An Approach to Formulate a Master Plan for National SDI in Chile

Transcription

1 gdpc study REPORT An Approach to Formulate a Master Plan for National SDI in Chile by Alvaro Monett, Haekyong Kang, Byongnam Choe, Hosang Sakong

2 This work was done after the Korea-Chile Expert Exchange Program on SDI held from October 8 to December 21, It was hosted by the Global Development Partnership Center and Geospatial Information Research Division of the Korea Research Institute for Human Settlements and supported by the SDI Executive Secretariat of the Ministry of National Property of Chile and the Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs of Korea. Special Thanks to Mr. Esteban Toha Gonzales, SDI Executive Secretariat, Chile Dr. Seokjoune Song, Director General of NSDI, MLTM, Korea An Approach to Formulate a Master Plan for National SDI in Chile Monett, Alvaro An approach to formulate a master plan for national S- DI in Chile / [written by] Alvaro Monett, Haekyong Kang, Byongnam Choe. -- Anyang : GDPC, 2013 p. ; cm. -- (GDPC study report ; ) ISBN : Not for sale ISBN (set) KDC DDC21 CIP Executive Summary Chapter I Introduction 1. Background 2. General Research Objectives 3. Specific Research Objectives 4. Research Content Chapter II Background: GI Policy Issues and SDI Components 1. Geographic Information System (GIS) Components 2. Geospatial Information Policy and Plans 3. National Spatial Data Infrastructure Topics 4. National Geospatial Framework Data 5. Geospatial Information Standards 6. Geospatial Information Distribution Systems 7. GI Technology Development System 8. GIS Applications in Korea 9. NSDI Promotion System 10. Legal Framework for NSDI 11. Human Resources System Contents All Right Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, used or stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any from or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior written permission of the Korea Research Institute for Human Settlements (KRIHS), except in the case of brief quotation embodies in critical articles or reviews. Please address your questions to: Global Development Partnership Center Korea Research Institute for Human Settlements 254 Simin-daero, Dongan-gu, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea Tel: Fax: [email protected] Website: Copyright June 2013 by Korea Research Institute for Human Settlements Printed and Bound in the Republic of Korea Chapter III Preliminary Overview of Current Status of the Chilean SDI 1. Chilean Current Status on GI Policy Key Elements 2. Current Chilean Status on the SDI Component 3. Key Issues to Discuss (Challenges and Required Steps) 4. Identification of Need to Increase Status Knowledge Chapter IV Surveys on Approaches to GI Policy and SDI Status (Items Proposal) 1. Geo-informatization of the Administration (Public Organization Report) 2. GI Industry and Market 3. Geo-informatization of People 4. Assessment on Spatial Data Infrastructure Components (SDI Report) 5. Existing Projects on Large Scale Mapping 6. Mapping Priorities and Strategies for GI Technology Development 7. Study on Improving National SDI Distribution System Chapter V First Content Proposal for a Chile NSDI Master Plan 1. Performed Projects Related to NSDI 2. Status of Laws and Organizational Systems Related to NSDI 3. Status of Technology, Industry, and Standardization Related to Spatial Information Chapter VI Conclusions and Recommendations

3 Executive Summary Although this research is intended to identify fundamental aspects of GI Policy and SDI features considered as ideal, GI management also fulfills a national vision, focusing on the Korean experience. To establish a preliminary diagnosis on the current status of GI management in Chile, considering both GI policy key elements and SDI components, and contrasting both theoretical background and the experience of Korea. Another important and specific objective is to define the contents to consider in any comprehensive assessment of the current status of GI management as raw information to support the elaboration of a NSDI master plan. Finally, to provide a first proposal of content for the Chilean NSDI master plan, arising from this theoretical background revision, the preliminary diagnosis on the Chilean GI management status and Korean best practices is the next logical step. 4 5 Executive Summary This research was performed under the existing Memorandum of Understanding between the Ministry of Land, Transport, and Maritime Affairs of the Republic of Korea and the Ministry of National Property of Chile, which was signed in October of 2011 in Seoul. Specifically, the effort was hosted by the Korea Research Institute for Human Settlements (KRIHS) through its Global Development Partnership Center (GDPC) and the Geospatial Information Research Division. As background, the Chilean SDI is now passing an important evolutionary moment. A national policy for spatial information management is being formalized, a new supreme decree based on updated knowledge about SDI direction is being elaborated, and the authorities to advance this initiative has had strong support during the last period ( ). Thus, there is a major opportunity to develop a long-term master plan for the Chilean SDI that is consistent with both policy and the supreme decree, while also taking into account the valuable experience and knowledge produced in the context of the Korean SDI. The results of this research are delivered in four related chapters as follows. Chapter 2 presents a revision of GI policy and SDI background arising from both theoretical aspects and Korean experience, referred to topics like: Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and its components GI policy and plans Topics on National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI) National geospatial framework data GI standards GI distribution systems GI technology development system GIS applications NSDI promotion system Legal framework and a human resources system The main purpose of this research is to orient the process of surveying the current status of Geospatial Information (GI) management in Chile and consider both GI policy key elements and SDI components. In this manner, it will provide a first draft of content for the Chilean SDI master plan, which will then be enriched after completing the assessments applied following completion of this research. All these contents will provide a reference framework for doing further analysis offered in the following chapters. Chapter 3 presents a preliminary overview of the current status of the Chilean SDI, according to GI policy key elements and SDI components. It also includes a SWOT analysis and a proposal regarding the challenges and required activities for development of each one of the SDI components. Chapter 4 contains a proposal for a survey considered necessary to obtain the best approach to the Chilean current status for matters of GI policy and SDI issues.

4 The discussion indicates the items that should make up those surveys. Finally, Chapter 5 delivers the first proposal of the contents to be considered when formulating the master plan for the Chilean SDI, including a circumstance analysis, the vision, NSDI directions and SDI component strategies. In conclusion, it is possible to state that the revision of theoretical aspects and the experience of the Republic of Korea offer a strong basis for assessing the current status of the Chilean SDI (also potentially applicable to other countries in a similar situation), identify gaps, and recognition of the more important areas where the SDI must be developed. Here, a very important conceptual finding concerns the GI policy domain and the place given to SDI inside of that domain, thus providing key orientation for the process in Chile. Finally, in the proposal of content for a further national SDI master plan, it is possible to appreciate the important base of work done in past years with several nationwide and sectorial projects supporting SDI in technology, data framework, and standards. There is also a favorable situation regarding policy and an organizational system that can provide important support to further work in the future. An important challenge remains the development of industry and its relationship to research and academy. 6 7 Executive Summary On the other hand, the revision of theoretical background and the experience of the Republic of Korea contributed to realizing the lack of accurate and updated knowledge on several topics that need further dimensioning when facing the elaboration of any master plan, both supporting the concrete projects (for example integrated framework database and existing applications) and also gathering standardized data on how Chilean SDI improves year by year. Another important output of the research was a comprehensive SWOT analysis that covers each one of the SDI components that is consistent with a detailed list of addressed topics, taking advantage of both strengths and opportunities and facing weaknesses and threats. Then, proposed challenges and their corresponding steps can be perfectly organized in a master plan with its time line and schedule. Regarding the objective to define the contents considered in a comprehensive GI management status assessment, it was possible as a result of the research to define content in several topics related to both GI policy and SDI status, covering geo-informatization in public organizations, the GI industry and market, geo-informatization of people and the SDI component assessment among the principals. Thus, a set of specific issues, each one belonging to the mentioned topics or categories, contributes and becomes the basis for designing and elaborating on the questions that could become part of different questionnaires or surveys to be done in the future.

5 Chapter I Introduction 1. Background General Research Objectives Specific Research Objectives Research Content 11

6 Chapter I Introduction The main purpose of this research is to orient the process of surveying the current status of geospatial information management in Chile and consider both GI policy key elements and SDI components. Further, it provides a first draft of content for the Chilean SDI master plan, which would be enriched after completing the assessments applied after this research is finished. Chapter I 3. Specific Research Objectives Identify fundamental aspects of GI Policy and SDI features that must be considered as ideal, so GI management does fulfill a national vision, focusing on the Korean experience Establish a preliminary diagnosis for the current status of GI management in Chile by considering both GI policy key elements and SDI components and contrasting both the theoretical background and the Korean experience Introduction 1. Background Chilean SDI is passing through an important moment in its evolution. A national policy for spatial information management is in the process of being formalized, and a new supreme decree based on updated knowledge about SDI direction is in the process of being elaborated. The support of the authorities makes the advance of this initiative strong during the last few years. On the other side, the actors involved in the current NSDI promotion system agree that many gaps still exist, and conclusions for fundamental tasks still must be addressed. That is why a master plan for a Chilean SDI is urgently needed. Today is a positive opportunity to elaborate this plan in consistence with national policy and the new supreme decree, while also taking into account the valuable experience and knowledge produced in the context of the Korean SDI. This experience is being shared due to the existing MOU between the Ministry of Land, Transport, and Maritime Affairs of the Republic of Korea and the Ministry of National Property of Chile. Prior to the formulation and execution of a SDI master in Chile it was necessary to know the real dimension of the gaps and the current status in some areas of geospatial information management where there had neither been systematized surveys nor research initiatives. 2. General Research Objectives Define the contents that should be considered in any comprehensive assessment of the current status of GI management as raw information supporting the elaboration of a NSDI master plan Provide a first proposal of content for the Chilean NSDI master plan, arising from a theoretical background revision, a preliminary diagnosis on the Chilean GI management status, and Korean best practices 4. Research Content The research results are delivered in four chapters that relate to the specific objectives enunciated above. Chapter 2 presents a revision of GI policy and SDI background arising from both the theoretical aspects and Korean experience. All of these contents will provide a reference framework for further analysis of the research. Chapter 3 gives a preliminary overview of the current status of the Chilean SDI, based on both GI policy key elements and SDI components. It also includes a SWOT analysis and a proposal for the challenges and required activities for each one of the SDI components. Chapter 4 offers a proposal for a survey considered necessary to undertake to obtain a better approach toward the Chilean current status in terms of GI policy and SDI issues. It states the items that should be included in those surveys. Finally, Chapter 5 delivers a first proposal of content to be considered when formulating the master plan for the Chilean SDI, including a circumstance analysis, a vision, NSDI directions, and SDI component strategies.

7 Chapter II Background: GI Policy Issues and SDI Components 1. Geographic Information System (GIS) Components Geospatial Information Policy and Plans National Spatial Data Infrastructure Topics National Geospatial Framework Data Geospatial Information Standards Geospatial Information Distribution Systems GI Technology Development System GIS Applications in Korea NSDI Promotion System Legal Framework for NSDI Human Resources System 38

8 Chapter 2 Background: GI Policy Issues and SDI Components GIS became the key tool or the major method supporting this kind of analysis and was helpful to be successful in managing public problems or private sector decisions. The definition of GIS involves a number of components (data, hardware, software, people, and methods) allowing many different things related to spatial data to be done, as follows: Query Visualization Spatial data analysis (Buffering, Overlay, Terrain Analysis) Spatial statistics (Determine a spatial and/or temporal pattern) Geostatistics (Interpolate/estimate the unknown value of a point) Spatially explicit modeling (Simulate spatial planning/policy scenarios) Chapter II A summary of the contents of lectures given for the course, Understanding NSDI Planning & Policy Background: GI Policy Issues and SDI Components Course given by the Korea Research Institute for Human Settlements from October 8 to 19, 2012, is offered. This course was attended by officers from eight countries, who were provided knowledge on GI and SDI Policy. They could elaborate on revision of the national status in these matters and formulate a proposal for a NSDI master plan. The next subchapters will describe the main ideas offered in the lectures and remarks on their usefulness in terms of the need to evaluate the national status in depth and generate guidelines for building a master plan. 1. Geographic Information System (GIS) Components The first important issue, before discussing Geographic Information policy and Spatial Data Infrastructure, is to analyze why spatial data is important and how GIS can contribute to better management of that data. According to Dr. Daejong Kim s presentation on GIS relevant topics, geospatial data allows one to address key issues related to national development from a territorial view through spatial analysis (social capital, climate change, safety, expanding market, electronic government, and others). When viewing these data on a map, it is much easier to understand the behavior of these variables in the territory and identify patterns of distribution. Considering the importance of territorial approach mentioned above, one elemental issue and challenge in less advanced countries in these matters is to understand the value of incorporating geographic and geospatial data analysis methodologies whenever a public management problem is addressed. The first big question for GIS users, understanding that many times an organization as a whole is the user of GIS (not just the department or the group of people that directly manage it) is how much we leverage GIS. It is highly probable that the entire capabilities of GIS might not be used at all. That means that from the point of view of performance and usefulness there is a way to be traversed. The crucial point is to know the baseline or the relationship between the investment in GIS and the level of use being given. In Chile there is no accurate knowledge about this situation that is directly linked to the geo-informatization of the administration and an important component for fulfilling the Korean vision for GI Policy. Therefore the challenge for the Chilean SDI is to inquire about this aspect, so that in the NSDI master plan, it is possible to include appropriate strategies for improving the use of GIS in administrative management. Other important focus seen in the lecture of Dr. Daejong Kim addresses the trends in GIS related to advances in Web technology, such as: Semantic web (Data.gov) Geospatial platform (Geoplatform.gov) LBS based on the smart phone VGI Location-based SNS Web-based GIS

9 16 17 Background: GI Policy Issues and SDI Components These new trends set challenges for GI Policy and challenges at the technical level as well. For instance, Volunteer Geographic Information dissemination must work under established procedures and there must be rules for clearness about the scope of the use of this kind of information, that is, to define for what objectives and decisions using VGI is adequate, instead of authoritative data. In the case of Chile, a NSDI master plan must define which of these trends will be incorporated and indicate the right moment for using the plan, its required policies and institutional arrangements, the required technological means and platforms, and others. 2. Geospatial Information Policy and Plans Many important aspects of GI policy are addressed in detail in the presentation of Dr. Byongnam Choe, Head of Geospatial Information Division in KRIHS. These topics discuss issues, goals, approaches, domains, models, and hierarchy, among others. On the other hand, the Korean NGIS master plan topics are presented and described and consider milestones, structure and components, goals, and plans for individual projects. All of these contents related to both GI policy and master plans offer a good framework to use for analyzing the Chilean SDI status and also provide valuable inputs for designing a proposal for a master plan. Examining GI policy also identifies a number of issues that faced the formulation of the first Korean NGIS master plan in 1995: Inefficient management of infrastructure and land Illogical and unscientific policy-making procedure/reduction of its cost Inefficient service of spatial information for citizens Duplicated spatial information Inaccuracy of the analogue map Low development of spatial information technology Low development of spatial information industry Export of spatial information technology to other countries Improvement of national competitiveness Several common elements can be identified in the beginning of the SDI process in every country. In the case of Chile, the first draft of a national policy for geospatial information management that was built in 2003 referred to duplication efforts, lack of interoperability, failures in public management, inefficient use of the resources, and other issues. On the other hand, Dr. Byongnam Choe gives a detailed analysis of the key elements of the GI policy, wherein it is possible to see how national competitiveness, as a vision of the GI policy, is fed by three important conditions: informatization of administration, informatization of management, and informatization of life. The GI sharing system supports both administration and management and is the means by which GI industry, GI technology and GI business get connection with them. Then, consistent with the above aspects, the domain of GI policies is divided into three components, as described below: GIS applications for productivity: GI national policy consists of the informatization of administration, private business and people s everyday lives. Included are all the GI systems operating at the level of public organizations. Development of GIS technology: Developing GI industry by supporting national GI demands: GI content-based businesses (naver, daum, vehicle navigation system) and application technology (GIS applications for government, company, and the people). GI sharing system: Infrastructure enables everyone to share spatial information. The contents of a policy for Spatial Data Infrastructure include framework data, standardization, distribution system, core spatial technology, human resource, organization system, and legal institutions. Here it is important to stop and highlight the usefulness of these definitions to organize the activities that in the Chilean SDI are being carried out today. On the other side, in the context of a master plan formulation they contribute to defining with more clarity the framework in which individual projects will then be formulated. Another relevant focus has to do with the assessment of GI policy status in countries. When we inquire about the status of our GI policy and SDI, many questions need to be formulated and answered. In this way, from a question like What is the status in the informatization of administration, many other and detailed questions can arise about several different aspects, such as the effective use of geospatial data in decision making? So is it enough information available for making good decisions, does the institution have enough human resources to make a spatial analysis, among others? Thus, the major content structure for a national GI policy assessment can be defined from these core elements, namely, informatization of administration, informatization of management, and informatization of life. Having reviewed the background of GI policy, it becomes easier to understand how to address a Chapter II

10 master plan design. The experience of Korea in these matters shows that master plan components are opened under a tree structure, applying a vision that in this case is national competitiveness. The base means is the establishment of GI sharing system (NSDI). The purpose is getting improved productivity of administrative works/information services for citizens who are oriented toward a better quality of life and new business opportunities. Consequently, a plan for individual projects is considered in the three components of the GI policy model in Korea: 1) public informatization based on GI consisting of the informatization of the public sector and developing GIS key application systems; 2) a basic environment for sharing GI that means SDI implementation, involving digital map, standardization, distribution system, technology development, human resource training, and strategy research; and 3) developing GI technology, that is, GI content business, GI convergence, and system S/W. 3. National Spatial Data Infrastructure Topics This approach could also serve as a guideline for both evaluating SDI status and designing the master plan. It is understood that some activities are crucial and must necessarily be addressed and conditioning in time for each other, for instance, having adequate knowledge structure needs as a requirement of integrated data. Then, completing a product-based stage in the context of a NSDI master plan can be considered part of the vision. Other criteria are related to territorial levels and public targets, for instance, a proposed first generation that focuses on data where SDI is planned to cover national and federal levels. Then a second generation focused on process, involving national and sub-national levels, and also the private sector. As mentioned at the beginning, the presentation of Dr. Byongnam Choe also included directives for structuring a NSDI Plan. The Korean experience considered three levels: A master plan in the national level; a sector plan for everyone of those composing the SDI; a project plan for each topic or strategy within a sector. Then, at the national level, the components of the master plan under the Korean experience were as follows: Chapter II Background: GI Policy Issues and SDI Components This subchapter summarizes some of the fundamental concepts related to SDI and its components that Dr. Byongnam Choe systematized for trainees attending the NSDI Planning and Policy Course. Also, it presented relevant issues for defining a plan structure on three levels: A master plan, a sector plan, and a project plan. Regarding the theoretical view of SDI, different approaches and the definitions of SDI are given (coming from many authors throughout the 2000 s decade). In general, there are certain components appearing with more frequency in SDI definitions, such as human resources, policies, standards, organizations, and datasets. One interesting approach for this theoretical view has to do with a temporal sequence of the activities regarding geospatial data management. Two generations are mentioned: First generation (product based): Definition of data, collection of data, integration of data, database creation, and further implementation Second generation (process based): Knowledge infrastructure, capacity building, communication, and coordination Establishment of GI and application analysis Circumstance analysis of NSDI and vision (economic, social, technology, and policy) NSDI background: vision, purpose, and strategy SDI component strategy Project priority and schedule Time period (more than 5 years) and a budget On the other hand, the components of the sector plan became the following: Current status of the components and related issues Analysis of components and vision (economic, social, technology, policy) Relationship with master plan as a super-plan Basic framework for the components: vision, purpose, and strategy Establishment strategy for the components Schedule for each project of the sector (2 to 3 years) and its budget

11 20 21 Background: GI Policy Issues and SDI Components The sectors or topics to consider for the plan depend on the national definitions. In the case of Republic of Korea, they utilized the following components: Framework Data System Standard System Distribution System Technology Development System Human Resources System Organization System Law and Policy System In the context of this current research, the proposed structure for both a master plan and SDI sectors will be utilized. 4. National Geospatial Framework Data This subchapter begins the review of SDI sectors or systems according to the list provided in the previous section (2.3) with contents presented by Professor Kijoune Li, from the University of Pusan to provide a detailed view of some of the relevant topics related to the framework data. The first sector or system explains the advantage of having a common reference for geospatial data, since that reference can provide a consistent integration of several databases. In this regard, framework data provides a common reference, allowing the maintenance of consistent geospatial databases, and common data, which avoids duplication of DB construction and reduced DB building costs. Themes to be included in the Framework Data can vary depending on the country. In the case of Korea, the themes are administrative boundaries; artificial objects (buildings, bridges, etc.); transportation (roads, railways, etc.); inland hydrography; cadastral boundaries; elevations; geodetic control points; geo-statistics; and aerial photos. In terms of the requirement for Framework Data, there is a need for having common feature types, that is, feature types commonly included in most geospatial databases, for instance, roads, buildings, cadasters, rivers and elevation. The other must share a common reference, allowing dynamic updating propagation to related DBs, through the UFID (Unique Feature ID), which is a fundamental requirement for the framework data (a feature in framework data to link to objects in the application DBs). Generating Framework Data requires a strongly coupled collaboration in its entire life cycle between stakeholders. The roles of data producers and consumers must be clearly specified, namely, who does the production, who does the updates, who does the consumption? In this manner, laws and institutional arrangements are required. The first stage in the life cycle of Framework Data is the definition of data specification, including a data model of framework data and constraints, styles for visualization, and exclusion of production specifications. The second stage is building the Framework Data. Here two possible options are mentioned by Dr. Kijoune Li: Option 1 : The entire Framework Data is built by a National Mapping Agency (NMA), from one single data source (e.g., topographic paper maps). Among the advantages, it can be mentioned that is simple and efficient since it is easy to maintain the consistency between data sets. On the other hand, it is difficult to reflect real-time changes. Option 2 : Framework Data is built from the integration of multiple-source data. This modality is more complex since it requires the participation of a number of public agencies, institutional arrangements, and technical issues related to integration and consistency through controlling data specification, quality control and resolution of conflicts. It also reflects real-time changes more easily. Quality Control is also part of the second stage when building Framework Data. Some of the requirements involved here are: Quality Evaluation should be included when building a framework data procedure. Standards for quality evaluations are ISO 19113, ISO and ISO 19138, merged into Quality Evaluation specification is defined according to data specification and the quality evaluation method used. A part of quality evaluation is included in any metadata. The third stage of the Framework Data life cycle is distribution and sharing. In this stage, metadata management is required and feedback from users is essential. Then the creation of a national committee for framework data comprised of several stakeholders is suggested. In this stage, it is also necessary to establish the type of distribution to implement, for instance, if the cycle will be off-line or on-line. The fourth and final stage is updating. Most problems in Framework Data come from updating issues. Chapter II

12 22 23 Background: GI Policy Issues and SDI Components The two main challenges are maintaining consistent framework data sets and undertaking real-time update propagation to the application database. Institutional arrangements are also required under a process chain for Framework Data management, where quality control is very important. In the Korean experience, both data specification and quality control authority were recommended rather than having the mapping agency do it. Another interesting approach given in the presentation of Dr. Kijoune Li refers to the differences between a topographic digital map and framework data related to: Purpose: Visualization v/s visualization + analysis Data format: DXF v/s DB/NGI/SHP Data Model: None v/s association, inheritance Aggregate number of layers: More than 500 v/s about 130 Granularity: Tile-based v/s feature-based UFID: Optional v/s mandatory Utilization: Raw data, and base map v/s common references This approach is very important, since a country implementing SDI could consider having Framework Data by simply having a national digital topographic map. Finally, for the Korean Framework Data life cycle, the National Geographic Information Institute (NGII) is in charge of merging framework data layers provided by the producers, receiving updates coming from these organizations. NGII can do the quality control as well and distribute a new framework data layer. Then, production and updating are essentially undertaken by many institutes, different from NGII. 5. Geospatial Information Standards One important component of a sharing system like a SDI is the use of standards. Under the definition offered by Dr. Haekyong Kang in her presentation, standardization is a set of activities and procedures to develop consensus standards. The understanding of this concept in the Chilean public institutions is also different. They use to associate standardization only with the action of applying or implementing a standard, but the definition, as given, is broader, and incorporates a series of activities, as described: The first stage in the standardization process is planning. This stage comprises monitoring GIS standard environments; surveying the needs of stakeholders; finding new standards items; selecting priorities; and building a master/executive plan for standards. The results are research reports, master plans or similar documents. The second stage in the process is developing. The activities involved here are focused on research to write a standard draft; support resources, procedures; gathering stakeholders and harmonizing their interests under the standard development procedure; and developing a standard. Standards, intermediate documents, and experiments are generated as a result. The third stage is monitoring compliance. This stage is oriented toward monitoring that standards are applied to GIS projects; encouraging a GIS project to adopt standards; and testing the results of a GIS project as it complies with standards (a compliance test). Statistics reports are obtained as a result and refer to standards used frequently, GIS projects adopting standards, and others. The last stage consists of managing feedback from users, that is, response requests of users; running of a help-desk; and receiving comments or requests from users. In this case feedback obtained from the users becomes a resource that can be helpful to develop a new policy or set a new direction, so as to develop new standards and renew existing standards for having better standards in the future. The entire process as summarized above is called standardization activities. Other important approach given in the presentation of Dr. Haekyong Kang concerns the resources involved in the standardization process. They are the following: Institution-giving authority to proceed the activities (regulation/standard policy) Organization authorized for operating the activities (procedures to execute sub-tasks in the organization) People (actors, such as the SDI, Executive Secretary of Standards, providers and developers of geospatial products and the users) Standards and practices All these resources are called standardization resources. They define the capability for standardization that exists in a SDI and is based on institutional arrangements that allow for establishing both roles and responsibilities. In summary, the two components presented above, standardization activities and standardization resources work to integrate a major concept called the Standard System. Within a Standard System, all the components and elements can be organized in a framework for Chapter II

13 24 25 Background: GI Policy Issues and SDI Components geospatial standards where the relations of the standards to other components of SDI are established, the relations between standard resources and standard activities are structured, and the roles of the actors are clearly defined. Geospatial standards will become a key component of SDI, since they contribute to making it easier to access, discover, fuse, and apply the sharing of geospatial information and services. SDI components related to standards activities, and resources are institutions, framework data, and access/sharing platforms. Within a Standard System, there are certain principal relationships between the standardization resources and standardization activities: SDI Policy creates the institution (law or supreme decree) The institution generates the organization (mentioning goals, actors, functions) An executive secretary operates the organization (it addresses management and operational activities) People forming the organization do the activities (planning, development, legislation, implementation) Standards and practices provide feedback to activities More detail on the roles of the actors is given in the presentation by Dr. Haekyong Kang, as follows: Secretariat of the Geospatial Standard Organization Management (operational): Publish an annual report; connect NSDI, national standards agency and stakeholders; manage standard activities; provide recommendations to facilitate geospatial standards activities; assess the evolvement of geospatial standardization capability Planning: Monitor international geospatial standards activities; respond to users demands on new geospatial standards; build a plan for developing new standards Developing: Provide a development procedure and document formats; promote stakeholders to become involved; monitor the status of a development process of a new standard; review a draft (if consistent with existing standards); provide support to standard developers; receive feedback from standard developers Publication: Submit a draft for a new standard to NCGS after a public hearing Implement: Publish the status for implementation by monitoring users; provide consulting, exposition or guidelines to users to support implementation; provide a technical recommendation to facilitate implementation; develop effective practices (profiles); receive user feedback (difficulties) and requests National Standards Agency (national representative of ISO) Delivers the results of ISO/TC211, such as drafts for voting on ISO/ TC211 to the Secretariat of NCGS Shares the membership of ISO/TC211, such as IDs and Passwords with NCGS, so NCGS is able to monitor ISO/TC211 activities and respond to activities by accessing documents under development in ISO/TC211 on time Delivers documents/responses from CNIG to ISO/TC211 as a national body Providers and Developers Planning: Provide a plan for developing/implementing a geospatial standardization Developing: Participate in development of a new standard if the NCGS Secretariat requests involvement; provide comments on a draft from their stakeholders and respond to comments Publication: Vote on a draft whether it is approved as a new standard or not; review and offer comments on a draft for the new standard Implement: Provide a list of geospatial standards implemented in their projects/products to the NCGS Secretariat; provide practices of geospatial standards to the NCGS Secretariat; provide feedback related to implementation of geospatial standards to the NCGS Secretariat, for instance, comments on geospatial standards or ways that are advanced for easy use of these geospatial standards Other roles regarding the Framework Data are assigned to the Secretariat of Geospatial Standards Organization: Management: Connect NSDI, national standards agency, and stakeholders related to framework data Chapter II

14 26 27 Background: GI Policy Issues and SDI Components Planning: Build a plan for developing new standards or a national profile on framework data Developing: Create a sub-committee under NCGS for framework data (optional); promote stakeholders related framework data for involvement in the development process of a new standard Implement: Provide recommendations for Framework Data (a set of standards for implementation); develop best practice for framework data profiles on metadata, a data exchange format (i.e., GML) and a data model Considering this background, the presentation of Dr. Haekyong Kang gives an overview of geospatial standard activities on the Korean SDI. Planning: Publishing a GIS-Standard master-plan every 5 years; planning an executive plan every year; receiving requests from experts at any time; monitoring GIS and IT technology trends; participating in an international standard organization (OGC (1~2/4 a year), ISO/TC211(2/2 a year)) Developing: Setting up organizations for the GIS standard (KS, TTA/PG409 and MLTM) and planning needed standards Monitoring and Compliance: Establishing a new plan for compliance (IPCT 835 roadmap); surveying standards that re-adapted to GIS projects Dissemination: Forum, seminar, education, incentive (award papers for GIS standards) Finally, the presentation of Dr. Haekyong Kang discussed four major requirements for preparing a national geospatial standardization system: Having the organization authorized to operate the activities Elaborating on procedures to execute sub-tasks in the organization Generating legislation giving authority to proceed with these activities Providing resources, i.e., budget, experts, and standards 6. Geospatial Information Distribution Systems The concept behind a GI distribution system, as contained in the presentation of Dr. Byongnam Choe, refers to goods and services flowing from producers to consumers, which in return are accorded to a certain price. In the case of GI, producers collect, process, manage, and then provide GI to consumers over a logical and physical base through applications and using standards in all the mentioned activities. Within the Korean SDI, producers are classified into two groups: Source GI, producing for distribution (for instance, the National Mapping Agency and the National Geographic Information Institute) and derivative GI, producing for their own uses. Regarding GI collection, Dr. Byongnam Choe identifies and describes two types: Centralized: Where the basic or source GI is managed by a distribution system that merges basic GI from different organizations. It is collected by a distribution organization and has among its benefits, improved accessibility based on a single accessing path. Decentralized: Refers to thematic information goods and services. Here different users register information and services on a distribution system that manages node links. It is registered by individual producers and among its benefits are certain approaches and searching methods for GI services. Geospatial Information Distribution Systems are supported by funding models that vary according to the reality of the countries and their policies and regulations. Two main models are recognized worldwide: Treasuries and legislation force agencies to go off the budget and find their own ways to fund their agencies (Europe). General revenue funds federal information activities, and creation of wealth and jobs then return taxes to the Treasury. Feedback loop (USA) Distribution information systems can also be classified according to the type of platform that supports them, showing each one to have a different level of functionalities. The more basic is the classic Clearinghouse, which allows searching metadata to locate and get details of geospatial information. One level upper is the Geoportal, which directs the provision of data and services. At the top is the Geospatial platform, which provides a more comprehensive service that involves data provision and user participation. Finally, Dr. Byongnam Choe delivers recommendations on the geospatial information system to be implemented in countries building SDI: Chapter II

15 28 29 Background: GI Policy Issues and SDI Components Adapt the institutional framework to changes in technology (analogical to digital). Consider a geospatial information distribution system as an integrated system of hardware, software, spatial data, users, suppliers, legislation, and policy. It must not be considered only as an information system, however. Especially, successful spatial data distribution depends on the policy: There is a need for a concrete distribution policy. Select the type of distribution system suitable for social circumstances (clearinghouse, geoportal, or geospatial platform). 7. GI Technology Development System An exhaustive explanation of technology issues in the field of geospatial information was given by Mr. Sanghee Shin. It related to current scenarios, models, Korean experiences, open source fundamentals, and certain recommendations to be considered in the context of SDI planning. The first approach focused on current research & development (R&D) circumstances, comparing two stages that represent an evolutionary process and new challenges for all national GI policies. In the traditional stage, the return on the investment in R&D is low and decreasing, with a 60% failure rate, while the other part corresponds to non-profits or nonprofitable ventures. Finally, discussion disclosed that only 24% of R&D projects make money. The presentation given by Mr. Shin, describes the linear model of innovation, associated with high costs and much uncertainty. On the other side, changes in the R&D model now consider the interactions of actors around the R&D process that involve technology development. Accordingly, the R&D model then changes to the D&B model (development and business). Once defined, the changing circumstances of R&D is described as an evolution process for technology models, going from closed models, which are designed and developed by nations inside them, leveraging their own knowledge, to open models designed and developed with other outside partners, combining inside knowledge and outside knowledge. This model seems to be more efficient, producing cost reduction, increasing innovation capabilities, and providing a shortened response time to market change. The Korean experience in developing their GI technology development systems has three periods or development phases. The first ( ) centered on mapping technology, DBMS technology and basic GIS software; the second phase ( ) produced 3D GIS and high resolution remote sensing software; and the third ( ) focused on intelligent land information software and a ubiquitous GIS. In those three periods, the strategies applied to the development of geospatial technology combined three modalities: Utilizing foreign technology, developing one s own technology, and a mid-entry strategy. Despite these strategies, in many countries in the world, still around 70% of the Korean GIS market was dominated by foreign technologies such as ESRI and Intergraph. Under the view given by Mr. Shin, based on Dr. Byongnam Choe s presentation, the ideal and the planned model is having the government give research funds to companies, research institutes, and universities. All of these entities then develop products and sell them to the market and customers. Afterwards the revenues and profits go back to the government via royalties. Following through with the overview explanation of the Korean experience, some implications arising from the current status of the geospatial technology development system in Korea are presented as follows: R&D system is closed, trying to develop almost all technologies alone. There is a need to leverage outside technology and resources to respond to fast changing market circumstances. University and research institutes heavily rely on a traditional linear downstream R&D model. Then there is a need to engage more enterprises requests and the enterprise itself in the development system. R&D goal is ambiguous. It is not clear whether the goal is R&D or D&B, and there is a need to set a clear goal. It is hard to find outcomes for R&D; therefore, it is necessary to set up a platform to increase the flow of knowledge and the dissemination of technology during & after the R&D. In the context of GI technology development system planning, open-source GIS is an alternative that any countries building SDI must consider. According to the content offered by Mr. Shin, open-source GIS is a software whose source code is open to the public, meaning freedom for redistributing, modifying, copying, and using. The benefits of open source GIS are their technological, economical and business ambits. It allows for meeting strong GIS needs from public sectors, doing more with less. It is also possible to replicate other people and institutions experience, thus managing and modifying the GIS system without needing Chapter II

16 30 31 Background: GI Policy Issues and SDI Components external support. To improve the national GI technology development system, certain strategies and recommendations are given: Realize a demand survey from various stakeholders to synthesize, review, and prioritize the technology development (to be applied in all institutions). Assist in pinpointing the mismatches between demands and technology development by analyzing the value chain, from data capture to data processing, management distribution, analysis prediction, and service consumption. Realize a feasibility test on geospatial technology development, considering each nation s major interests, goals, human resources, and capabilities. The objective is to establish the modality that best fits the national reality for technology development, whether utilizing foreign technology (ESRI, Intergraph, other), developing one s own technology (Domain Specific) or adopting a mid-entry strategy (using open-source GIS). Map the priorities and strategies of the country and the institutions by contrasting the type of software (proprietary, open source) with the activity (survey, mapping) or the activity topic (Natural Resources, Agriculture) where the technology will actually be utilized. To conclude this subchapter, Mr. Shin proposes to engage various stakeholders, using surveys, interviews, and meetings for learning more about them; realize a systematic approach, engage more enterprises and avoid a linear downstream approach; also divide R&D and D&B to pinpoint any mismatches between demand and policy. An open-source GIS strategy is suggested that is oriented to leverage outside free resources, achieve an active adoption of Open Source GIS, foster Open Source GIS professionals and reduce the dependency on proprietary GI, and GIS software costs. 8. GIS Applications in Korea Case studies and key GIS applications supporting state management were presented by Dr. Daejong Kim, and they focused mainly on land use planning objectives. The first example was a GIS application for environmentally sound land use planning on Jeju Island, which is located at the southern end of the Republic of Korea. Due to an ever-increasing land demand that is associated with low land values, accessibility to cities, exotic landscape and gentle slope, it was necessary to elaborate on a plan for protection and conservation, based on protection of mineral and water resources, protection of ecological assets, and conservation of the natural landscape. The utilized method included a survey of natural resources (geological structure, soil and special areas, vegetation characteristics and habitats, and landscape assets) GIS database building and spatial analysis using GIS. Survey and GIS database building utilizes a base map (national digital topographic map), a field survey and experiments, remotely sensed data analyses and aerial photograph analyses. As a result, three land use plans were generated for protecting underground water resources, protecting the ecosystem, and preserving the natural landscape. The Korea Land Information System is described as one of the major applications utilized for land management and providing information services to the people. It is composed of PBLIS (Parcel Based Land Information System) and LMIS (Land Management Information System). In the building process for KLIS, various administrative databases using GIS were integrated to construct a nationwide information network. Many benefits arise from the implementation and use of KLIS, among them the management of high quality data, revolutionary improvement on civil service, increases in the productivity of administrative business, and scientific & timely methodology support for land use policy and decision-making. The first component, LMIS (Land Management Information System), is sponsored by the Ministry of Construction & Transportation (MOCT) for land administration, a land use plan, and civil services. LMIS includes database implementation (spatial data, no spatial data); application development (an application system); law regulation (law regulation research, standardization research, and marketing/training); and, system environment settings (hardware, software, network). The second component, PBLIS (Parcel-Based Land Information System) is sponsored by the Ministry of Government Administration & Home Affairs (MOGAHA). It enables cadastral map/sheet management and supports the ownership change process. Summarizing, KLIS becomes a uniquely integrated GIS map management system and also a single globally standardized system rather than many localized systems. It constitutes a basic spatial infrastructure for local governments since they can build add-on functionalities on top of KLIS, such as tourism, the environment, urban planning, and more. KLIS is progressing so as to become the core system of e-government, through integration with AIS (Architectural Information Systems), the Land Registration System, and also Disaster Recovery, Emer- Chapter II

17 32 33 Background: GI Policy Issues and SDI Components gency Evacuation, and the Transportation Planning System. It is also expected that KLIS will support the private sector, since the need for map data has increased in the private sector more recently (CNS, LBS etc.). It can also support the GIS industry by disseminating government-owned spatial databases. The Land Use Regulation Information System (LURIS) is another remarkable GIS application for administration management. It was created due to complicated land regulations for developing a piece of land, the amount of time needed to get development permission, high administrative costs and conflicts with other regulations. The system responds efficiently to what people want to know, the kinds of land use that are possible in an area, and how to develop that land. Through public services it is possible to know all kinds of zones for all parcels, land regulations for zones and parcels, and the land development process for 303 land use types. It also provides 130 questions and answers regarding land use issues. It has four components: Zoning Service Address provides land classification, officially assessed land price, area, and zoning type. Land Regulation Service proves land use type and potential new land use types. Land Development Process contains several supporting steps: Land use type searching, survey of cultural assets, energy usage plan, discussion of energy supply, permission of cultural asset change, approval of the development plan, audit development process, report on start of work, approval on sales, and inspection certificate. Public Notice of Zoning Change is made directly on a topo-parcel map. Finally, the Korea Planning Support System (KOPSS) is implemented as a spatial decision support system for spatial planning, by applying a series of procedures, including spatial statistics, statistics models, algorithms, and processes. The KOPSS support spatial planning system is realized on different territorial levels, namely, national, province, metropolitan, urban basic and urban, all with their own corresponding legal framework, and planning for business and analysis models. Five models are part of KOPSS: Regional Planning to evaluate how efficient and equitable the policies are. Land Use Planning with the objective to provide a scientific base (qualitative, accurate and field centered analysis) for defining location choices and reducing location conflicts. From a land demand point of view, it realizes a development potential analysis for obtaining land allocations. Urban Regeneration Planning is an analytical tool to find declining urban areas that can be improved. Public Facility Planning identifies areas not serviced, defines optimal locations for maximal access and encourages supply and demand. Landscape Planning includes functionalities for generating three-dimensional simulation of the landscape effects for new land development. 9. NSDI Promotion System To promote a nation s NSDI vision, it is important that a NSDI promotion system be established requiring consistency of policies and cooperating with related organizations. Dr. Taejin Kim from the Korea National University of Transportation gave an overview of the desirable components of this promotion system and discussed its status and problems in Korea. Finally, a set of recommendations was given to be considered by the countries building SDI and implementing GI policies. In terms of the desirable features for the NSDI promotion system, Dr. Kim indicated that a high-level of technical expertise in the establishment is required. The first condition is that the department responsible for the NSDI should have an exceptional level of understanding of information technology. Also, a multi-organizational implementation structure is necessary, since NSDI promotion policies involve various actors, i.e., central government agencies, local governments, and private enterprises. The model for a SDI promotion system consists of an upper-system at the planning level and a lowersystem at the executive level. Both should be vertically and horizontally connected. Within the upper-system, a nation-wide governmental NSDI organization carries out the role of planning, coordinating, and evaluating for NSDI policies. Also, nationwide entities, such as the NSDI promotion committee, civil advisor committee, and subcommittees, must be part of this upper system in order to plan, coordinate, and evaluate the NSDI. The lower system corresponds to the implementation level, composed of all organizations having SDI projects in the central government, the local governments, and other relevant institutions. Each one should have a NSDI top manager who promotes and controls the execution of NSDI projects. Chapter II

18 34 35 Background: GI Policy Issues and SDI Components There is also a third component of the NSDI promotion system, the Professional Supporting Institutes (PSI). Its main objective is to provide relevant geospatial information technology and human resources to SDI stakeholders. Among their roles is assisting the establishment and evaluation of the basic plan for NSDI; monitoring the progress for promoting NSDI; publishing annual NSDI reports; and, assisting research related to NSDI. Regarding the current status in Korea, within the upper system, the name of the government-wide NSDI promotion committee changed from the NGIS Promotion Committee to the NSDI Promotion Committee in the 4th NSDI master plan. In the 2nd NSDI Basic Master Plan, the Chair of the Committee was promoted from the Vice Minister of the Ministry of Construction and Transport (the Current Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs) to the Minister of that same organization. The Civil Advisor Committee was organized to provide ongoing advice on planning and Subcommittee plans within the NSDI policy. Legally, this Committee was a nation-wide NSDI promotion organization. Since the 4th NSDI Basic Master Plan (2011~2015), the Civil Advisory Committee has been abolished. The Sub-Committees flexibly changed four times according to changes in the objectives and content of the NSDI Master Plan. Now the Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs (MLTM) is primarily responsible for the core NSDI. The 4th NSDI Basic Master Plan (current) includes seven Subcommittees: General Coordination, Standardization & Technology Standards, Industry Promotion, Survey and Water Channel Investigation, Subcommittees created by Presidential Decree (Fundamental Spatial Data, Spatial Data Referring System, and Spatial Convergence Service). Within the lower level, for the NSDI Promotion System in Korea, there is no official NSDI top manager. However, there are public officials in government departments or in each local government that support NSDI projects at the executive level. On the other side, NSDI project executing organizations were separated at each level of government, i.e., the central government, local government, and related institutes. Thus, the execution of projects was separately promoted by numerous central government agencies and also local governments. Each central government department was put in charge of the overall management of NSDI execution plans and their evaluation. In the Korean experience, the components of both the upper and lower levels have faced difficulties related to coordination effectiveness and institutional support. For instance, as Dr. Kim indicates, the NSDI promotion committee hasn t had a substantive budget for functional coordination and power in making decisions on the budget. On the other hand, while the Promotion Committee had the function of integration and coordination, its coordination role remained weak. The coordination functions of the Sub-Committees among the various entities have been hard to implement, since each government department carries out its projects independently. Due to this issue, there has not been a substantive policy of integration or collaboration put in place. In the lower level, a number of inconveniences have also been identified. There has been no legallydesignated NSDI Top Manager in Korea. Also, the sense of obligation by the public officials was low due to a high turn-over rate and frequent job rotation. Therefore, collaboration and cooperation among departments at the national level and among local governments for the NSDI promoting system is rarely seen. Considering the analysis of the desirable features of the NSDI promotion system and also the Korean experience in these matters, Dr. Kim suggests certain specific lessons and recommendations. When establishing a NSDI Promotion System, the hierarchical characteristics of each country must be primarily considered. For countries with active inter-departmental cooperation, a general departmentcentric promoting organization is advantageous. However, for countries with little inter-departmental cooperation, NSDI promoting organizations should rest directly under the top decision-maker in the organization. According to the goals of NSDI, the organization for the NSDI Promotion Committee (or Council) should be also changed. If the goal is only to adopt and operate an efficient spatial information system, a Department-Centric Promotion System is preferred. On the other hand, if the goal is to reinforce interdepartmental collaboration, there should be a Nation-Wide Promotion System for both coordination and discussion. Given the maturity of the industry and the private sector (maturity and demand of the citizens need for NSDI), the role of the government should be changed. In other words, depending on the level of social information, the promotion system should also flexibly reflect such change. Technological development may bring both discoveries of new types of services and work behaviors and exchanges for various organizations through cooperation between government services. At the same time, depending on the maturity level of industry and /or the private sector s informatization, the range of governmental cooperation and private-public cooperation should be expanded. Both the maintenance of strong leadership in IT and the responsiveness of each department need in IT are very crucial for implementing the NSDI policy. Decentralizing functions in each department, whereby the efficiency of each unit is raised, and eventually establishing a development system that reflects individual characteristics. However, securing the power of coordination through centralized decisionmaking and strengthening the role of management are also all important. To accomplish these roles, the inter-institutional promoting system and the intra-institutional promoting system should be reasonably organized. Chapter II

19 36 37 Background: GI Policy Issues and SDI Components To overcome department-centered egoism and efficiently promote multi-departmental spatial information projects, the redistribution of authority and responsibility regarding integration and coordination among the different sectors is important. It is also essential to look closely over the phenomenon where strengthening one department s force weakens another department s force. Thus, when establishing a promotion system for NSDI, it is important to review both how the distribution of authority regarding policy coordination and budget allocation is made, and also how the application of information technology occurs. 10. Legal Framework for NSDI According to the presentation by Dr. Woosug Cho, two acts related to national geospatial information management have been issued throughout the history of the NSDI in Korea, each one with a corresponding decree for enforcement. In January 21, 2000, the Act for the implementation and utilization of the National Geographic Information System was launched. The purpose was to contribute to the rational use of territory and its resources and the development of the national economy through the provision of geographic information to the public, and regulating all matters pertaining to the efficient implementation, utilization, and management of the national geographic information system. The contents of the law focused on both institutional and technical aspects, as follows: General provisions Promotion system for NGIS: Establishment of a master plan for the NGIS; establishment of an operational plan; and a NGIS promotion committee Fostering of NGIS infrastructure: Standardization of the GIS Implementation and management of NGIS: Implementation of fundamental geographic information; and implementation and management of geographic information database Utilization and distribution of NGIS: Practical use of geographic information; and dissemination of geographic information Security: Geographic information security Supplementary rules Penal provisions Afterwards, the Enforcement Decree for the implementation and utilization of the National Geographic Information System Act was promulgated on July 1, The purpose of this Decree was to handle matters delegated by implementation and utilization of the National Geographic Information System Act and those necessary to enforce the Act. Nine years after the first act promulgation, according to Dr. Cho, the National Spatial Data Infrastructure Act (August 23, 2009) was launched incorporating the SDI concept. The purpose of this Act was to address matters concerning the efficient construction of the national spatial data system and the integrated utilization and management thereof, thereby contributing to the development of the national economy through the rational use of the national territory and natural resources. Then, in January 24, 2011 came the Enforcement Decree of the National Spatial Data Infrastructure Act. Its objective was to support the enforcement of the matters delegated by the National Spatial Data Infrastructure Act. The chapters and content of this new act are as follows: General provisions System to promote NSDI: National spatial data infrastructure committee; formulation of basic plans for NSDI; action plan for NSDI; consultation with management institutions, support from the government, annual report on NSDI Creation of national spatial data framework: Acquisition and management of fundamental spatial data; standardization of spatial data; research on and dissemination of standards; obligation to observe standards; establishment of national spatial data center Establishment and utilization of National Spatial Data Infrastructure: Construction and management of spatial databases; prevention of redundant investment; establishment of a cooperative system; disclosure of spatial data Protection of national spatial data Penal provisions A total of 7 Ministries and 10 governmental organizations among 15 Ministries and 18 Administrations/Agencies) specify utilization of geospatial information in their Acts/Enforcement Decrees. Of the 1,210 Act/Enforcement Decree/Regulations registered in the National Law Information Center ( 102 Act/Enforcement Decrees include clauses on geospatial information or its utilization. According to the Act/Enforcement Decrees, the central government and administration/agencies have developed and then operated approximately 100 GIS application systems. Chapter II

20 38 39 Background: GI Policy Issues and SDI Components 11. Human Resources System In Korea, there is an increasing demand for human resources (HR) in geospatial information industry, and technologies and overseas human resources development (HRD) plays an important role as a supporting component for NSDI, as presented by Dr. Eunsun Im, Research Fellow at KRIHS. HRD does not simply mean to run job training. Previously, the notion of training was used and its meaning was extended to the idea of education. Human resources development has become an important keyword because the knowledge information industry has become more and more advanced, and the workforce is now recognized as one of the main resources for economic development. Other important definition is given for geospatial information human resources development (GIHRD). It is the framework for workforces (students, job finders, officials and teachers) to use to develop their personal and organizational skills, knowledge, and abilities with geospatial information, including environmental and institutional elements. The purposes of GIHRD are to achieve an efficient performance of the national geospatial information projects; contribute to the creation of new geospatial information industries and developing technology; and facilitate the utilization of geospatial information to benefit the people. The model for human resources development is society and industry demand-oriented. One of the main final objectives is to improve the competitiveness of the spatial information industry. Within this model, the supply is accomplished through a university, high school, industry promotion agency and training center. The demand is focused on the role of HR in the spatial information industry and the society of information. Regarding HR development policies, the vision is to strengthen national competitiveness through future-oriented HR that is needed to lead industry manpower. In this way, the main objective is developing creative human resources with the convergence ability to use geospatial information. The NSDI Master Plan should be established, including a collaborative project in HR and R&D that focuses on fostering GI business, GI industry and GI promotion agencies through technology innovation (R&D) and GI human resource development. The Korean experience, discussed in the presentation of Dr. Eunsun Im, shows that human resources development has been present since the first NSDI project in 1995, using manpower cultivation through an informatization labor project and on-site GIS education. Today, in the context of the 4th NSDI Project, human resources development is expressed in support of GI Master s and PhD s through GI technologyspecific universities and through linking education with the GI industry. Today, the Korean resources development system is based on both on-site and on-line education offers. On-site education is given at geospatial information regional hub universities geographically dispersed throughout the country for regional human resources development. They are selected GI-related specific institutions in 5 different regions, supported by the MLTM budget, where public officials, the industrial workforce and high school teachers are being trained. On the other side, through on-line education systems, learning can be delivered at any time and any place via on-line education content. As of 2011, there were GI Online members of 35,650 and the cumulative number reached at 186,443. The topics of these online courses include: GIS theory, GIS Policy, geographic information production, GIS implementation and application cases, GIS tool practice, GIS new technology, GIS e-textbook, thematic map production, international seminar, exploration theory and practice, surveying, and database utilization and maintenance. Through the Korean experience a virtuous circle is achieved for human resources development by supporting GI Master s and PhD s through a GI technology-specific University. Such investment in education strengthens education, research, and specialization, resulting in smarter human resources development, the ability to develop new technology and then promoting market expansion and national competitiveness, that once achieved provides a new investment in education. To develop future plans in the context of GIHRD and prepare for a paradigm shift, the Korean government consistently defines research agendas to cultivate global, creative, and talented people in spatial information. One of the most important government issues is how human resource development can contribute to industry development. The government has established SPACEN (GI promotion agency) to prepare for the role of supporting employment linkages. On the other side, universities also investigate what government and industry fields are concerned with and how to cooperate with government and industry. A related academic association prepares its Board of Education for better development. Finally, KRIHS hosts the Spatial Information Forum to develop an education research platform. This project s goal is to create a synergy that will affect technology innovation and human resource development in positive ways. Chapter II

21 Chapter III Preliminary Overview of Current Status of the Chilean SDI 1. Chilean Current Status on GI Policy Key Elements Current Chilean Status on the SDI Component Key Issues to Discuss (Challenges and Required Steps) Identification of Need to Increase Status Knowledge 67

22 Chapter 3 Preliminary Overview of Current Status of the Chilean SDI more that one division or direction involvement. Table 3-1 Example of organizations managing geospatial information using GIS technology Ministry Division/Department National Property Cadaster Division and Territorial Characterization Unit Public Works Planning Direction/ Territorial Information System Committee Social Development Geographic Information System Unit 1. Chilean Current Status on GI Policy Key Elements 1) Revision by key elements Agriculture Education Agriculture SDI Unit (ongoing implementation ) Information Center for Natural Resources National Forest Corporation National Service for Agriculture and Livestock National Commission for Irrigation National Center for Restoration and Conservation/Patrimony Geoinformation Unit Direction of Libraries, Archives, and Museums Chapter III Preliminary Overview of Current Status of the Chilean SDI The Korean experience refers to the concept of national geospatial informatization, consisting of the informatization of administration (government), private business, and people s everyday lives, all supported by GIS applications for productivity (existing in many public and private organizations), a GI sharing system (represented by the national SDI) and the development of GIS technology (providing solutions to both GIS applications and a sharing system). This profile is presented as a first overview on the Chilean GI management status that centers on these key elements before further addressing in detail the precise situation of SDI components. (1) Government Today most State agencies are using geospatial information to support their specific management activities. There is no accurate knowledge about the level of geo-informatization of each one and the number of attributes and variables that need to be measured. At the moment, it is possible to identify the departments, divisions, and units that manage GI in the Ministries and also the supply of nationwide Mining Housing and Urbanism Economy Health Interior Environment Energy Regional Governments Mining and Geology Service/ Geological Information System Unit Urban Observatory Unit National Statistics Institute/ Corporate GIS Unit Tourism National Service/ Environment and Territory Unit Epidemiology Department Undersecretary of Regional Development/Studies and Evaluation Department National Emergency Office/Territorial Management Unit Studies Division/Environmental National Information System Sustainable Development Division Division of Regional Development and Planning (15 in Chile) GI layers. However, the plan is to realize a survey in the short term and obtain detailed quantitative and qualitative information about the current status of geo-informatization, including an analysis about the applications being utilized. Table 3-1 shows an example from the ministries that today are managing GI to support their institutional mission. It must be noted, however, that in some cases, one minister has

23 44 45 Preliminary Overview of Current Status of the Chilean SDI Table 3-2 Layers of thematic data provided by public organizations Type of Data Scale Coverage Organization Aeronautic Map 1:500,000 Nationwide Aero-photogrammetric Sevice Nautic Map 1:50,000 Nationwide Property and Soil Map 1:20,000 Rural Hydrographic and Oceanographic Service Information Center for Natural Resources Cadastre 1:50,000 Nationwide Ministry of National Property Land Use 1:50,000 Nationwide Ministry of Agriculture Urban Planning 1:5,000 Urban Areas National Statistics Institute Natural Hazards 1:1,000,000 Nationwide National Service for Geology and Mining Census Map 1:5,000 Nationwide National Statistics Institute Education buildings 1:50,000 Nationwide Ministry of Education Pipelines 1:50,000 Nationwide Ministry of Public Works Rural Water Supply 1:50,000 Nationwide Ministry of Public Works Natural Protected Areas 1:50,000 Nationwide Ministry of National Property/ Agriculture Libraries and museums 1:50,000 Nationwide Ministry of Education National monuments 1:50,000 Nationwide National Council for Monuments Vegetation Steps 1:50,000 Nationwide Ministry of Environment Mining Property 1:50,000 Nationwide National Service for Geology and Mining Other important component of GI management within the government is the National SDI, which corresponds to an inter-institutional network created to facilitate the access and use of geospatial information, thus contributing to the geo-informatization of that management. National SDI promotes the use of GI in public organizations for decision-making and public policy elaboration, by providing guidelines in matters of technology and standards, capacity building for GI management topics, and maintaining platforms for discovering and visualizing GI. Chapter 3.2 delivers a comprehensive explanation of the status of the Chilean SDI components. (2) Private sector At the time of this paper and this elaboration, there is no systematized quantitative information available on the use of geospatial information in the private sector in Chile, nor information about the size of the GI market and industry. These topics should be objects of wider research, so it will be possible to improve existing global policies in these matters, thus placing the emphasis on geospatial issues. One first approach has to do with the use of GI within the private sector. The Chilean economy is closely linked with natural resources extraction; therefore, geospatial information is crucial to have accurate knowledge about geology, water resources, climate and weather conditions, infrastructure and energy supplies, and any other factor that can affect productivity and thus contribute to both better planning and management of these activities. Given the stated information above, it is a fact that companies involved in natural resources management are now using geospatial information and have invested in technology, its application, and human resources, and also demanding services from the GI market, but as mentioned above, no accurate information currently exists on this topic. Other important area relates to facilities, that is, the supply of water, electricity and gas to citizens by private companies. In this case, real time information related to maintenance and monitoring these areas is being generated using GIS mobile devices. Additionally, all the processes for design, planning, execution and control are based on GI systems. Finally, a sector where GI management probably is penetrating quickly is geo-marketing, since many companies need to know the attributes of the people (potential consumers) and where they are located, so they can better orient their strategies to obtaining determined profiles of people more effectively. As already mentioned above, there are many other sectors of the Chilean economy where GI management is being applied. The challenge is to know the current status of geospatial informatization in the Chilean private sector. There is a need for accurate surveys designed to measure changes in time, identify trends and support global policies for these matters. (3) People The level of geo-informatization of the people, the third component of GI policies according to the Korean experience, also requires extensive research since there are a growing number of location-based services given particularly by private companies, both national and international. Still, there is no accurate knowledge about how fast the expansion is in the use of them. On this point, there is a need to know methodologies for measuring geo-informatization, including all the variables that must be considered. Chapter III

24 46 47 Preliminary Overview of Current Status of the Chilean SDI However, there are some conditions that allow one to think that our country will rapidly follow the new trends in GIS related to the advances in Web technology, such as LBS based applications on smart phones, Volunteer Geographic Information, Location-based SNS and Web-based GIS. According to the information provided by the Under-Secretariat of Telecommunications, the connections of Mobile Broadband and Internet Mobile Smartphones have already surpassed fixed connections, reaching by December of 2011 a total of 2,961,050 with an exponential growth of 104.8% since June 2009, and driven strongly by navigation mobile, through smartphone devices. Furthermore, the connection to smartphones represents 57% of mobile navigation. The projected demand for mobile connectivity services will grow 18 times by Currently, 6 in 10 mobile broadband users in Chile use these devices to navigate the Internet, driven by subsidies on this high-end equipment, which have led to significant levels of penetration. On the other hand, private companies are giving an increasing number of services to the people for accessing geospatial data on topics related to domestic life. An important case to note is Mapcity Company, oriented to citizens, which today receives more than three million visits a month. This company has established agreements with some public agencies to publish geospatial information useful for the people. One example is the Ministry of Health that now is publishing through Mapcity the location of the national network of public attention centers with an associated database. The same is true for the Tourism National Service, which publishing the location information of travel agencies, tour operators, guides, food, luggage, all with a quality seal. The geo-informatization of people is also well represented by the use of GPS in cars. It is also growing in the country, but there is no accurate data at the time of this research. Some VGI manifestation can be noted, for example, through the use of the mobile application called Waze, for publishing in real time, the events related to car traffic. These and many other experiences should be systematized and examined through a research survey or other research efforts. 2. Current Chilean Status on the SDI Component 1) Revision by component (1) Law & policy In matters of the legal and policy system, Chilean SDI is passing through a transition stage. An initiative to modify the institutional framework of geospatial information management is being discussed. What is planned is to generate a wide institutional framework for placing three important issues under a unique umbrella, namely, digital development strategy, spatial policy science and technology, and geospatial information management. In the context of the Chilean SDI, this change would involve the modification of the now in-force supreme decree that supports the work of the national spatial data infrastructure today. Today the SDI legal framework consists of the Supreme Decree N 28 of the Ministry of National Property that created the National System for Territorial Information Coordination (SNIT), as a permanent interagency coordination mechanism for the management of public territorial information in Chile. This decree gives the Ministry of National Property the responsibility to coordinate all State agencies in matters related to a geospatial information policy called territorial information. The contents of this supreme decree are focused on establishing the functions of the SNIT and also describe the SNIT promotion system composed of a council of ministers, an executive secretary, thematic areas (similar to working groups for specific issues), and regional structures. Even though this instrument has supported SDI activities over the last six years, it has a number of current issues that need to be addressed through a new decree, because they do not match the current status of the work, as described: The concept of SDI and its components does not appear in the current decree. It refers to SNIT as a system. This concept must be included in any new proposal. The supreme decree in force contains paragraphs related to a national policy for geospatial information management that was not formalized at that time. The contents of this policy will be updated and partially changed. In the beginning paragraphs of the decree, the relationship with State programs that today are not working (obsolete) is mentioned. A new policy for geospatial information management is being generated with new content that covers more SDI issues. Not all stakeholders of the SDI promotion system are described. No explicit mention is made of a national reference system to frame the elaboration of geospatial information. There is no mention of framework data components and the role they play in the context of geospatial information management. SDI Executive Secretariat functions are not described. The only reference is to Executive Secretary. Chapter III

25 48 49 Preliminary Overview of Current Status of the Chilean SDI As mentioned, this supreme decree should be replaced by a new one, consistent with SDI components and able to handle those issues that are not completely or clearly expressed in the current decree. Another important initiative for fostering a national SDI legal framework is the elaboration and formalizing of a new national policy for geospatial information management that will be consistent with the contents of the proposal for a new supreme decree, currently in process as follows: Institutional framework, emphasis on institutional responsibilities, and use of geospatial information for decision-making. Generation of geospatial information that focuses on national priorities and needs, documentation, quality processes, and coordination among central level and regions. Data and systems interoperability, using standards and technical specifications and providing an institutional framework. Transparency and access to geospatial information, based on institutional policies and procedures and technological tools. Use of geospatial information for considering licenses, intellectual property rules, agreements, and procedures for exchanges. SDI funding, related to SDI projects in ministries and regional governments and associated framework data. Human resources and capacity building, focusing on having the required professional expertise in public institutions and promoting collaboration among institutions for fostering human resources. International participation and roles, to guarantee the representation of Chile at regional and global organizations and thus promote bilateral activities. Relationship with satellite sources, serving as a channel of public demand for images, maintaining a national images bank and disseminating best practices for the generation of geospatial information from such imagery. Summarizing, in the short term, the Chilean SDI will be framed as a pair of legal documents, an updated national policy for geospatial information management, and an updated supreme decree. These will attempt to foster policy and legal issues, but not achieve the strength given by the law as seen in the Korean case, where the legal framework appears strongly supported by two paired instruments: an Act regulating all matters and a Decree delivering directives for enforcement and implementation. In the Chilean case, there are certain relevant facts that demand having a law for geospatial information management as soon as possible: Ensure the participation of all public stakeholders by establishing responsibilities and providing resources for GI generation at the level of public institutions. Ensure the participation of the non-governmental world, that is, the private sector, academies, and also municipalities. In the Chilean case, local governments are not under the Executive Power. They operate in an autonomous way. Make several mandatory issues related to geospatial information management, for instance, institutional responsibilities, availability of framework data, documentation and metadata, standards adoption, and providing public officers with geospatial data, among others. Offer a solution to the current situation of self-funding institutions involved with the framework data supply, focusing on defining a business model that fits the requirements of availability proper to the SDI concept while collaborating to save resources. Define a national reference system or support what the national mapping agency states in this regard. Today there is a public institution that utilizes an obsolete reference system under an old law that established it. (2) The SDI promotion system One of the first strategies of the Ministry of National Property at the beginning of 2000 s, before having a consolidated SDI promotion system, was to distribute authority and responsibility of stakeholders participating in the SNIT project, so everyone felt involved in the national initiative. That s why in 2002, a technical committee made of more than 10 ministries representatives was created in 2003 and started to operate. All the regions of the country and the ministries were invited to work in a collaborative and coordinated manner, led by a technical secretary. That structure was considered and validated by the Supreme Decree N 28, which formally created a part of the SDI promotion system that exists today. In this structure it is possible to recognize an upper level formed by a council of ministers composed of eleven members, an executive secretary, thematic committees, and regional coordination with responsible authorities. The lower level is not as well defined in the supreme decree, but in practice many public services, regional stakeholders and working groups started to operate and remain to this day. Today the upper level of the Chilean SDI is in charge of establishing and monitoring the policies and Chapter III

26 50 51 Preliminary Overview of Current Status of the Chilean SDI plans that allow the SDI to advance in a systematized manner. The Council of Ministers meets once or twice a year for decisions coming from the joint work of the Executive Secretariat and an Inter-ministerial Technical Committee that also brings the opinion and proposals of stakeholders. Other component in the upper level of the Chilean SDI promotion system are named thematic areas, established many years ago and validated by the Supreme Decree N 28. These were assimilated into the concept of subcommittees (under the Korean concept) and consist of groups of public agencies that have similarities in terms of the content of the information they manage (for instance, Infrastructure, Natural Resources, Social, Territorial Planning, Patrimony and Property). A main result of the work is the definition of priorities for the information that the country needs and also further advances in the definition of desired technical specifications for the data set to be produced in the near future. Today it is necessary to change the focus of these thematic areas and establish new objectives for that work at the level of subcommittees, as for sure they will request new and different taskforces and institutional arrangements. In this regard, it is relevant to consider that subcommittees, in the case of the Korean SDI, change in terms of their consideration of the objectives of the master plan. In this way Framework data, Administrative boundaries, National applications, Standards and Coordination are probably the key issues around which new structures should be defined in the next master plan. The only component not existing today in the upper level is the advisor committee, although it is operating in the Korean SDI. There has not been any discussion on it since the integration with private and academic sectors has been not defined yet. Thus, it is an issue to be addressed in the short term. In terms of geospatial information industry and market, there is not much information for a status report. Still, social information is spreading quickly and the private sector is providing new services to the citizens that are utilized by using smart phones and similar devices. At the government level, social media is also penetrating, and it is used even for geospatial information exchange. This is especially an issue to be surveyed further, since potential changes in the SDI promotion systems could be experimented with and analyzed. Related to the lower level, NSDI executing organizations are both the ministries and the regional governments. In this last case, they play a kind of double role because they manage the coordination of the regional SDI and also manage information as users. Local governments are not formally integrated into the SDI. As in the case of Korea, in Chile there no NSDI top managers exist in the institutions. What we do have are officials in many organizations that support SDI activities. They were involved in geospatial management projects within their ministries and also acted as SDI counterparts. The experience with the work of the lower level has been quite good. One important achievement has been the conformation of a network among the different officials and representatives of the ministries and public institutions. There are interesting experiences about sharing information and capacity building arising from this network. A main problem in the lower level of the SDI promotion system in Chile is the commitment of the authorities and the communication of these with the technical level. This is a gap to be addressed in the short term. An important actor not existing in the lower level of the Chilean SDI promotion system is the research institute. In this regard, every institution manages as much as possible to do research that supports the development, application and analysis needed. There is no specialized institute in geospatial information in the country, only specific projects in universities that focus on solving public problems using geographic methodologies and geospatial information. Summarizing then, it can be stated that Chile has a National-Wide Promotion System, and the spirit of coordination and collaboration will remain over time, despite any institutional change that may occur in the future. This is because the implemented model ( general department-centric ) is consistent with our institutional culture. Current strategies pursue the implementation of national, institutional and subnational (regional in the case of Chile) SDI. In these three levels and in their corresponding scales, an infrastructure is needed with components that include people, technology development, a promotion system, and a distribution system. The approval of the National Policy and the renovation of the SDI Supreme Decree will contribute to configuring the SDI promotion system to its higher level, as well as advancing authorities and leading structures there. The approval will also contribute to the the lower and operational level, by establishing important functions that were not contained in the previous legal framework. Through a master plan proposal, and a number of projects and goals to be fulfilled, it will be possible to establish the new Chilean SDI promotion system and its components and stakeholders. Some important issues when formulating a national SDI master plan deal with the definition of subcommittees and working groups based on the priority issues for the country. These include the integration of private, academic and the municipal worlds to the upper level, through an advisory committee; a survey of the status of industry and market; and the generation of a strategy for further research on geospatial information issues. Chapter III

27 52 53 Preliminary Overview of Current Status of the Chilean SDI (3) Framework data Framework Data is a sensitive topic for the management of geospatial information in Chile. At the level of the institutions that compose the lower level of the SDI, there is an awareness of how necessary it is to have a common reference for maintaining databases. Along with the work of the SDI, the topics or layers composing the Framework Data are already defined. Basically they are elevation, geographic names, hydrography, geodesy, road network, public infrastructure, administrative boundaries, and imagery. Several organizations are involved in the generation of Framework Data components or layers. Therefore, as mentioned, the building process should consider the integration of multiple-source data with the necessary institutional arrangements between the institutions that are involved: The Military Geographic Institute, Ministry of Public Works, Aero-Photogrammetric Service of the Air Force, and Under Secretary of Regional Development. Today all the layers and products that make up the Framework Data are already built separately or are in the process of being built with different statuses and particular situations. For instance, a large project for generating topographic mapping at 1:25,000 is ongoing. This is a six-year project placed in charge of the Military Geographic Institute and covering the whole country. On the other side, the administrative boundaries layer at a 1:50,000 scale and with commune limits is not completed. The reason is the procedure for building these maps. The description of the geographical features that define a commune limit is provided by old documents (laws on the creation of each commune) which contain references to cadastral boundaries that today do not exist. Then, to build the mapping on this topic it is necessary to develop a kind of historic survey that allows identification of the current track of the commune boundary. It is necessary, therefore, to have at least four organizations involved in this task: The Military Geographic Institute, Under Secretary of Regional Development, National Statistics Institute, and Information Center for National Resources. The administrative boundaries layer is frequently requested and used by many public organizations. However, because many different versions of this are spread throughout the public sector, there is not a unique and official layer that can be used by everyone. Other particular case refers to topographic data provided by the Military Geographic Institute. Digital mapping related to topographic layers (including elevation and geographic names) has restrictions coming from the self-funding model mandated by law, thus affecting availability. As can be seen, Chile does not have an integrated database like the Korean experience has. The need for having common feature types that commonly included in most geospatial databases has not yet been satisfied. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a first baseline of study on the level of development of each one of the framework data layers and focus on defining the level of advancement, if they have their data models, if they cover the complete national territory, if they are on the required scale, and if they are available for free, among others aspects. Finishing the baseline study, one should formulate the necessary projects for developing or improving by separately defining the required institutional arrangements and the task forces. The second stage should be the generation of Framework Data as a national database, achieved as a result of the integration of multiple sources. A complex and collaborative project should be launched that requires the participation of several public agencies with necessary institutional arrangements. It should consider those technical issues related to integration and consistency by controlling data specification, quality control, and resolution of conflicts. In this regard, a document on existing standards and their implementation should be generated in the context of such a project. Since this is a huge project, it is definitively necessary to evaluate the dimensions of the work to be done, in order to have an integrated national database. Then, a preliminary study that is oriented toward economic and technical assess for a national geospatial database integration project could be accomplished (a diagnosis on the current situation, economic study centered on the savings for the State, institutional structure and agreements required, raw information needed, human resources, as well as time, software and hardware required). Another important scale to be considered while providing Framework Data is the local scale, combined with the cadastral parcels. Here there is a bigger gap, since land planning or land use mapping at the level of parcels is not managed by any institution in particular. There are a number of initiatives in the ministries of National Property, Finance, and Economy where local governments and private companies elaborate on geospatial information on an urban scale, but without harmonizing them. Here there is also a need for creating an institutional framework that supports the development of this kind of high resolution Framework Data. In order to achieve this goal it will be necessary to know the current state of elaboration. (4) Standard system In terms of concept of standardization, it is possible to find a difference between the concepts handled in Korea, which focused on the process for generating a standard, compared with the understanding of it in Chile, which is more oriented to implementation. This is standardization as the act of applying standards in GI management. Given this difference the first technical document introducing standards issues should be elaborated on as part of a diffusion project in this area, going beyond the work already realized in the context of the Chilean Norm project that is already finished. Chapter III

28 54 55 Preliminary Overview of Current Status of the Chilean SDI Work in the area of standards and technical specifications is not new in Chile. For many years, institutions related to the generation of basic mapping have been researching and subsequently implementing geospatial information standards for their procedures. Institutions like the Military Geographic Institute, Aero- Photogrammetric Service of the Air Force, Hydrographic and the Oceanographic Service of the Navy have adopted ISO standards to be implemented for quality control, data modeling, metadata, and services. On the other hand, the Executive Secretariat of SNIT has been working on these topics since 2005, when a first metadata profile was implemented in the National Catalog to guide public agencies in their documentation processes. Three years ago, a special working area was created for doing research on the standard evolution, guiding a national project for elaborating Chilean norms on geospatial information, updating the national metadata profile, elaborating documents on implementation of OGC standards and collaborating with international initiatives, such as Red I3Geo. At the international level, SDI Executive Secretariat became a member of OGC and ISO in Then new opportunities for collaboration and access to updates of current information about standards are opened, along with more participation in the standardization process. At the level of ministries and public organizations, there is not as clear a level of implementation and the existing needs on standards. A survey on the current status of the use of standards must be conducted, perhaps in the context of those planning activities that will be assumed by a national committee that next is described here. It is important to know what activities relate to the GI life cycle in which the different organizations are involved because that knowledge can contribute to conducting the standardization system in a better manner. An important milestone in the Chilean SDI in terms of standardization was a national project to generate Chilean norms (as already mentioned), but the importance beyond those useful results was settled in the formation of a group of people (human resources) to support in the near future a national committee for standardization of geospatial information. In fact, when the project on norms was advanced, it was stated that standardization had to be incorporated into the SDI management as a permanent activity, with its corresponding legal framework, functions, strategies and plans included as well. This national committee is in the process of being created. The four major activities on standardization will be incorporated as core functions: Planning, developing, monitoring compliance, and getting feedback from users. The Chilean SDI legal framework, currently in a transition process, will define and support the institution giving it authority to proceed. Two legal instruments will frame the work that has to be done: A national policy for geospatial information management and the supreme decree. In the near future, the council of ministers for Digital Development, Spatial Policy and Geospatial Information Policy, also in the creation process, will have the attribution to form committees or working groups that focus on specific topics of national policy, in this case, standardization. Complementary formal documents will establish the resources for standardization, including organization, functions, tasks, and people (actors) involved. Finally, an action plan will define the specific activities, methodologies, goals, responsible and deadlines, as well as specific projects in terms of planning, developing, publishing and implementing them. On the other hand, a major challenge related to the message to be transmitted to the institutional counterparts, so they are readily aware and know how to interact with the national SDI on matters of standards. A project on dissemination should be elaborated, which explains the process of standardization and all the instances of interaction that are open to the geospatial information community. An alternative could be a procedure manual defining the institution, describing the policy, explaining in detail the organization and all its actors, and then describing the roles for every actor, according to both management s and their operational point of view. This legal instrument should validate the procedure manual. A special linkage between Framework Data stakeholders and the national committee for standardization must be provided in any document on procedures. A framework data working group inside this national committee should include within its action plan its participation in the activities related to the life cycle of the framework data. (5) The distribution system The experience of Korea shows that a distribution system where it is possible to realize transactions between suppliers and users of geospatial information occurs through a purchasing process where it is possible to search and find metadata and map views, thus allowing the user to select the product needed and effectively purchase it. The national geospatial information clearinghouse provides access to about 150 kinds of diversified spatial data, including digital topographic maps, detailed soil maps, green nature maps, and land cover maps. From an institutional point of view, the components of the Korean distribution system are the Center of National Geographic Information Clearinghouse, which is the central institution that synthetically manages and distributes the spatial data produced by the national GIS projects and others. There are also regional gateways that are regional institutions that sell or distribute the spatial data and metadata produced by the region. On the other side, the supplier is the institution that provides the produced and owned spatial data to the center of National Geographic Information Clearinghouse or the regional gateway. Finally, the user is the individual, the enterprise, research center, or institution that purchases the spatial data and uses it accordingly. Considering the experience of Korea, it can be established that the Chilean SDI still does not have a Chapter III

29 56 57 Preliminary Overview of Current Status of the Chilean SDI formal distribution system. Many institutions play the role of suppliers, since in fact the GI information they produce is demanded by either other public or no public organizations and is delivered. Sometimes the SDI Executive Secretariat is the point of contact for requests and makes the necessary contacts to connect the suppliers with the users that make the requests. Also, the National Geoportal allows users to discover the GI whose metadata records have been published by institutions. However, no transaction is possible through the Web. An important challenge for the Chilean SDI is how to advance toward a national distribution system based on Web technology, so it is possible for users to make transactions without physical contact with the provider organization and when not possible, still having standardized and documented processes for making those transactions off-line. For that goal, a number of very important conditions need to be met: It is not possible to have an expeditious distribution system when the responsibilities of the providers for the data they produce are not formally defined. In the case of the Chilean public agencies, the linkage between the geospatial information product and the name of the institution provider will need the support of the legal framework. Geospatial information flowing to users through the Internet needs a quality test to ensure that it will be interoperable with other systems, when a distribution system is in operation. A national inventory of all geospatial information products needs to be updated to have accurate knowledge about the current stock existing in all institutions. Then it will be easy to respond to the requests of users, while a transaction web portal is not implemented. Related to the national inventory, it is important to know how institutions collect their GI information, since many have both a central level and regional offices. Sometimes GI is produced centrally and distributed to the regions, while at other times regions are the central level. All geospatial information products must necessarily be documented through metadata records in the National Geoportal. Not all the geospatial information products existing in the public organizations are currently able to be visualized in the Geoportal. For web transactions of geospatial information, new functionalities and standards must be implemented in the National Geoportal and also in the network that provides web services in the organizations. Also, new policies for making information available must be formulated. Likewise, a geospatial platform as an alternative to a Chilean GI distribution system should be evaluated. An important issue that impacts the distribution of GI in the Chilean SDI is the business model for sourcing GI, since digital mapping is sold to the users, and involves restrictions for re-use. This issue must be considered when a formal and web -based GI distribution system is implemented. Other relevant aspect to address is the status of the use of derivative geospatial information. A national inventory can reveal what information is produced, but no major idea exists for how and how much that information is used. Today, a number of thematic layers generated for the use of the institution producing them, are also used by other institutions. A survey on the current state of the use of GI layers in the country could contribute to better implementation of a GI distribution system in the future. (6) Technology development system In geospatial information technology, after reviewing the Korean experience, it is clear that there is no operating formal GI technology development system in Chile based on research and development. However, since geospatial information management is carried out in many organizations, public and private, GI technology comes to users via a quite developed market and a small local industry whose precise size is unknown. All of industry must be surveyed. Whatever might be the size of the local industry, the question becomes then Where is the place where research & development is being done? and Do academic research efforts provide inputs to the development of the local GIS industry?. At the moment it is an issue not yet surveyed. It is possible that the best methodology for that issue is to identify the small companies developing software applications and ask them. The objective would be to establish the origin of the knowledge put into the creation of such applications. One possible response might be that research and knowledge generation is included as an activity of the company and not provided to any external research institution. Anyway, since the systematized information does not exist, it is necessary to generate it. In the experience of the SDI Executive Secretary, research and development has been internal, and it is not realized by or with an academic or research center. An open source map service tool called Geonodo has been developed and updated using the own human resources of the Executive Secretary. This could be the case for many public organizations, where internal experts develop and update software applications themselves. In terms of implementation of open source software, there is more clarity. Many public agencies are managing geospatial information and have technology needs related to those activities, such as data capture, data processing, management distribution, analysis prediction, and service consumption. In fact, a document for guiding the public institutions for implementing GI solutions has been elaborated on and distributed by the SDI Executive Secretary. It shows the different alternatives among commercial Chapter III

30 58 59 Preliminary Overview of Current Status of the Chilean SDI software and open sources for implementing a geoportal or corporative GIS. Considering the above details, despite having a small GIS local industry in Chile, it is possible to state that a future technology development system for GI will follow a mixed model, thus combining local and external open source developments with external commercial software. A master plan related to GI technology development should be based on first major survey that focuses on learning the details of the status of the Chilean geospatial industry, the Chilean geospatial market, the location of research linked to GI business, the role of the university (if it exists), the use being given to technology (eventually sub-utilization), needs not covered by available technology, and others. Also it is important to define the direction that both the SDI and institutions want to give to GI technology and market development, fully considering all topics of geoinformation, activities, and types of software. (7) Applications of GIS GI Nationwide tools that are giving services to the citizens are shown in the Korean experience about GIS applications. The most interesting aspect identified in the presentation of one, the Korean Land Information System, has to do with the integration of many different GI topics related to land use planning for supporting decision-making on both the regional and national level, and also giving civil services to the people. Further, it is important to see how different stakeholders work together and assist each other, so as to make a possible system success, i.e., the local government, the regional government and the central government. In the first overview of the Chilean experience in GIS applications, it appears that several applications are running and address particular topics in the governmental sector, nationwide, regional and even local. How many are now working and what are their principal outputs in the matter of a survey still to be done. But a big lack that is easy to recognize is the integration of different ministries or different territorial levels. There is no nationwide application that delivers the information generated at the local level, and the number of multi-sector applications is also low. Considering the above information, a big challenge is to identify what kind of nationwide issues need GI applications to support decision-making and provide information services to the people. This challenge must be addressed in the Chilean SDI master plan proposal, where it is necessary to survey the opinions of the public organizations, their authorities and the private sector and its citizens. Going back to the Korean experience of implementing their land information system, in the case of Chile, there is no integrated system supporting management of land information. In fact, various agencies manage only a part of the information on lands, and there is no coordination between them. As in the case of framework data in Korea, maybe land information management in Chile needs an institutional framework and a legal mandate so that all stakeholders involved in land management and land management information could start a work project together. A previous condition for starting such project is to solve issues related to cadastral geoinformation and its interoperability with framework data. A first stage could even consider only scales with less detail. There are already some layers generated by State agencies that might contribute in this way as well. Another important issue deals with the support of planning activities in different territorial levels and their related topics. As there is no national policy for territorial development, land use planning in practice is made by regional governments and local governments. There is no national vision going beyond the administrative boundaries. In this context, there are only a few applications of geospatial information that relate to issues of national interest with an institutional framework supporting them. Summarizing, the challenge for the Chilean government is to provide geospatial information applications to the major management issues and strengthen some initiatives that already do exist. (8) Human resources system In the Republic of Korea, it is possible to appreciate how the government is in charge and invests in Geospatial Information Human Resources Development. A complete circle moves wherein industry and academic institutions are strongly involved and linked within a value change. Three purposes guide the policies and strategies in GIHRD: Efficient performance of the national geospatial information projects; creation of new geospatial information industries & developing technology; and facilitating the utilization of geospatial information for the people. No mention is made of the effectiveness of decisionmaking at the government level, which is an issue for Chilean SDI. Coming to a revision of the status of the Chilean situation regarding human resources development in matters of geospatial information, a number of isolated facts are present, but there no framework sustaining them, not a policy with corresponding strategies. Even the concept of human resources development is broad and comprises education on its spirit. At the level of SDI within the government, it has only been carried out under the nomenclature of training. The life cycle of data, GI integration, knowledge generation, and decision -making seems to be the environment in which GI human resources provides the most support and benefits. In Chile GI human resources development, seen as the result of academic programs plus training activities (and not framed in a stated policy ), contributes to national competitiveness indirectly through the profits of private companies in mining, energy, forestry, infrastructure, and others, as well as better public management. However no concrete information has been generated to dimension the revenues arising from human resource development in matters of GI and less on the social benefit of the public Chapter III

31 60 61 Preliminary Overview of Current Status of the Chilean SDI policies and decisions supported by using GI. There are many challenges to address in the ambit of GI human resources development. Within the State, providing capacities that are needed for a good management in several fields; strengthening the linkage and collaborative relationships with the university, so it provides knowledge to State management, a framework to sustain human resources development in the concept utilized by Korea would be a long-term objective. In the immediate timeframe, the need is to incorporate this issue as a major project in the Chilean SDI master plan. Our SDI promotion system should have in its first stage a subcommittee for capacity building that manages human resources development activities. The master plan vision could consider two time horizons: The first one focused on State and academy synergy, and the second on incorporating GI business and GI industry under the umbrella concept of government GI promotion. SDI component Law and policy system SDI promotion system Framework data Table 3-3 SWOT Analysis Strength Weakness Opportunity - Supreme decree in force - National policy draft - Draft for a new supreme decree - Nationwide promotion system - Active collaboration among stakeholders - Extensive institutional network - National consensus on data framework components - Lack of a law: difficulties involving non- governmental partners - Current supreme decree not including all stakeholders - No integration with private industry and academies - No top manager in the lower level (operational) - No research formally supporting State geospatial management - Some framework data components not completed - No framework data integrated at database level - Difficulties on availability of certain framework data components - Not integrated with cadastral data base - Updating institutional framework of geospatial information management (new decree and policy) - Renovation of the supreme decree - Approval of the national policy - Legal framework updating - National project on 1: scale providing updated information - Creation of a framework data subcommittee Standard system Distribution system Technology development system Applications of GIS Human resources system - Mapping agencies having background for implementation - National project for Chilean norm elaboration - People and partnership supporting the activity in the future - National geoportal and catalog operation - SDI Executive Secretariat handling requests of citizens - Inventory of relevant GI in process - Growing national economy - Some local experience in developing geospatial information tools - Growing use of smart phones - Several applications implemented in ministries and public agencies to address particular topics - Geospatial information knowledge spread throughout different organizations - New carriers related to GI management in Chilean universities - Low level of knowledge in ministries and public agencies - No clarity about the level of implementation in ministries - No web GI transactions at the present time - Institutional responsibilities for GI still not completely clear - No metadata records for all existing data - Lack of operational policies - Business model for mapping agencies - Small local industry - No research institutes supporting geospatial information technology development - Lack of knowledge about current situation of research activities supporting geospatial information activities in the State and private companies - Few national GI applications giving services to the people, from State institutions - No knowledge about how much GI applications are used and support management - No national policy for territorial development - Low governmental investment in human resources development for geospatial information management and technology - National committee in creation process - Chilean membership in ISO and OGC - Policy and new decree drafts supporting standard activities - Technological capabilities existing within SDI Executive Secretariat and public agencies - Open source GI technology spread in public agencies - Supreme decree and national policy drafts supporting distribution - Willingness of public agencies to implement open source tools - Many agencies with needs in technology - Citizens demanding real time geospatial information - Updating of the supreme decree focusing on the creation of new subcommittees and working groups - Draft of geospatial information policy and supreme decree with emphasis on capacity building Chapter III

32 3. Key Issues to Discuss (Challenges and Required Steps) Table 3-6 Data framework Preliminary Overview of Current Status of the Chilean SDI Challenges Formalizing national SDI policy Issuing a new supreme decree creating a national geospatial data infrastructure Elaborating on a law project for the national SDI addressing, among other topics: - participation of all public stakeholders - participation of non-governmental world - make mandatory those issues related to geospatial information management - establish a national reference system - address situation of self-funding institutions Challenges Creating new subcommittees to address relevant issues through institutional arrangements, collaborative task forces and concrete projects Creating a SDI advisory committee Table 3-4 Law and policy issues Table 3-5 SDI promotion system Required Steps - Obtain consensus from ministerial counterparts - Obtain approval of the Council of Ministers. The Ministry of National Property is recognized as the national coordinator of geospatial information and belongs to this council of ministers - Present the proposal for the national policy to the President of the Republic - Elaborate on proposal of supreme decree, consistent with national policy on geospatial information management, and enable an updated SDI promotion system - Obtain consensus from ministerial counterparts - Manage the endorsement of the President of the Republic - Develop a law project o for NSDI in connection with a digital development initiative - Obtain consensus from the ministerial counterparts - Obtain the approval of the Council of Ministers - Submit the project to the National Congress for processing Required Steps - Identify most relevant topics tot urgently addressed from a national viewpoint and collaborative work (i.e., framework data, urban mapping, capacity building) - Elaborate a proposal for subcommittees with terms of reference and obtain consensus from their ministerial counterparts - Obtain approval of Council of Ministers - Incorporate creation of planned subcommittees and their objectives and activities into the national SDI Master Plan - Elaborate on first draft on components and functions of SDI advisory committee - Obtain consensus from ministerial counterparts - Obtain approval of the Council of Ministers - Formalize national SDI advisory committee through a resolution of Council of Ministers, Presidential instruction or similar - Incorporate objectives and activities of SDI advisory committee into national SDI Master Plan Challenges Creating a subcommittee for Framework Data and defining planning Developing a national project for unique administrative boundaries mapping at 1: and the commune level Generating an elevation and data model of geographic names Promoting changes in business model for topographic data Providing institutional arrangements to support Framework Data management Creating subcommittee for large scale mapping (urban) and define planning Required Steps - All items described in SDI promotion system - Collaborate on study of economic and technical assessment for a national geospatial database integration project - Identify current status of activities surrounding the elaboration of administrative boundary mapping - Elaborate the draft of project to complete a national mapping on administrative boundaries - Obtain consensus from ministerial counterparts - Elaborate on institutional arrangements supporting the participation of all involved State agencies - Obtain financial support and present a project - Run that project - Identify current status of technical features related to the elevation and geographic names data model - Define institutional arrangements needed to improve and complete this work so these databases interoperate with other Framework Data components - Generate an action plan for improving and completion - Improve/complete data model following existing Chilean norms (obtained from ISO standards) - Prepare a status document on current legislation, economic studies on duplication, and purchase of digital mapping for different purposes - Create a task force to elaborate on proposal to update legislation on this topic (technical and financial) - Elaborate on proposal to update legislation - Presentation of current situation on this business model and proposal for updating to Council of Ministers - Elaborate on proposal for institutional arrangements or data policies to support integration of multiple-source data that defines responsibilities of every public agency and provides a component for framework data - Consider all items described in SDI promotion system - Identify current situation for existent and/or planned big scale mapping (urban) of ministerial projects, municipalities, and private companies - Formulate a project to harmonize existing initiatives - Collaborate on study of economic and technical assessment for a national geospatial database integration project Chapter III

33 64 65 Preliminary Overview of Current Status of the Chilean SDI Challenges Creating a national committee for geospatial information standards with permanent functions and defined planning Elaborating and disseminating a procedure manual for standard system Improving knowledge on implementation of standards Delivering best practices to international organizations like OGC and ISO Challenges Establishing formal institutional responsibilities for Geospatial Information products Maintaining a national inventory of GI that supports distribution Elaborating and disseminating a procedures manual for off-line distribution of GI Table 3-7 Standards system Table 3-8 Distribution system Required Steps - Consider all items described in SDI promotion system - Provide legal support to this committee through an article in a future law project - Elaborate document on procedures about interactions among standard system resources, functions (activities) and stakeholders (actors), so geospatial information community is aware and has enough knowledge to participate in standard-related activities - Disseminate the document through SDI diffusion process - Survey on current status of implementation of standards for public agencies - Provide input to national annual action plans arising from the results of the survey - Document best practices for implementation, institutional arrangements, capacity building and other issues related to standardization activities in the country - Send documentation to ISO and OGC via established procedures Required Steps - Hold a round of bilateral meetings with all public agencies generating geospatial data and products - Elaborate formal documents (instructions) to be distributed by the ministers from their ministries - Hold periodic bilateral meetings with all public agencies generating geospatial data and products - Elaborate and maintain a register of existing layers in each public agency with principal technical information about each - Check existence and updating of metadata records for all layers in the inventory - Hold bilateral meetings with all public agencies generating geospatial data and products - Compile existing procedures in every public agency including off-line GI distribution - Elaborate on formal instruction for spreading procedures - Disseminate through SDI diffusion methods Improving functionalities and implementing new standards for downloading GI from the Geoportal Analyzing geospatial platform to evaluate alternatives for implementation Developing and implementing operational policies for on-line and off-line distribution of geospatial information Challenges Establishing feasibility test for geospatial technology development and considering country s major interest, goals, human resources and capabilities Mapping priorities and strategies of country and institutions by contrasting type of software (proprietary, open source) with activity (survey, mapping) or activity topic (Natural Resources, Agriculture) where technology can be utilized. Table 3-9 Technology development system - Hold bilateral meetings to evaluate current status of web services implemented in public agencies - Design a plan for implementing standards to transfer GI features (i.e. WFS) - Review background information on geospatial platform - Identify technological requirements for adopting platform and assess current status in the country to address this challenge - Elaborate on action plan for adopting geospatial platform if assessment is positive - Identify key issues associated with distribution of GI requiring support from operational policies - Elaborate on operational policies (technical documents, recommendations and instructions) to improve GI distribution system - Obtain consensus from ministerial counterparts - Obtain approval of the Council of Ministers Required Steps - Research on methodologies for applying feasibility testing on technology development - Identify universe of organizations to be included in test - Elaborate on the test - Apply the test - Analyze test results - Define the direction for geospatial technology development in country - Obtain consensus from ministerial counterparts - Obtain approval of Council of Ministers - Incorporate this information into the NSDI Master Plan - Research on methodologies to map priorities and strategies in technology - Identify relevant activity topics and activities needed for mapping of priorities and strategies - Identify public agencies to involve survey - Realize the survey - Process results and elaborate on analysis - Define direction for use of proprietary and open source software in country - Obtain approval of Council of Ministers Chapter III

34 Table 3-10 Applications 4. Identification of Need to Increase Status Knowledge Challenges Recognizing nationwide issues needing GI applications that support decision- making and provide information services to people Required Steps - Elaborate on inventory of applications existing in public agencies - Research on citizen needs for State GI that should be provided through GI services - Research on State needs for national applications to be addressed - Define topics and major management issues to be supported by GI application providing services to citizens Law and policy issues SDI Component Table 3-12 SDI component and surveys Proposed Surveys - assessment of GI policy status: Study informatization of administration and management (1.effective use of geospatial data in decision- making, information available for making good decisions, human resources for making spatial analysis, among others ( 2.assessment of SDI components) Preliminary Overview of Current Status of the Chilean SDI Fostering existing applications Elaborating on plans for developing new applications Challenges Understanding linkage and collaboration relationships between State agencies and universities Creating a human resource development subcommittee. Table 3-11 Human resources system - Research need for platform updates, new functionalities, and new information so existing applications fit designated management objectives - Elaborate on plan to foster existing applications based on research on needs - Obtain consensus from ministerial counterparts - Identify applications to build to satisfy needs not covered by current applications - Identify public organizations hosting new applications and those involved by providing input - Obtain consensus from ministerial counterparts - Obtain approval of Council of Ministers - Elaborate on institutional arrangements supporting these new applications - Develop individual plans for every application Required Steps - Revision of international background on linkages between State agencies and Academy- related to human resource development - Research on existing programs or activities of university supporting human resource development in the State - Propose exchange activities between State agencies and university - Incorporate all the items described in SDI promotion system SDI promotion system Framework data Standards system Distribution system Technology development system Applications Human resources system - Study on GI industry and market related to the informatization of management and people - research on current status of technical features related to layers that compose Framework Data in Chilean SDI - research on existent and/or planned large- scale mapping (urban) for ministerial projects, municipalities and private companies - economic and technical assessment for a national geospatial database integration project (diagnosis on current situation, economic study centered on savings for the State, institutional structure and agreements required, raw information required, human resources, time, software and hardware) - Survey on current status of implementation of standards - Study on current situation of GI- delivering method within each organization - Research on geospatial platform - Study on GI market and industry related to research - research on methodologies for applying feasibility test to technology development - Study on demand of GI technology in public and private areas - Survey on existing GI applications in Chile (management objectives, technology, outputs, institutions involved, information scale, usefulness for decisionmakers) - Study on the level of use of GIS to establish relationship between investment in GIS and level of use being given - Survey on training supply and demand Chapter III

35 Chapter IV Surveys on Approaches to GI Policy and SDI Status (Item Proposal) Chapter IV Surveys on Approaches to GI Policy and SDI Status (Item Proposal) 1. Geo-informatization of the Administration (Public Organization Report) GI Industry and Market Geo-informatization of People Assessment on Spatial Data Infrastructure Components (SDI Report) Existing Projects on Large Scale Mapping Mapping Priorities and Strategies for GI Technology Development Study on Improving National SDI Distribution System 77

36 Chapter 4 Surveys on Approaches to GI Policy and SDI Status (Item Proposal) 2) Level of use of GIS in the institution Query Visualization Spatial data analysis (Buffering, Overlay, Terrain analysis) Spatial statistics (determine the spatial and/or temporal pattern) Geostatistics (interpolate/estimate the unknown value of a point) Spatially explicit modeling (simulate spatial planning/policy scenarios) 3) GI Layers and products Name of layers and added value products generated by institution Coverage (national or specific areas) This chapter proposes a number of surveys that are suggested to increase the knowledge of GI man- Scale of layers agement in the country, support master plan formulation, and also provide data for assessing the per- Providing the framework data component Surveys on Approaches to GI Policy and SDI Status (Item Proposal) formance of SDI over time. 1. Geo-informatization of the Administration (Public Organization Report) 1) Existing applications Name of application Year of implementation Administrative dependence from which application is managed Management objectives and public policies supported Internal use or open to citizens GI topics addressed Technological platform(s) sustaining the application Shared elaboration (participation in other organizations) 4) GIS supporting decision-making Query regarding organization authorities using GI for decision making Areas of management in which GI is used for supporting decision-making Areas of management in which GI potentially could be useful Descriptions of successful stories of GI use for decision- making Description of unsuccessful stories due to lack of GI use 5) Existence of a division, department, or unit to manage GI Name of administrative dependence where GI management is settled Hierarchy level of administrative dependence within the organization Number of people working on GI management Chapter IV Kind of services offered (visualization, downloading data) Work of this administrative dependence to provide GI and services to all organizations or only Statistics of use (if proceeding) itself Whether administrative dependence is involved or connected with national SDI

37 6) Existence of institutional plan for GI elaboration or use - Geographic object encoding Existing internal instructions for implementing standards Existing institutional mandate (from authority) for elaborating on GI to support management and decision making 9) Exchange of GI with other agencies Existing institutional action plan for producing or maintaining GI Existing monitoring procedures for advanced control of plan (if proceeding) Layers and added value products generated by the institution and requested by other organiza- Existing GI elaboration procedures inside organization tions Layers and added value products generated by other organizations that are used by the institution 7) Existence of institutional Geoportal Existing cooperation agreements for exchanging GI Implementation of Geoportal in an organization to publish and disseminate GI 10) Human resources Kind of platform supporting Geoportal Layers being deployed through the Geoportal Background of people working on GI management within the organization Existing interaction with national Geoportal Existing policies for human resource development inside the organization Capabilities of Geoportal (visualizing, geo-processing, downloading) Existing internal capacities of specific topics for training people inside the organization and also Surveys on Approaches to GI Policy and SDI Status (Item Proposal) Delivery of geo-services to the people 8) Implementation of GI standards Development and implementation of institutional/local standards Implementation of ISO GI standards to address any of the following issues: - General - Spatial and temporal models - Reference system and geographic indicators - Metadata - Raster and gridded data - GI quality - GI services - Applications, format and portrayal - GML offering training to others 11) New trends Developing new trends like - VGI - LBS smart phones - Location-based SNS 12) Budget Budget executed in 2012 for GI management Budget planned for execution in 2013 for GI management Chapter IV Implementation of OGC standards for: - Access and management of GI and objects - Web service implementation

38 2. GI Industry and Market Level of use of GPS in cars Development of VGI activities (contributing data to a VGI application) 1) GI Market - Existing applications with data provided by citizens GI services offered by market Incomes from selling services 4. Assessment on Spatial Data Infrastructure Components (SDI Report) GI products offered by market (applications, software, devices) Income from selling products 1) Framework Data System Identification of public sector activities/areas consuming GI products and services Identification of private sector activities/areas consuming GI products and services Components of Framework Data Existence of common reference and common feature cases 2) GI Industry Existence of Unique Feature ID allowing dynamic updating propagation Existence of data specification, data model and constraints,styles for visualization Methodology for evaluating the Chilean GI industry Existing quality control procedures based on 19113, and 19138, merged into Definition of GI industry for country Existence of metadata management Surveys on Approaches to GI Policy and SDI Status (Item Proposal) Kind of services and products making up Chilean GI industry Providers and clients of each GI company Size of the Chilean GI industry Research & development that supports industry Demand of GI technology in public and private venues 3. Geo-informatization of People Location-based services consumed by people GI Applications visited by the people - Name of company providing applications and description of services provided - Type of data provided and its origin (public, private, VGI) - Statistics of data use Use of smartphones to access GI Establishment of distribution type Specification of stakeholders and their roles Updating of procedures 2) Standard System Institutions implementing standards Stages of GI lifecycle supported by standards implementation Themes of utilized standards Generation of GI products with implemented standards Policies, regulations, and plans supporting standardization activities in the organization Inventory of implemented standards Elaboration of documentation for best practices exchange Internal research for implementing Involvement of human resources Chapter IV - Percentage of people owning smartphones that consume or access GI using that technology Interaction with SDI Executive Secretary Civil decisions and activities supported by GI Interaction with international standards organizations Level of exchange of GI in social media

39 3) Distribution System 5. Existing Projects on Large Scale Mapping Classification of Chilean organizations into Source categories for GI providers and Derivative (the- Institution conducting the project matic) GI provider Executing unit inside the agency On-line / off-line distribution procedures Participation of other public agencies Inventory of national GI Name of project Updates of applications for distributing Territorial scope Current status of transactions on web Time of execution Issues to address still Raw information used to generate large scale mapping Output (layers, geometry, scale, database) 4) Technology Development System Current status of development of GI technological solutions within State organizations 6. Mapping Priorities and Strategies for GI Technology Development Current status of GI technology research at university levels Current status of open source use and proprietary solutions Methodologies for mapping priorities and strategies in technology Surveys on Approaches to GI Policy and SDI Status (Item Proposal) Improvement of transversal tools (national Geoportal, Geonodo) 5) Human Resources System Where GI professionals come from Existing GI human resources in public organizations Current status of relationship between State organizations and universities Opportunities to foster these relationships Capacity building inside State organizations 6) Organization of System Identifying current configuration of Chilean SDI promotion system and the need to better address crucial issues Topics of management needing GI technology List agencies to survey Vision for each application to implement in future Software that sustains future applications (proprietary, open source, own development, and hybrid) 7. Study on Improving National SDI Distribution System Current GI distribution procedures and technical solutions in institutions Functions of the geospatial platform Evaluation of feasibility of implementing geospatial platform Chapter IV

40 Chapter V First Content Proposal for a Chile NSDI Master Plan 1. Performed Projects Related to NSDI Status of Laws and Organizational Systems Related to NSDI Status of Technology, Industry, and Standardization Related to 85 Spatial Information

41 Chapter 5 First Content Proposal for a Chile NSDI Master Plan In the ambit of information, work is focusing on the availability of information in public agencies and the generation of technical documents referred to by standards and technical specifications. In the area of technology, efforts are directed toward the maintenance and continuous improvement of platforms for publishing geospatial information, in particular, the Geoportal of Chile and supplier nodes. There has been progress in developing technical documents related to the implementation of OGC standards and specifications for Web Map Services. In terms of human resources, the Chilean SDI Executive Secretariat identifies and coordinates supply and demand for training in varied areas of geospatial information. Professionals from this Executive Secretariat develop workshops throughout the country, but they also identify training opportunities within the public sector, where experts in specific fields can transfer knowledge to their peers through workshops and seminars. This first proposal of content follows the structure defined in Chapter 2.3 of this report. Using that 2) Circumstance analysis of NSDI structure, scheduled projects and budget are addressed since that will be a matter for the master plan, once formulated. Analysis on the current circumstances of the Chilean SDI will be addressed from three perspectives: First Content Proposal for a Chile NSDI Master Plan 1) Establishment of GI Management of geospatial information in the country is being carried out under the umbrella of the National Geospatial Data Infrastructure of Chile led by the Ministry of National Property. The main functions of the Chilean SDI are: Coordinate actions at national and regional levels, strengthen the institutional support required by the Spatial Data Infrastructure of Chile (SDI); provide access in a timely and expeditious way to GI inside the country; promote the use of GI in State institutions for the generation of public policies and decision-making; provide a guiding framework for all institutional generators and users of GI for norms, standards and technical specifications; and strengthen and build capacities of generators, users, and decision- makers. Currently, the work of the Chilean SDI is structured around the components of geospatial data infrastructures: Institutional framework, information, technology, and human capital. For each of these Performed projects related to NSDI; status of laws and organizational systems related to NSDI; and the status of technology, industry and standardization related to spatial information. 1. Performed Projects Related to NSDI There are a number of projects that have contributed to the objectives of the national SDI in the last few years, led (and ongoing) by the NSDI Executive Secretariat and other institutions of the State. They related to framework data, standard system, distribution system, GIS applications and the SDI promotion system. Some of most relevant are: 1) National Geoportal Chapter V components a set of activities is ongoing, involving the Ministry of National Property as a coordinating The project was built in 2006 with the objective of providing a tool for discovering and visualizing in body and multiple agencies that generate and use geospatial information. an overlapped manner the GI being produced by different State agencies. The national Geoportal was In terms of institutional framework, one of the core products is the elaboration of a proposal of na- implemented over ESRI technology, running in a server settled in the Ministry of National Property. Many tional policy for geospatial information, which identifies the key issues that must be addressed by the organizations with GI publishing capabilities are connected to the National Geoportal. government for effective information management. This tool has been improved permanently, incorporating new functionalities and updating platforms.

42 During 2012 the platform was changed from Windows 2003 Server R2 Enterprise Edition to Windows 3) Geonodo Server 2008 R2 Enterprise Edition. Also, functionalities of administration for users, metadata and services were improved, as well as the visualizing of performance. Geonodo 2.0 is a web application for publishing maps. It was developed by the NSDI Executive Secretariat. It provides a low-cost solution with open access to public and academic institutions and civil 2) Elaboration of Chilean Norms for GI to support the national SDI society, which require managing and publishing their geospatial information online. The publication of maps is done using map services or Web Map Service (WMS). As this standard is an This project began in late 2009 and took three years for its execution. It was funded by CORFO, the international one that produces maps of spatially referenced data dynamically from geographic infor- national corporation for investment promotion; the resources came from a public assets program. The mation, Geonodo becomes a tool that is interoperable with similar systems, such as National Geoportal overall objective was to standardize the generation and use of national geospatial information to allow and GIS desktop. interoperability between different agencies through the generation of a set of norms that constitute Geonodo 2.0 was developed entirely on open source platforms; therefore, it does not require the use part of the technical support of the National Geospatial Data Infrastructure. of software licenses for installation. Following its creation by 2009, updatings and improvements were permanently implemented. At the end of the project (December 2012) the following products were completed: 4) Strategic communication plan for the Chilean SDI Chilean Norms A set of 19 norms related to the national conceptual model, reference system, cata First Content Proposal for a Chile NSDI Master Plan loging, quality, metadata and Web services Application Manual: A technical document for the implementation of the Chilean norms was developed Dissemination: Six seminars throughout the country were realized where professionals and technicians could learn about the products generated in the project and their benefits This was an associative project, coordinated by the Ministry of National Property through SNIT Executive Secretariat and conducted by the National Institute for Normalization (INN). A number of institutions also participated as associates since everyone was committed to making a contribution during the work hours for project development and other resources applied to disseminate the results inside and outside the country. These associated organizations includes the Military Geographic Institute (IGM), Aero-photogrammetric service of the Air Force (SAF), the Hydrographic and Oceanographic Service of the Navy (SHOA), the Despite the progress the Chilean SDI has experienced in recent years, there is a set of problems that relates to the dissemination of the work that needed to be addressed through strategies, tools, and communication milestones. From the above, it is necessary to develop a strategic communication plan to strengthen the image of the organization and the leadership of the Ministry of National Property and the SDI Executive Secretariat, as the leading instance. Then, actions were set to improve interaction with external users, taking into account their demands and the kinds of difficulties and obstacles that may affect the responsiveness of the Executive Secretariat. Responding to these described issues, the plan contained an elaboration of a diagnosis of the Chilean SDI in terms of its institutional environment, the definition of an objective image of the Chilean SDI and proposed communication actions consistent with the institutional mission of this organization. The plan also installed internal capabilities and the demands of institutions and users to solve the identified problems. Chapter V Information Center for Natural Resources (CIREN), the Ministry of Public Works (MOP), and the National Service for Geology and Mining (Sernageomin). 5) Latitude Sur Project This project is led by the Military Geographic Institute of Chile. It is a six- year initiative (second year ongoing) through which, starting in the north of the country, a mosaic of 5,500 sheets of high-resolution

43 images at a scale of 1:25,000, and a digital model of relief is featured. This national topographic coverage will support the integration of data from different agencies and ministries of the State. The business model for the distribution of this data is not yet completely defined. information offered in Chapter 3.2). The Chilean SDI promotion system is associated with both the upper and lower level (following the concepts of the Korean SDI). The upper level is in charge of establishing and monitoring policies and plans that allow the SDI to advance in a systematized manner. It is composed of the Council of Ministers, an Executive Secretariat, and an Inter-ministerial Technical Committee where all the ministries of the 6) SIT Ministry of Public Works council are represented (more information offered in Chapter 3.2). Other components in the upper level are thematic areas, consisting of groups of public agencies The Territorial Information System (SIT) is the Spatial Data Infrastructure of the Ministry of Public Works. It is a decentralized network that facilitates access and integration of spatial information, both institutionally and with citizens. It is also a strategic component of the modernization program for the Ministry. The organizational structure of the SIT-MOP is transversal, involving all operational departments of that have similarities in terms of the content of the information they manage (for instance, Infrastructure, Natural Resources, Social, Territorial Planning, Patrimony and Property). The lower level of the NSDI is composed of ministries and other public agencies related to GI management. An important actor is the regional government (for 15 regions) because it carries out territorial planning in each region, thus utilizing and generating GI in that management. the Ministry and coordinated by the Department of Planning. It consists of three interrelated strategic components: MOP SIT Coordinators, Regional Nodes and Thematic Workshops. 3. Status of Technology, Industry, First Content Proposal for a Chile NSDI Master Plan 7) Emergency Information Integrated System (SIIE) The SIIE project is a visualizer for mapping at different scales and satellite images, able to deploy spatial information provided by public bodies and studies of natural hazards and allows for a generation of applications and modeling in areas vulnerable to natural disasters such as earthquakes, tsunamis, floods, and volcanic activity, among others. The project is led by the Military Geographic Institute of Chile and demands coordination of several public agencies related to risk and emergency management. Started in 2010, and it is expected to finish by Status of Laws and Organizational Systems Related to NSDI and Standardization Related to Spatial Information As a matter of technology, the work of the Chilean SDI now focuses on two main activities: Implementation of tools for accessing geospatial information, inspired via the concept of a single place for accessing ; and the innovation and development of new technologies, that provide capabilities to various institutions in the country to publish and share information based on the dual premises of open source platforms and distributed, free of charge. A common challenge in both cases is how we face new challenges and trends and include those platforms in citizens lives (smart cities concept, social networks, mobile technologies, crowd sourcing, and cloud computing). Regarding the GI industry, not enough accurate knowledge exists about all the companies building GI solutions (size, services and products and providers, clients, and incomes), nor how research & development is supporting these solutions. It is an issue to be surveyed further when facing any elaboration of the master plan. Chapter V The Chilean SDI legal framework consists of the Supreme Decree N 28 of the Ministry of National On the other side, standardization has become a crucial chapter in the development of the Chil- Property that creates the National System for Territorial Information Coordination (SNIT) as a permanent ean SDI, responding to an historic demand from public organizations, which urgently need a guiding interagency coordination mechanism for the management of public territorial information in Chile. This framework for standards and technical specification matters, for activities associated with the produc- decree gives the Ministry of National Property the responsibility to coordinate all State agencies in mat- tion, administration and use of geospatial information. To respond to this difficult mission, four lines of ters that relate to geospatial information policy, in that timeframe called territorial information (more focused effort are being developed.

44 First, efforts have focused on the elaboration of Chilean Norms for geographic information, based on ISO standards. Secondly, for the Chilean SDI Executive Secretariat, it is very important to participate in international discussions on standards, both regional and global. Thus, the country which holds membership in OGC constituted a mirror committee in ISO. Also Chile is participating in the project on Pan- Hispanics norms on geographic information. There is also interest in participating in the working group of standards for PC-IDEA. There are advances in the implementation of some norms, and we are preparing technical documents for the implementation of specifications and recommendations on these matters. Finally, the main challenge is formalization of a national normalization committee to follow up the work done in recent years, incorporating both academia and the private sector. 3) SDI component strategies SDI Component Law and Policy SDI promotion system Framework of data Table 5-13 SDI component strategies Strategy - Strengthen the SDI institutional framework - Provide new promotion system structures able to support current SDI needs efficiently - Enhance collaboration with academy and private sector - Advance toward an integrated common basis for all agencies that are managing GI First Content Proposal for a Chile NSDI Master Plan 1) Vision The vision is to have a national SDI that support decision-making in the government, providing services to the people, and integrated into the private sector and working closely with the academic world. 2) NSDI directions According to the current status of NSDI components and consistent with SWOT analysis, directions for fulfilling the vision of the master plan should include: All national community stakeholders involved in GI management Integrated framework data supporting GI country management Sourced and derivative GI built according to standards Improved data sharing via institutional arrangements and technology Widespread use of GI applications for decision -making and citizenship Standard system Distribution system Technology development Human resources system - Provide institutional support for effective implementation of GI standards - Advance the implementation of a national on-line GI distribution system - Support State agencies in defining their strategies regarding the adoption of GI technology solutions or their development - Provide coordination instances for connecting academic research with public and private technology and their development needs - Promote collaborative relationships between public agencies and universities to increase human resource development of GI topics Chapter V

45 Chapter VI Conclusions and Recommendations

46 90 91 Conclusions and Recommendations Chapter 6 Conclusions and Recommendations According to the general objective formulated at the start for this research the focus was oriented toward the process of surveying the current status of geospatial information management in Chile. It is possible to establish that there are a wide range of topics that still need to be researched and measured, not only those related to SDI issues, but also those related to the global GI policy domain, namely, geoinformatization of the administration, the private sector and industry, and citizenship. As a result of this research, a set of contents and projects is available that should be considered part of the Chilean SDI master plan to be formulated during the coming year and crossing all SDI components. The first specific objective of the research relates to the identification of fundamental aspects of GI policy and SDI features for a reference framework that guides the experience of countries less developed in matters of SDI, the revision of theoretical aspects, and also the experience of the Republic of Korea. These offer a strong basis for assessing the current status of the Chilean SDI possible to be applied to other countries in similar situations, identify gaps in geospatial information management, and recognize the most important areas where SDI must be developed. Here, a very important conceptual finding is on the GI policy domain and the place given to SDI inside that domain, thus providing a key orientation for the process to continue in Chile. Regarding the second specific objective of this research, which relates to establishing a preliminary diagnosis on the current status in GI management, the revision of the theoretical background and the experience of the Republic of Korea contributed to realizing lack of accurate and updated knowledge on several topics. This knowledge needs to be dimensioned when facing elaboration of a master plan, both supporting future concrete projects (for example, an integrated framework data database and existing applications) and other projects and surveys to have standardized data about how Chilean SDI improves year by year. Another important output of the research relates to the specific objective, namely, a comprehensive SWOT analysis covering each one of the SDI components. This analysis is consistent with a detailed list of topics to address while taking advantage of strengths and opportunities and facing weaknesses and threats. The proposed challenges and their corresponding steps could be perfectly organized into a master plan time line or schedule, as some of them correspond to institutional milestones (for example, the creation of subcommittees). Others correspond to concrete activities to be done (for example, holding meetings, elaborating on procedures and maintaining registries) while still others are projects that should be still formulated and executed (for example developing new applications). The third specific objective is oriented toward defining the content to be considered in any comprehensive GI management status assessment, as a result of the research. In this instance, it was possible to define content on several topics related to GI policy and SDI status, covering geo-informatization in public organizations, the GI industry and market, the geo-informatization of people and the SDI component assessment, among the principal items. Thus, a set of specific issues belonging to each one of these mentioned topics or categories, can contribute as a basis for designing and elaborating on questions that could then be part of different questionnaires or surveys to be conducted in the future. The fourth specific objective of the research, a first proposal of content for a further national SDI master plan, was released as being possible. It can lead to appreciating the important work completed in the past years and several nationwide and sectorial projects supporting SDI in technology, framework data, and standards. There is also a favorable situation related to legal support and the organizational system that can provide important support to future work efforts in this field. Another important challenge applies to the development of industry and its relationship to both research and academics. Finally, most of the content of this research will become relevant input for the formulation of a master plan for the Chilean SDI. Current status of GI policy key elements, current status on SDI components, the Chilean SDI, SWOT analysis and the identification of those key issues that are still necessary to address (all from Chapter 3) could nicely complement the circumstance analysis of NSDI presented in Chapter 5. Likewise, the list of challenges and required steps to be delivered, the advances in both projects and activities to realize and both their priority and schedules must be finally defined in the NSDI master plan. Chapter VI

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