral databases, continuous cadastral databases, edited cadastral databases, and zoning databases. Rather than all of the information in the original cartographic maps, only the major spatial features such as roads, buildings, and railways, were collected and included in the cartographic databases. Continuous and edited cadastral databases were built by merging tile-based digital cadastral maps. A zoning database was created using the information gathered from zoning maps maintained by local governments and central governments' individual departments (see <Figure 19>). Attribute databases contain information on the physical characteristics of lands, land prices, and real estate brokerages. As the KLIS databases play the role of the main provider of spatial databases to the other information systems in local governments, the KLIS databases were standardized so that the other information systems could easily access them. Figure 19 Database of the KLIS Source Data Database Output converted & edited Framework overlay Topographic map Digital topographic map(dxf) overlay Digital cadastral map(each file) revision Continuous based on topographic Rubber-sheeted Integrated map Land price map Attribute input Register Land business Publicized land price, land properties, etc. National land use planning, etc. Register record input Continuous Rubber-sheeted Zoning map Zoning map (ex. urban land use) based on topographic 11 59

60 (3) Expected Effects and Future Directions for the KLIS The performance of the KLIS seems to be better than anticipated. Enhanced public services via the Internet have been welcomed by the public, and are helping to save time and cost. The outsourcing cost to make land price maps is no longer necessary, because the KLIS has replaced this task. However, consistent efforts have to be made for further development of the KLIS project as follows; i) Information innovation can be an ideal goal for those who are working for local governments. The shift from an analog to a digital environment requires many changes, and for this reason, some resistance within an organization is inevitable. In addition, the launching and completion of an information system is a time-consuming task. Without consistent support from the local government officials, information systems such as the KLIS will never take root. The planners who design information systems should bear the end-users in mind, and must devise the most appropriate way to motivate them - in this case, local government officials. ii) For the government to successfully adopt an information system, there must be powerful organizational supports. In the early stages of the information systems, hard work at the individual level is definitely necessary, as well as organizational supports, because there are many problems that cannot be solved by individuals. iii) The BPR (Business Process Re-engineering) before building the information systems is a prerequisite factor. It is hard to superimpose a new information system on the outmoded regulations of the past. Amendments and adjustments to out-of-date regulations in order to meet the requirements of the Information Age will enable a smoother and more rapid paradigm shift. One of the key factors that will determine the successful introduction of an information system is how well we transform from the analog environment to the digital one. The ultimate aim of the KLIS is to build an e-land, where land does not simply mean soil or pebbles, but a historical ground, below which our history lies, and on which our future will stand. Thus, e-land goes beyond its literal meaning- a management of physical lands - and becomes a mirror that reflects philosophical perspectives such as personality, characteristics, and a way of life

61 3. Major NGIS Projects 2) Roads and Underground Facilities Management Systems (1) Background Underground facilities, such as water, drainage, electricity, gas, heating and road facilities are critical for the health and safety of our citizens. It is very important to manage roads and underground facilities consistently and efficiently for the convenience and safety of our citizens. Obtaining information regarding roads and underground facilities for excavation work usually takes time and effort, because an individual agency needs to visit a government office to ask for the information. As there is not sufficient cooperation in terms of sharing information between agencies, overlapping investments can result in the implementation of each facilities database. In spite of the high intimacy of this utilities information, each agency produces information in a different format, and insufficient sharing of the information results in an inefficient excavation working process. We offer an improved database construction process in order to prevent unnecessary investment, and to provide improved accuracy of roads and underground facilities surveys for the acquisition of database in geospatial information and the underground facilities integrated management system, and offered a strategy and regulation for the construction of roads and underground facilities information sharing systems. Also, each Local Government has developed its own management system for road facilities, so in order to prevent duplicated investment of public funds, as an alternative proposal on this project it should be considered that the Widely Applicable Management Program (WAMP) can be reused and easily customized by each Local Government, and appropriate strategies and guidelines for this must be developed. (2) Purpose There are two purposes of this project. One is to examine the need to develop a roads and underground facilities management system as an alternative proposal to prevent duplicated investment of public funds, and the other is to form a strategy and guideline to develop such a roads and underground facilities management system. WAMP for the roads and underground facilities management system needs to be developed as multiple types of GIS software, and a Standard Specification which describes the set of specifications to develop WAMP. Agencies should develop multiple types of applicable management programs according to the Standard Specification, and a Testing & Certification System must be implemented to examine the suitability of applicable management programs

62 (3) Scope 84 local governments that have been processing the digitalization of roads and underground facilities are selected. The main scope of the project involves local governments that have not implemented a management system for roads, or who have a plan to implement such a system, those who have implemented only the base map and database of road facilities, and those whose previous management system needs to be renovated. A cooperation system should be presented that would allow for the implementation of a kind of network sharing of information among Local Governments, along with effective methods to induct an integrated Management System for underground facilities. The Standard Specification of WAMP for roads is made by analyzing common tasks related to roads. Inductive methods and the guideline should be established, to enable Local Governments to implement a management system through WAMP for roads. (4) Present Status of Roads and Underground Facilities Digitalization By analyzing the burial status of 7 kinds of underground facilities, the status of the management processing for roads and the status of the management system for road and underground facilities, the present digitization status of roads and underground facilities should also be checked. In addition, duplicated work and an analysis of limit should be checked by analyzing previous businesses and studies, such as the integrated management system and components of the MIC of the Republic of Korea. Table 10 Present Status of Roads and Underground Facilities Digitalization (unit: km, won, km 2 ) Facilities Total buried length Digitalization length Source: MOCT of the Republic of Korea, The Present Status of GIS, May % Budget Area Water 85,655 74, ,799,000,000 8,275 Drainage 73,470 57, ,957,000,000 6,084 Road 56,571 42, ,396,000,000 7,047 Gas 2,511 2, ,575,000,000 1,214 Electricity 13,587 13, ,805,000,000 1,681 Telecom 576, , ,850,000,000 nationwide Oil ,000,000 1 Heat 2,354 1, ,000,

63 3. Major NGIS Projects (5) Present Status of Management Systems As shown in <Table 11>, a total of 84 municipalities (local governments) were investigated to check the status of the management system for roads and underground facilities in Korea. In detail, out of a total of 84 municipalities, water supply management systems have been constructed in 69, drainage supply management systems in 62, and road facilities management systems in 62. In addition, systems for most other facilities with the exception of oil, such as gas, electricity, telecommunications, and heating, have been developed or operated by different management institutes. Table 11 Status of Management Systems for Roads and Underground Facilities (unit: account) Facilities Name of System System Account Local Gov Agency Water Water supply management system 69 / 84 - Drainage Drainage supply management system 62 / 84 - Road Road facilities management system 62 / 84 - Gas Gas pipe network management system - 2 Electricity NDIS - 1 Telecom TOMAS - 3 Oil Heat Heating pipe network management system - 1 Source: MOCT of the Republic of Korea, The Present Status of GIS, May (6) Application Architecture of the Integrated Management System In this project, a web-based integrated management system for underground facilities using Virtual Private Network (VPN) is presented, to solve the problems of security and cost. An overview is shown in <Figure 20> on the next page. This project analyzed communities in small-to-medium-sized municipalities, with the aim of carrying out standardization on common operations of the municipalities. In addition, security and financial problems in the integrated management system have been addressed, as WAMP regarding standardization is developed. This project shows the capacity and flow of related tasks by investigating the management process and regulations for roads, and by having an interview with officials who work in the management of roads and underground facilities. After collecting and analyzing the information of 11 63

64 Figure 20 Architecture of Web-based System for Underground Facilities Management Local Gov/Intranet Hub Facilities DB ASP Web GIS S/W DBMS IIS Win2000 Server SQL * NET TCP/IP LAN DB Syncronization Service DB Firewall VPN GateWay Web GIS Server LAN department Applet MS Internet Explorer MS Windows HTTP Internet Agency/VPN Electricity Telecom Gas Others the management systems already developed for road facilities, the flow of information and the capability of the management system is analyzed for each piece of the process. For the previous project, related reports and case studies were collected and analyzed, and several conferences were held to gather the opinions of various professionals. (7) Expected Effects and Policy Implications The expected effects of this project are as follows; Firstly, the development of a WAMP for roads, water and drainage to make a Standard Specification will save time for analysis, allowing the management system to be implemented by each Local Government in a shorter period of time. Secondly, the management process for roads, water and drainage can be consistent for each Local Government, because the program will be based on the Standard Specification, which includes the main elements of the Graphic User Interface. Third, the system can be conveniently expanded according to the needs of each Local Government, because the Standard Specification is made in consideration of future expansion and customization

65 3. Major NGIS Projects So, after selecting the cities that had already proceeded to digitize their map of management for road facilities, the same kind of work should be extracted, and the outline of WAMP should be set up by analyzing both the management process for road facilities and the capacity of the Management System that has been already developed. Finally, it is possible to implement applicable programs to suit actual circumstances, because the product can be verified through the Testing & Certification System. 3) Korea Planning Support Systems (1) Outline of the KOPSS Korea s central government has set up various spatial plans through the procedure of plan-do-see to construct livable national spaces. However, various unpredicted errors in spatial planning have caused problems. To minimize such errors and problems, it is necessary for the government to construct a spatial decision support system (SDSS) that can analyze and solve the expected problems in the process of setting up spatial planning. The rapid growth in GIS-based spatial analysis technologies has increased expectations related to the utilization of information technology in the field of spatial planning. The various existing databases based on the LMIS and the Architecture Information Systems (AIS) that have been developed since the mid 1990s have also increased expectations regarding the construction of the SDSS. The Korea Planning Support Systems (KOPSS) are a kind of SDSS that provide spatial information using various data and appropriate analytical methods, in order to support reasonable spatial planning. The purpose of this chapter is to introduce the development strategy and suggest the structural framework of the KOPSS by considering the comprehensive basic components of the GIS-based spatial decision support systems. The objects of this project are the various spatial plans and national policies that the central government and local governments set up. The KOPSS project started in 2006, and will be finished in The MOCT provides funds for the project, and the KRIHS performs the project. As case study areas, four local governments participate in the project to reflect practical requirements. The KOPSS development research committee is composed of the MOCT's relational team and local government officials. The KRIHS researches models with the help of working groups composed of spatial planning experts, and the system development company has the responsibility of developing KOPSS models

66 (2) Basic Concept of the KOPSS The Framework Act on the National Territory describes spatial policy and planning for the sustainable development of national territory. The purpose of KOPSS development lies in the scientific support of spatial planning for sustainable development. Thus, the vision of the KOPSS is the sound development of national territory, the promotion of Korean people's welfare, and the improvement of the quality of Korean people's life (see <Figure 21>). Figure 21 Basic Concept of the KOPSS Vision Objective Sound Development of National Territory, Promotion of Korean People's Welfare, Improvement of Quality of Life Scientific Supports of National Spatial Policy and Planning (Plan-Do-See) for Sustainable Development Strategies Application Systems Spatial Database Management System Model Management Systems Interface Knowledge Management System Base Environment Integrated Spatial Database Platform Standardization Cooperation Systems To achieve the vision of the KOPSS, it is necessary to construct application systems and assure the strategies of the base environment of systems. Application systems are sub-systems that deal with various data and knowledge in a reasonable method, in order to elicit information required in the process of spatial planning. The application systems are composed of a user-oriented communication interface, a data management system, a model management system, and a knowledge management system. The base environment of systems refers to the platform that develops and operates application systems. The base environment strategies are divided into platform, integrated spatial database, standardization, and cooperation of system development

67 3. Major NGIS Projects (3) Application Systems of the KOPSS: Component-based Application Systems Most spatial planning is based on a series of task procedures. The task procedures are divided into a number of processes, called components, and their processes are divided into a number of analytical methods called library. This division is based on the top-down concept. Inversely, in the bottom-up concept, planning scenarios as a task are incorporated into components. The task procedure follows the spatial planning process. Thus, component-based systems can reflect the spatial planning process effectively. The KOPSS is being developed through component-based methods and each component of the KOPSS is being connected into the standard interface. The component-based application systems are useful for the KOPSS reusability, flexibility, and expansion. The development procedure of the KOPSS is divided into three stages (see <Figure 22>). The first stage is the pre-process, which involves incorporating the input data. The second stage is the analytical process, which deals with the input data. The third stage is the presentation process, which prints out the results. The presentation can be visualized through tables, graphs, and maps. A set of above three stages becomes a component, and a set of components can be defined as a model or task (see <Figure 23>). Figure 22 Development Concept of Components of the KOPSS Pre-Process - Making Tables - Basic Statistics - Basic Trend Analysis - Basic Spatial Analysis Analysis - Analysis Method Presentation - Table - Graph - Map Analysis Method Model Base Application Objects C12 C13 C14 C21 C22 C24 C32 C33 C41 C42 Task Generator Analysis Model C41 C32 C14 C22 Interface 11 67

68 Figure 23 Definition of Model or Task as a Set of Components Pre-Process Component Analysis Component A Analysis Component C Visualization Component Analysis Component B (4) Promotion Strategies of the KOPSS A nation uses various types of spatial planning. Thus, the objects for spatial planning can be divided into an entire city at the macro level, and individual facilities at the micro level. The urban master plan dealing with entire cities and national territory at the macro level will require a comprehensive simulation. Conversely, urban facility planning at the micro level will require specific simulation for individual facilities. Thus, the characteristics of information systems depend on the objects of spatial planning. The purpose of spatial planning can be divided into specific problem-solving and broad direction (management) for growth. Urban growth management is longterm spatial planning for urban sustainable development over a period of 10 or 20 years. However, urban facility planning is short-term spatial planning to solve the problem of a lack of facilities. Thus, the characteristics of information systems depend on the purpose of the spatial planning. It is necessary to consider that spatial planning is not independent, but is interactive. Spatial planning has a hierarchical and interactive relationship with other planning. Thus, the KOPSS should consider the relationship between spatial and other types of planning. The purpose of developing the KOPSS is to provide decision-makers with information required to solve the problems caused by the incongruity between supply and demand of individual facilities. Thus, the KOPSS falls into Domain I (see <Figure 24>). Domain IV is for long-term urban master planning, and requires the comprehensive simulation. UrbanSim and MetroScope fall into the domain IV, because they are long-term and comprehensive simulation models for the metropolitan spatial planning. The KOPSS will be developed into a long-term and 12 68

69 3. Major NGIS Projects Figure 24 Promotion Strategies of the KOPSS Objects for Planning Entire City Individual Facility Urban Management/ Maintenance Long-term Urban Planning Problem-solving Direction for Growth Purpose of Planning comprehensive simulation model for urban growth management, by considering the hierarchical and interactive relationships between the different types of spatial planning. The KOPSS will be expanded and upgraded in terms of its function and capacity. (5) Analysis Models of the KOPSS The KOPSS currently has nine analysis models as illustrated in <Table 12>. The first five models were developed in 2006, and are being upgraded in Four additional models will be developed by the end of 2007, and six new models will be added to the KOPSS by The end-users of the KOPSS models will be mainly the central and local government officials involved in spatial planning

70 Table 12 Summary of KOPSS Analysis Models Model Function Status Suitable Land Searching Multi-dimensional Analysis Urban Renewal Landscape Planning Public Facility Location Allocation Land Demand Prediction Land Use Planning Urban Regeneration Urban Facility Supply Suitability Assessment Support selection of suitable developable land Support making of charts, maps and tables, and visualization of thematic maps Support analysis of declined areas, and searching of brown fields in the inner cities Support landscape simulation and management Support analysis of urban facility location distribution and search of potential location sites Support estimation of future land use demands Support analysis of land use suitability, allocation of projected land use demands, and simulation of land use changes Support search of predicted redevelopment areas and analysis of potential areas Support analysis of supply suitability based on standard urban carrying capacity Developed in 2006 On-going in