UPgrade strategies in WEEE pre-processing project results and outlook
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1 UPgrade strategies in WEEE pre-processing project results and outlook Vera Susanne Rotter
2 Agenda UPgrade an introduction Recycling potentials Case study UPgrading strategies Barrier analysis Prospecting the Urban Mine (ProSUM) 2
3 Integrierte Ansätze zur Rückgewinnung von Spurenmetallen und zur Verbesserung der Wertschöpfung aus Elektro- und Elektronikaltgeräten Improved valorization and integrated recovery of trace metals in Waste Electronic and Electric Equipment (WEEE) Project duration: Aug 2012-Jul
4 Project goals Enabling a circular economy for relevant materials in electric & electronic equipment Increasing valorization for critical metals with low recycling rates Theoretical Recycling potential Total content of elements Technical Recycling potential Element content that can be recovered with existing technologies and infrastructure considering thermodynamic limits Environmental Recycling potential Element content that can be recovered with less environmental impact compared to primary production Economical Recycling potential Element content that can be recovered under current market conditions 4
5 Upgrading pre-processing of WEEE Recycling-oriented characterization Treatment trials Analysis of design trends Recycling potential Barrier analysis Process development & optimization Stakeholder dialogue 5
6 Concentration of CRMs in WEEE components Ta-Capacitors Tantalum 40-45% Haupt- Nebengruppen -gruppen Ia 1 001H (K) 2 (L) 3Li IIa 4Be UPgrade target metals UPgrade lead metals regulated elements of env. concern NdFeB magnets Neodymium 23-25% Dysprosium 1-10% IIIa VIIIa 2He IVa Va VIa VIIa 5B 6C 007N 008O 9F 10Ne 3 (M) 4 (N) 5 (O) 011Na 12Mg 13Al 14Si 15P 016S 17Cl 18Ar IIIb IVb Vb VIb VIIb VIII Ib IIb 019K 020Ca 21Sc 022Ti 23V 24Cr 25Mn 26Fe 27Co 28Ni 29Cu 30Zn 31Ga 32Ge 33As 34Se 35Br 36Kr 37Rb 38Sr NiMH Batteries Lanthanum & Cer 8-10% 39Y 40Zr 41Nb 42Mo 043Tc 44Ru 45Rh 46Pd 47Ag 48Cd 49In 50Sn 51Sb 52Te 053I 6 55Cs 056Ba 57La 72Hf 73Ta 74W (P) 75Re 76Os 77Ir 78Pt 79Au 80Hg 81Tl 82Pb 83Bi 54Xe 84Po 085At 086Rn 58Ce 59Pr 60Nd 61Pm 62Sm 63Eu 64Gd 65Tb 66Dy 67Ho 68Er 69Tm 70Yb 71Lu ITO layer in LCD Indium 74% Lithium Ion Batteries Cobalt 3-10% LED Konverter Luthetium 0-4% Europium 0-2% GaAs IC Gallium 1-3% 6
7 Quantifying metal potentials Mass Ga, In, Au per product (g/unit) Indium Gallium Copper Gold Total mass LED Laptop LCD TVs LCD TV LED Laptop Laptop Smartphone LCD TV Laptop LCD TV Total Mass per product (g/unit) LED Laptop Smartphone Smartphone Smartphone LCD TV Smartphone 7
8 Quantifying metal potentials Weight in kilograms (Germany) Intrinsic value in million euros Metals in ICT and consumer equipment put on the market Source: Perrine Chancerel, Max Marwede, Nils F. Nissen, Klaus-Dieter Lang. Estimating the quantities of critical metals embedded in ICT and consumer equipment. Accepted for publication in Resources, Conservation and Recycling, doi: /j.resconrec
9 Case study for UPgrading strategies Products Display units Functional composites LED packages Manual removal of LCD displays and LED backlighting LCD displays Concentrates REE in epoxy matrix CreaSolv process Fraunhofer IVV Selective solution process PPFE Cellulose acetate Float glass Indium Gallium Tin PCM Copper Hydrometalurgical Process Loser Chemie Hydrometalurgical Process Indium Tin Copper 9
10 Case study for UPgrading strategies Liquid crystal display (LCD) Panels Light Emitting Diode (LED) Packages Achievements Sandwich could be liberated with selective solvent 3 phase separation Polymere foil Solution with Indium, Tin, Copper Display glass Barriers Display glass containing As, Sb, Pb und Sr is not marketable Degradation of celluloses acetate to celluloses (reduced value) Achievements Composite could be liberated Two phase separation Chips with precious metal, copper, tin, traces of Indium and Gallium REE containing converter Barriers REE embedded in not accessible silicon or epoxy matrix REE content lower then expected 10
11 Barriers for new recovery technologies Target metals In Nd Dy Ta Co LA, Ce Eu, Y Ga Ga Sb Sn Barrier ITO all HDD Magnets spindel magnet capacitors Li batteries NiMH batteries LED LED Ga Chips plastic casings solder Changes in product design Potenzial ATO Substitutionsrisiko Nb/Ta Kondensatoren Reduction of Co concentration unspecific use of Mischmetall?? Reduzierung des Sb Gehaltes Missing product information und labeling no Sub-system labeling of LIB good identifation of NiMH Missing identifikation technology no Sub-system labeling of LIB variation of used Phosphors no labling if GaAS Chips technology avalable but did not penetrate the market yet Dissipatv use Low collection rates Mobiltelefone good identifation of NiMH Mobile phones Current low return streams deutlich steigende Mengen Reducing return streams nicht abschätzbar durch Substitution und Miniaturisierung Co reducng through substitution? Effort for liberation Produktspezifische Unterschiede incresing effort though built in batteries good separation of NiMH Separatability after liberation + Selektive Enstückung incresing effort though - unselektive Entstückung built in batteries abh. von Ident.- technologie? Sep. über LP No mechanical liberation alloys and coatings not relevant no barrier for recycling limited barrier for recycling strong barrier for recycling 11
12 Barriers for new recovery technologies Target metals In Nd Dy Ta Co LA, Ce Eu, Y Ga Ga Sb Sn Barrier ITO all HDD Magnets spindel magnet capacitors Li batteries NiMH batteries LED LED Ga Chips plastic casings solder No final recovery processes available High dmand for energy and chemicals for Separation Steigend durch Einsatz von Nb Kondensatoren? Composition of the main matrix Trennung vom Glas notwendig Trennung der Magnete aus HDD Materialverbund erforderlich, Sortenreinheit bestimmt Wirschaftlichkeit? wirtshaftliche Festplattenaufbereitung erfordert Recycling conflicts with value drivers Trennung von Al mit hoher Reinheit & Silber? Leiterkarten Recyclingkonflikte mit hazardous substance As, Sb, Sr im Displayglas Co, Ni Co? Br??? As bromierte flame retardants? Lacking fincacial incentives (low material value)? low total mass of traget metal not relevant no barrier for recycling limited barrier for recycling strong barrier for recycling 12
13 Why do we need information about the urban mine? Questions about secondary raw materials relevant for recycling innovation & investment When? Where? What? How much? Ueberschaar Max, Rotter, S Enabling the recycling of rare earth elements through product design and trend analyses of hard disk drives Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management 17 (2),
14 ProSUM Prospecting Secondary raw materials in the Urban mine and Mining waste Establish an EU wide information network; Build the architecture for secondary raw materials intelligence through an inventory of CRMs for: E-waste (WEEE) Batteries (BAT) End-of-Life Vehicles (ELV) Mining wastes Provide a European Urban Mine Knowledge Data Platform (EU-UMKDP) interoperable with the M4EU EU-MKDP Funding The project is funded by the European Union ( 3.051m) and the Swiss Government ( 0.63m). The project will be delivered over three years, ending in December This project has received funding from the European Union s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No
15 Background European minerals databases & intelligence networks Development of a sustainable exploitation scheme for Europe's REE ore deposits Development of solutions for sustainable deep sea mining Nano-particle products from new mineral resources from Europe European Geological Data Infrastructure EUMINET European Mineral Information Network MICA Mineral Intelligence Capacity Analysis 15
16 The ProSUM project ProSUM Information Network Includes researchers, the recycling industry, producer compliance schemes, producers, public authorities, national geological surveys and other EU project partners. Shares best practice, benchmarks, and opportunities to increase data harmonisation and cooperation. Information Network launch on April 25, 2015 in Brussels (82 attendees) Join the Information Network: 16
17 Conclusions Electronic products are a relevant end-demand sector for various elements classified as critical To enable a circular economy requires more than technology development Current barriers for recovery need to be well understood At the long-term we need a knowledge base about the urban mine to enable investment planning and policy decision 17
18 More information on: Project partners Associated Partners Vera Susanne Rotter Maximilian Ueberschaar Tel. Tel (0)30 (0) Chair Fachgebiet of Solid Abfallwirtschaft Waste Management Office Sekretariat Z 2 Z 2 Straße Straße des des Juni Juni D D Berlin Berlin 18
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