Emergency Shelters for Humanitarian Aid after Natural Disasters

Transcription

1 Emergency Shelters for Humanitarian Aid after Natural Disasters Dissertation submitted to and approved by the Faculty of Architecture, Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences University of Braunschweig - Institute of Technology and the Faculty of Engineering University of Florence in candidacy for the degree of a Doktor-lngenieur (Dr.-lng.) / Dottore di Ricerca in Risk Management on the Built Environment * ] by Nicole Becker Born 20 February 1979 from Cologne, Germany Submitted on Oral examination on Professorial advisors 3 April May 2008 Prof. Berthold Burkhardt Prof. Claudio Borri 2008 *) Either the German or the Italian form of the title may be used.

2 Contents 1 Introduction 1 2 Risk Management and Analysis of Homelessness Risk Management of Homelessness Introduction Pre-disaster Risk Management Post-disaster Risk Management Risk Management Process over Time Risk Analysis of Homelessness Homelessness Generation Data Source for Risk Analysis Analysis of Homelessness for Disaster Types Analysis of Homelessness for Regions Development of a Risk Index for Homelessness Influence of Disaster Magnitude Influence of Socio-economic Conditions Risk Index for Earthquakes 27 3 Impact of Vulnerability on Sheltering Options Contribution of Socio-economic Conditions Diagram of Influencing Factors for Shelter Selection Examples Why does somebody need temporary accommodation? Which type of temporary accommodation will be available to the person? How long will the person have to stay in the temporary accommodation? 42 4 Need for Shelter Aid Introduction The Right to Adequate Shelter 48 ix

3 CONTENTS 4.3 Functions of Shelter Disasters in Cold Climate Regions The Pakistan Earthquake, 8 October Introduction Disaster Situation Climatic Conditions Winter Race Winterisation Campaign for Non-winterised Tents Shelter Situation 2 Months after the Earthquake Temporary Shelters Living Conditions in Tented Camps Shelter Aid in Remote and High Locations Floor Insulation of Tents Situation after the Winter 05/ Tents for Personal Shelter Introduction Family Tents for Humanitarian Aid Standards of Family Tents for Humanitarian Aid Types of Family Tents for Humanitarian Aid Components of Family Tents for Humanitarian Aid Family Tents for Humanitarian Aid in Cold Climates The Example of the Diizce-Bolu Earthquake Introduction Disaster Background Winterisation of Tents Conclusion Non-Food Items for Humanitarian Aid Blankets _ Mattresses Floor Mats Plastic Sheeting _ Stoves g0 5.6 All-Season Camping and Polar Tents Insulation gl Structural Stability Ventilation Nomad Tents 83

4 CONTENTS xi 6 Floor Insulation for Emergency Shelters - Fundamentals Introduction Requirements Life Cycle of Insulated Floor Requirements from Context Requirements from Function Calculation Method for Heat Transfer through Floor Heat Transfer Processes Applicability and Adaption of Building Codes Thermal Comfort after DIN EN ISO Floor Insulation for Emergency Shelters - Design Options Introduction Building Materials EPS Materials EPS/XPS - Plates EPS - Granules Neopor / Lambdapor Polyurethane - Locally Produced Polyurethane - Centrally Produced Basotect Infrared Reflective Insulation Miscellaneous Materials Ill Introduction Ill Timber Forklift Pallets Ill Modular Plastic Floor Tiles Straw Thin Layer Solutions Introduction Cardboard Bubble Wrap Acoustic Floor Mats Thermal Benefits of Floor Insulation Tool for Selection of Floor Options Depending on Local Climate Summary of Fulfilment of Requirements Winterisation Kit for Emergency Shelters Introduction Required Bedding Depending on Local Climate Introduction The TNO Model 134

5 Ji. CONTENTS New Approach for Relief Items Thermal Properties of Relief Items Tool for the Determination of Required Bedding Roof Insulation, Design of Insulated Roof Deployment of IR Reflective Materials for External Roof Surface Subjects for Further Research 14g Introduction Additional Winterisation Features Winterisation Kit versus Winterised Tent ' ' ' ' Testing Programme for Winterised Tents '.'.'.'.' Conclusion APPENDIX A Analysis of Homelessness A.I Allocation of Countries in Regions A.2 Regional Split of Homelessness 15q A.3 Risk Index for Earthquakes, B The Pakistan Earthquake, 8 October Bibliography -L o i References of Figures 184