DETERMINING METAL SURFACE WAVINESS PARAMETERS AND HEIGHT LIQUID SURFACE WAVE BY TRACKING REFLECTED LASER SPECKLE

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1 International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET) Volume 7, Issue 2, March-April 2016, pp , Article ID: IJARET_07_02_007 Available online at Journal Impact Factor (2016): (Calculated by GISI) ISSN Print: and ISSN Online: IAEME Publication DETERMINING METAL SURFACE WAVINESS PARAMETERS AND HEIGHT LIQUID SURFACE WAVE BY TRACKING REFLECTED LASER SPECKLE Mayada B.Al-Quzweny Department of Physics, College of Science, Baghdad University, Baghdad, Iraq Sabah M.Hadi and Aed Ibrahim Owaid Solar Researches Centre, Renewable Energies Directorate, Ministry of Science and Technology, Republic of Iraq ABSTRACT The work is concentrated on an experimental approach to determine surface waviness of metal and height of liquid surface wave. It is based on illuminated those surfaces with a highly coherent light such as laser, and observed movement of center of speckle pattern which were gained from the movement surfaces by using tracking program. The movements of the speckle pattern work on carries important information about those surfaces. Two triangulation methods employed to evaluate metal waviness and liquid surface wave. The first method apply on a solid material (metal) and taking a video directly from the reflected surface, the second method apply on the liquid material (oil ) and taking a video after reflected from screen. The methods used here have a great potential for precise and non-contact optical measurements for surface wave measurements. Key words: Tracking, Speckle Pattern, Waviness, CCD Camera Cite this Article: Mayada B.Al-Quzweny, Sabah M.Hadi and Aed Ibrahim Owaid. Determining Metal Surface Waviness Parameters and Height Liquid Surface Wave by Tracking Reflected Laser Speckle. International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology, 7(2), 2016, pp editor@iaeme.com

2 Mayada B.Al-Quzweny, Sabah M.Hadi and Aed Ibrahim Owaid 1. INTRODUCTION There are many diverse techniques that can be employed to relate the surface to the physical effect used in their measurement. The technique used can be generalized into two categories; contact and non-contact methods. The contact or stylus methods involve dragging a measurement tip across the surface whereas non-contact methods are based on imaging and microscopy principle. Stylus profilers are more commonly used by the industries and are calibrated with help of calibration standards. Noncontact methods are based on optical techniques are fast and offer aerial measurement of the surface [1-3]. Speckle technique one of non-contact measurement this technique regarded as measuring signal and is widely applied in various field of measurement without any surface treatment [4]. When a surface is illuminated a coherent lights such a laser, it is scattered by the surface and a fine granular structure or a speckle pattern including bright and dark regions is observed. This pattern carries important information about the surface [5].One of these information surface waviness measurement which required steady-rate displacements of the object and depend on expected value of an angular distribution of scattered light intensity [6]. In this paper we present two optical methods, the first one related on finding surface waviness, in a large scale comparing with a roughness, for rough aluminum metal strip and the second to determine amplitude of surface wave that caused by impact iron sphere on motor oil liquid and studying the effect of changing temperature degree of that surface on amplitude wave, where the two methods are based on tracking speckle pattern movement. 2. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP AND RESULTS 2.1. Experimental Setup and Results of Evaluation Metal Surface Waviness The waviness parameters are considered as important parameters to characterize surfaces. In our method and by using particular optical arrangement the waviness of the rough aluminum strip (10 x50) cm 2 which was fixed on traveling base moving with constant speed (3.78) cm/sec could be evaluated. This by using a source of diode laser with TEM 00 mode, and CCD camera connected to personal computer (PC) with MATLAB version 7.9. The laser was set in optical arrangement with vertical distance cm from the surface, and 12.1 cm horizontal distance from incident laser point on the surface. The camera set with F-number 2.8 and put in specular direction of the scattering laser. The triangulation method of waviness measurement of our experiment is explained in fig.1 which depends on relationship of similar triangles editor@iaeme.com

3 Determining Metal Surface Waviness Parameters and Height Liquid Surface Wave by Tracking Reflected Laser Speckle Figure 1 Triangulation Measurement Diagram In accordance with the structure in fig.1, and experiment arrangement there is angle (ɵ 1 ) between incident light ray and horizontal axis. Angle (ɵ 1 ) = angle (ɵ 2 ) = 60 ο With the structure (a) is the distance between the reflective optical axis intersection at the surface and the front of the receiving lens equal to 24.2 cm, and the (b)is the distance from the back of the receiver lens to the array surface equal to (0.47) cm and it is the focal length of camera lens at F-number (2.8). To plot the waviness graph, video of moving speckle pattern recorded and processing in two stages the first stage is reading video and converting it to individual frames and the second stage is processing every frame to determine position of center high intensity region of speckle pattern with pixel coordinate in CCD by tracking this center. The tracking depends on "four crossing lines" method. This method applied on each frame of video that consist of 384 frames, and a plot graph of the positions with number of frame. Fig.2 illustrated graph. In our experiment the camera has frame rate (29) frames/sec. this means the time from frame to frame is (0.0344) second, and with constant liner speed of aluminum strip (3.78) cm/second. The distance that crossing within one frame is (0.13) cm. this means each (0.13) cm of horizontal distance one position is taken of speckle center editor@iaeme.com

4 Mayada B.Al-Quzweny, Sabah M.Hadi and Aed Ibrahim Owaid Figure 2 Graph of Strip Aluminum Waviness From this graph and after applying triangulation method waviness parameter W a, W q, W v, W p, and W t of surface are found. Where W a is arithmetic average deviation of waviness from the mean line. W q is the corresponding parameter to w a is the root mean square value of waviness. W v is the maximum depth or lowest point of waviness below the mean line. W p is the maximum height or the highest point of waviness above the mean line and Wt is the sum total of the maximum valley and maximum peak of waviness. From fig.1 the magnification in our experiment is 0.02 [7] L found by graph (center position of high intensity region in speckle pattern ), and L' (center position on aluminum strip ) is found by applying relationship of similar triangles and magnification [8].then the displacement distance of surface along normal direction is given by: From the displacement distance of surface along normal direction amplitude waviness parameters shown in table (1) and applied on graph illustrated in fig.3. Table 1 Waviness Parameters of Aluminum Strip Waviness parameter L measure (pixel) Lʹ measure (cm) X Actual measure (cm) W a W q W v W p W t editor@iaeme.com

5 Determining Metal Surface Waviness Parameters and Height Liquid Surface Wave by Tracking Reflected Laser Speckle Wp W a Wt Wv Mean line Figure 3 Displacement Distance of Surface along Normal Direction Amplitude Waviness Parameters In our experiment (large surface waviness) the beam diameter must be very small compare with distance between peak-to-peak of the surface waviness to get more accuracy, and the incident angle of laser on the surface must be small as much as possible to avoid the second reflection on surface. In small surface waviness, a simple change in optical arrangement must be done, the first change is the incident angle of laser on the surface is zero value, and the second change video processing depends on tracking change distribution of intensity inside the reflected speckle pattern Experimental Setup and Results of Evaluation Liquid Surface Wave: In this experiment liquid surfaces state were characterized by using method depending on noticing effect of impact of a solid sphere at a point on liquid surfaces. Simple optical arrangements were used to observe this effect by tracking speckle movement which was reflected from movement liquids surfaces. This tracking of speckle reveals features that can be used to characterize different types of liquids or to describe the changes in physical properties of the liquid by changing external effect. The effect of impact of all liquids that used in our experiment done by iron sphere which had volume (26.5)mm 3, and mass (1.044)g fell vertically on liquid surfaces with free down at distance (3)cm behind of incident laser point on liquid surface and the sphere position far (3) cm from surface where the vertical distance between center of reflected speckle on screen and level of liquid was (28.5) cm, and horizontal distance of incident laser point on liquid surface to screen was equal (15.5)cm before impact. The CCD camera put in position far from screen (14.5) cm and setup with same F-number and same (fps) in the first experiment editor@iaeme.com

6 Mayada B.Al-Quzweny, Sabah M.Hadi and Aed Ibrahim Owaid The effect of impact that was caused by incident iron sphere recorded by the camera with video for (6)sec. this mean using 174 frames, these frames processing in same program that is used to process frames of aluminum strip waviness. Effect of impact sphere on liquid surface was studied. In our experiment with three constant parameter velocity of sphere at fluid surface, non-dimensional Froude number and initial energy of the sphere (just before impact). From equation (2) the velocity of impact sphere on liquid surface is: Uo = 2.42 m/sec where Uo is the velocity, (g) is the gravitational, (ho) height of sphere from liquid surface [9], equation (3) shows the determine Froude number which usually characterize impact with it [10]. Fr = where Fr is Froude number, d sphere diameter = m, initial energy of the sphere calculated by using equation (4). [11] k.e = Joule where K.E is an initial energy of the sphere (just before impact), and m sphere is sphere mass 1.044g. At position of impact cavity of dropping sphere followed by pinch-off and Worthington jet on surface construction. This interaction with liquid surface causes a wave on surface. In our work the wave is that caused by impacting noticing at (3) cm from falling sphere by using optical arrangement illustrated in figure (4), which is characterize by using program of tracking wave on liquid surface at noticing point. This characterize depend on physical of laser and light reflection principle. When the light source is fixed and irradiated surface, the normal of laser incidence angle will produce a horizontal movement along with the vertical movement of liquid level, then the reflected light image also will be change on the detection surface, and thus the amount of liquid surface displacement be known. Figure 4 Normal Translation Measurement Diagram for Liquid Surface editor@iaeme.com

7 Determining Metal Surface Waviness Parameters and Height Liquid Surface Wave by Tracking Reflected Laser Speckle The graphs of effect sphere impact on liquid surface level (motor oil at 100 ο C) with the number of frames is illustrated in figure (5), and explained impact effect on the graph in figure (6). Figure 5 Graphs of Motor Oil at 100 o C Figure 6 Specifying the Effect of Worthington Jet and Pinch-Off on Liquid Surface Wave In this experiment the effect of impact sphere with the motor oil liquid at a different temperature 110 o C,100 o C, 90 o C, 80 o C, 70 o C, 60 o C, 50 o C, 40 o C, 30 o C and 26 o C are recorded and processing to get ten graphs, each graph related to one of 75 editor@iaeme.com

8 Mayada B.Al-Quzweny, Sabah M.Hadi and Aed Ibrahim Owaid these temperature degrees, actual amplitudes of waves are gotten from the principle of reflected light, and the parallel lines of different cross-cutting nature and triangle method, the actual maximum amplitude found at upper and found at upper and lower points on graph that reflected from the liquid surface by: X: is distance from liquid surface displacement, L: is distance on screen, α: is the incident angle of laser beam. So from graphs and by using equation (5) actual amplitude is found. Table 2 Relation between Temperature and Wave Amplitude No. Temp. ( C) Max. amplitude in graph (pixel) Max. amplitude L (cm) Actual Max. amplitude X (cm) The changing impact effect of solid sphere on surface of motor oil at noticing point expressed as relationship between liquid temperature and maximum amplitude height of liquid surface wave as shown in table (2)this relationship plot as illustrated in figure(7). R square = Figure 7 Curve illustrated change impact effect on liquid surface with different temperature. The fitting equation of this curve used to describe the effect of impact solid sphere at noticing point under this experiment condition editor@iaeme.com

9 Determining Metal Surface Waviness Parameters and Height Liquid Surface Wave by Tracking Reflected Laser Speckle 3. CONCLUSIONS The work depends on tracking all the central regions which have high intensity, for each speckle pattern in video frames. This shows a great potential for non-contact optical surfaces in measurements. This will enable us to study and observe surfaces in a high accuracy within a short time specially with a great developing in imaging systems. In addition to that any external effect on liquid surfaces can be evaluated by building calibration relationship between changing the external effect and liquid surface wave behavior. REFERENCES [1] Mahesh Chand, A.Mehta, R.Sharma, V.N.Ojha &K.P.Chaudhary. (2011), Roughness Measurement Using Optical Profiler with Self-Reference Laser and Stylus Instrument A comparative Study, Pure and Appl.phy.49: Hebeish, A. and El-Rafie, M. H. American Dyestuff Reporter, 79(7), 1990, pp. 34. [2] Chin Y.Poon &B.Bhushan.(1995), Comparison of Surface Roughness Measurements by Stylus Profiler, AFM and non-contact Optical Profiler, Wear, 190:76-88.Evans, G. E., Shore, J. and Stead, C. V. Journal of Society of Dyers & Colourist, 100, 1984, pp [3] F.Gascon &F.Salazar. (2011), Simulation of Rough Surfaces and Analysis of Roughness by MATLAB, In Tech 564: [4] Chern-Sheng Lin, C.Min, F.Shu, M.Yeh, C.Chao &R.Chen, 2011, Application of Laser Speckle Technology in Solar Wafer Roughness Inspection System, Indian Journal of Pure &Applied Physics 49: Abou-Shousha, M. H. American Dyestuff Reporter, 77(10), 1988, pp. 32. [5] Ersin Kayahan, H.Oktem, F.H.Nasibov, &O.Gundogdu, 2010, Measurement of Surface Roughness of Metal Using Binary Speckle Image Analysis, Trib. Inter. 43: Harper, R. J. et. al. Textile Chemists & Colorist, 20, 1988, pp. 25. [6] C.Lukianowicz &T.Karpinski. (2001), Optical System for Measurement of Surface Form and Roughness, Meas. Science Review, 1: [7] Jiri Keprt & Ludek Bartonek, 1999, Measurement of Small Deformations by Laser Speckle Interferometry, Physica 38: [8] Huanqi Tao &W.Liu, (2010), Measurement System for Liquid Level Based on Laser Triangulation and Angular Tracking, Journal of Computer 5: [9] Benjamin Akers & Andrew Belmonte. (2006), Impact Dynamic of Sphere Falling into a Viscoelastic Micellar Fluid, J.Non-Newtoian Fluid Mech.135: Trotman, E. R., Dyeing and Chemical Technology of Textile Fibres, 5 th Edition. London and High Wycombe: Charles Griffin and Company Ltd., 1975, pp [10] Torben Grumstrup, J.B. Keller &A.Belmonte. (2007), Cavity Ripples Observed During the Impact of Solid Objects into Liquids, Am. Phy. Soci.99: Booth, J. E., Principles of Textile Testing. London: Butterworth Scientific Publishers, [11] Sindhu Priyadarshini, Dr. Chandrashekar and Dr. Manjunath. Study of the Effects of Illumination and The Camera Parameters In The Haemoglobin Estimation Using A Digital Camera. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 5(4), 2016, pp [12] Jenna Maria. (2011), an Experimental Study of Worthington Jet Formation after Impact of Solid Sphere, MS.c Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology editor@iaeme.com