Energy efficiency of buildings - holistic approach in calculation methods and evaluation

Transcription

1 Energy Efficiency - made in Germany Energy efficiency of buildings - holistic approach in calculation methods and evaluation Martin Kusic

2 Contents DIN V Holistic approach Method for planning and evaluation Architectural competitions Plus-Energy-Houses Sustainability assessment

3 Energy Efficiency - made in Germany 1. DIN V Holistic approach Method for planning and evaluation: DIN V (new Dec. 2011)

4 The challenge: simple or holistic approach

5 Holistic approach Facade: Sun protection system, daylight and cooling Table A4 Parameter a to assess the activation of manual or automatic movable sun protection structures for different surface dispositions inclination vertical Winter Summer North NE/NW East/West SE/SW South Evaluation solar gains January (g = 0,6 ; g Total = 0,15) South North Intensity of radiation (sun) I S 56 W/m² 14 W/m² I S * (g * (1-a) + g Total * a) 15,7 W/m² 8,4 W/m² g Evaluation solar gains July South North Intensity of radiation (sun) I S 135 W/m² 100 W/m² g Total I S * (g * (1-a) + g Total * a) 40 W/m² 60 W/m² Evaluation Daylight (DIN V ) year round (τ D65 = 0,74, E m =500 lx, D RB = good ) South North Daylight Supply Factor C TL,Vers 0,61 0,84

6 Sun protection and artificial lighting Activated sun protection The result: Artificial light in sunshine! Pictures: Eicke-Hennig, Institut für Bauen und Umwelt

7 DIN V 18599: Cooling demand extension Calculation Heating demand: DIN EN 832 / EN ISO (months balancing) Loss of heat Q l Q h = Q - η Q Heat demand l hg Gain of heat Q g Q g usable Q g η = f, τ Q l = η Q g usable for heating purposes Determination of the heating and cooling requirements according to DIN V Part 2 Q Einbindung des Kühlbedarf in das Bewertungsverfahr en = (1 η) g not usable not usable for heating purposes (not usable heat gains) Q g Q h Heating demand of the building zone Q c = Q g not usable Cooling requirements of the building zone

8 Heating and cooling Heat sink Q sink Heat source Q source Useability factor η η Q τ sou rce = f, Q sin k τ : Cooling time Q = Q η Q b,h sin k source Heating demand of the building zone Q b, c ( 1 η) = Q source Cooling requirements of the building zone

9 Bilanzierungsverfahren einsetzbar weltweit DIN V 18599: Possibility of worldwide use

10 Comparison of national calculation standards country Userdependent ventilation Decentral ventilation Passive double skin facade Active double skin facade Absorption paint coating Products for improving airtightness Micro-CHP Absorption heat pump Gas heat pump Heat recovery unit (ventil.) Counter flow heat recovery DC ventilators Energy management systems Daylight sensors Presence detection sensor Triple glazing Insulated window frames Solar protection glazing Erhorn / IBP

11 German building Energy Conservation Ordinance (EnEV): Access to the architecture! Potsdamer Platz Berlin Buildings A2, A3, B lauber+wöhr architects Munich (Staff: Martin Kusic) LBBW Stuttgart 2002 wwa wolfram wöhr architects Munich Facades of non-residential buildings in terms of 2018 EU target nearly zero energy building this way? or this way?

12 Daylight

13 Lighting: daylight area (A DL ) 1 method in DIN V Part 4 [ A ( t + t ) + A ( t t ) ] Q = F p + 1, b t,n DL eff,day,tl eff,night nodl eff,day,nodl eff,night For vertical facades: A DL = a DL. b DL Depth of the daylight range: ( ) a = 2, 5 h h A DL, TL,max St Ne Width range of daylight: b DL = window width + 0,5. a TL h St - h Ne height of fall h ST - h Ne a DL / 4 working plane a DL b DL

14 Approach of the Fraunhofer IBP computational Kernel: 3 solutions - 2 D - Shoebox - Polygon

15 Research: practical example

16 Results of the software programmes ( ) Graphical Solution / norm DIN D 2 D Shoebox [standard] Polygon 2 D 2 D [modified] Kusic, M. 2009: Software comparative findings from 18599, Part 2: Daylight supplied areas Building and Energy. 4: 2, 5-7 Issue February 2009

17 Changes in DIN Part 4 (Dec 2011) - Overview Simplification of the process efficiency factor Description of a method for constant lighting control Addition to a net energy for lighting and expense figures for generation, distribution, transfer Complement of parameters and methods for LED lighting Description of a method for evaluation of (variable) Sun protection for skylights Complement of tools to capture lighting in existing systems (system performance based on the lamp power) Introduction of variable values, maintenance of lighting Jagnow 2011

18 DIN V New 2011: Efficiency figures for lighting Expense factors for lighting Presence detection Daylight-dependent control Light system Expense factors for lighting system light generation light distribution light transfer generation distribution transfer de Boer 2011

19 LED technology LEDs have become an interesting alternative to low-voltage halogen lamps Duration of life hours Twice the light output Shockproof 1:1 replacement for existing systems Light change is possible Colour changes are possible

20 Why use simplified methods? Question: Why should we use a simplified method, while we could use a detailed simulation method with (if needed) simplified input? Answer: In particular in context of building regulations: Essential that a prescribed method is Verifiable Legally secure Plus: consensus on the details of the method needed Consequently: Important quality aspects are: Transparency Robustness Reproducibility This may hinder the choice of a detailed simulation tool Overview of advantages and disadvantages of different types of methods, depending on the application: Buildings Platform Information Paper P026 Legally secure (national) Enforceable Calculation Procedures Verifiable Credible, accurate Legally secure (EU) Consensus (national/ regional) Unambiguous, reproducible Robust Transparent (externally) Distinctive Erhorn / IBP Flexible Affordable and efficient Open to innovative technologies Transparent (internally)

21 Simulation vs. simplified method Energy labels A B C D E F G Costs, Accuracy, Reproducibility EP- indicator seven classes G F E D C B A consultant 1 Reproducibility range consultant 2 Current German situation: > 17 Mio. residential buildings and 1,5 Mio. non-residentials; > 50% needs certificates > 1 Mio. certificates/audits per year; < 250 (simulation) experts but > consultants Erhorn / IBP

22 Energy Efficiency - made in Germany 2. Architectural Competitions Energy efficiency assessment

23 Architectural competition: Consultancy Building site Heat Cold Light Air Electricity Passive Keep heat Avoid overheating Use daylight Ventilate naturally Minimize power needs Active Produce, store, distribute, transmit heat Produce, store cold ; discharge the heat Optimize artificial light Distribute ventilated air Gain power

24 Seven conceptual designs presentation only / sorry, no imprint

25 Modular structure of calculation engine

26 Building modelling: zones

27 N. Lang Nemetschek Allplan + ESS / AX 3000 Building modelling: energetic attributes

28 Building modelling: Building services engineering Übernahme der Anlagen aus dem CAD N. Lang Nemetschek Allplan+ESS / AX 3000

29

30 daylight / no daylight

31 Energy Efficiency - made in Germany 3. Trends 1/ Plus-Energy houses 2/ Sustainability rating

32 Building practice and research Standard 1977 Standard 1984 Minimum requirement Building practice Research Solar houses Standard 1995 Low-energy buildings Standard 2001 Standard 2009 Standard 2012 Three-litre house Zero-heating Energy houses Plus-Energy houses Rathert Bau 2011 / M-K

33 Solar Decathlon (SD Europe 2010) SolarArchitektur 4, DETAIL

34 Team Rosenheim building SolarArchitektur 4, DETAIL

35 Team Rosenheim Sonnenschutz Team Rosenheim Daylight System SolarArchitektur 4, DETAIL

36 Decathlon 2009: surplus of electrical energy

37 From Energy Performance Certificate to Sustainability

38 Energy Efficiency assessment: new trends The trend towards sustainable construction is irreversible Martin Kusic Publication in GEB Gebäudeenergieberater June 2011 Energy efficiency plays the key role!