Veículos Elétricos e Híbridos. Dr. Wanderlei Marinho da Silva BNDES 12 Maio de 2010 Rio de Janeiro

Transcription

1 Veículos Elétricos e Híbridos Dr. Wanderlei Marinho da Silva BNDES 12 Maio de 2010 Rio de Janeiro

2 Overview 2

3 What is a Hybrid? something (as a power plant, vehicle, or electronic circuit) that has two different types of components performing essentially the same function. (Your dictionary, 2001) 3

4 Where we can find Hybrid Philosophy? And locomotives etc... 4

5 Urban and Highways drive cycles 5

6 Urban and Highways drive cycles 6

7 Urban and Highways drive cycles 7

8 Automotive Megatrends Going Green Infotainment Vehicle Stability System Telematics/eCall Safety Radar Hybrid Engine Control FlexRay The Affordable Vehicle Night Vision Intelligent Distributed Control Connectivity/ Infotainment Camera-based Collision Avoidance 8

9 Today s Automotive Electrical-Electronics Issues Electric Power Personal Considerations: Interior lighting Fans Audio equipment Rear entertainment displays Navigation systems Heated seats Heated steering wheel Active suspension High-end sound Computers, business machines, navigation, communication, games Electric Power Fuel Considerations: Improved starting Fuel processing systems Power steering Electric air conditioning Electromagnetic valves Electric drive engine (loads) Cost and Technology Drivers Electric Power Safety Considerations: Exterior lighting Electric power steering Electric de-mist / de-frost Anti-lock braking Electric-hydraulic braking Traction / stability control Adaptive cruise control Night vision Collision avoidance systems Ignition cut-off Emission Considerations: Stop/start/idle Electric start assistance Electromagnetic valves Electrically heated catalysts 9

10 Automotive Component Lifecycle 10 Source: Integrated Vehicle Control System Technology Steering, Braking, Suspension, and Powertrain Systems, Aloysius J. (Alois) Seewald, TRW Automotive Chassis

11 VHE Development Levels of abstraction requirements specification architecture component design system integration 11

12 EVs and HEVs 12

13 Distributed Software Architecture Communication Architecture Vehicle Electrical Architecture Made of Physical Electrical Architecture Has a Control Algorithm Architecture Devices Vehicle Systems and their Architectures Vehicle Electrical System Made of Harness Architecture Has a Harnesses are Made of Has a ECU Hardware Architecture comm Made of I/O ECU rom ram CPU Made of power gnd, fuses Has a actuators ECU Software Architecture sensors is wires datalinks software hardware Systems Engineering manages capacities properties 13

14 Hybrid variants Architecture approaches Micro hybrid Mild hybrid Medium hybrid Full hybrid Functionality Boosting passive active yes yes Recuperation limited / overload yes yes yes Electric driving no no limited yes Start / stop yes yes yes yes Vehicle elec. sys. Voltage level(s) 12 V V V V Elec. machines Power rating 5 kw 10 kw 15 kw 15 kw 14

15 The New Transportation Era: A Portfolio of Technology Options for Personal Transportation Vehicle drive trains become simpler as reliance on internal combustion engines decreases: High Level of Complexity Low PHEV (Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle) EREV (Extended Range Electric Vehicle) BEV (Battery Electric Vehicle) Utility infrastructure and charging infrastructure needs increase as electric miles increase: High Level of Complexity Low PHEV (Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle) EREV (Extended Range Electric Vehicle) BEV (Battery Electric Vehicle) 15

16 Vehicles in the Pipeline Toyota Prius Chevy Volt Ford Escape Volvo Recharge Mitsubishi Miev Saturn Vue Daimler Sprinter BMW Mini Daimler Smart Nissan Cube Declared Production Programs From GM, Nissan, Ford

17 Electric Vehicles in Pipeline A/B segment Think City Subaru R1E Mitsubishi i-miev Tata Indica Vista Nissan EV-02 Tata Nano Smart ED VW Twin Drive Mercedes A-class? Toyota IQ? VW UP? Kewet Buddy Nice Cars Zero Bolloré Bluecar Heuliez/Orange/ Michelin Will C/D segment, SUV BYD F3DM Fiat Doblo (Micro-Vett) Miles XS500 ZAP X BYD F6DM Mini E Toyota Prius PHEV BYD F3E GM Volt Opel Ampera Saturn Vue PHEV BYD F6E Tesla Model S G segment Tesla Roadster Fisker Karma 17 17

18 PHEV Development Timeline First Announcements of Production-Intent PHEV Programs 1 st PHEV Introduction Annual New Plug-In Vehicle Sales 4,000 3,500 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1, Annual Sales (thousands) Cumulative Sales (thousands) ,000 16,000 14,000 12,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 0 Cumulative Plug-In Vehicle Sales Other OEM PHEVs, EVs Enter Market Production Ramp Up Launch of 1 st Gen 2 Programs Begin SAE Standards Efforts 2003 Begin Utility-Auto Collaborations Finalize Connector (J1772) Finalize Communications (J2836) Production Implementation of Smart Charging and AMI Integration Utility Communications Dynamic Systems Control Data Management Distribution Operations Internet Consumer Portal & Building EMS Advanced Metering Plug-In Hybrids Distributed Generation & Storage Efficient Building Systems Renewables PV Control Interface 18 Smart End-Use Devices

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24 Electric Vehicles Are Coming 4,000 3,500 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1, Annual Sales (thousands) Cumulative Sales (thousands) 18,000 16,000 14,000 12,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2, Annual New Plug-In Vehicle Sales Cumulative Plug-In Vehicle Sales

25 Electric Vehicle Power System Power system components Vehicle Design considerations for Vehicle based Mobile Electric Power Application 25

26 Electric Vehicle Power System Vehicle Design considerations for Vehicle based Mobile Electric Power Application 26

27 Electrical vehicles with varying drive concepts, requirements and applications Electric motor drive Comb. engine / elec. motor drive (hybrid) Comb. engine drive / elec. loads Electricity grid / solar Fuel Elec. equip. Fuel Generator Elec. grid Charger 3 AC Battery Comb. engine Energy store Vehicle elec. sys. Generator Inverter Generator Transf ormer Elec. motor Comb. engine Elec. motor Vehicle elec. system Electrical loads 27

28 Series HEV Configuration 28

29 Parallel HEV Configuration 29

30 Electric Vehicle Technology Competences Energy converters Energy storages Power electronic converters Control Auxiliary systems Transmission Weight issues Packaging Laboratories Research and Development R&D 30

31 Typical Power Electronics Applications Automotive Power Electronics opportunities and chalenges Ecostar Electric Drive Systems Company 31

32 Electric Machines and Power Electronics cost evaluation Handbook of automotive power electronics and electric drives 32

33 Insulation faults in electric/hybrid vehicles: Example of possible 33

34 Overview of standards Germany DIN VDE 0122: Elektrische Ausrüstung von Straßenfahrzeugen (Electric equipment of electrical road vehicles) DIN EN (VDE 0122 T1): Konduktive Ladesysteme für Elektrofahrzeuge - Teil 1: Allgemeine Anforderungen DIN EN (VDE 0122 T 2-1): Konduktive Ladesysteme für Elektrofahrzeuge AC/DC-Versorgung DIN EN (VDE 0122 Teil 2-2): Konduktive Ladesysteme für Elektrofahrzeuge AC-Ladestation DIN EN (VDE 0117 T1): Sicherheit von Flurförderfahrzeugen Elektrische Anforderungen DIN EN : Elektrisch angetriebene Straßenfahrzeuge - Besondere Festlegungen für die Sicherheit Teil 3: Schutz der Benutzer gegen elektrische Gefahren International - IEC : Electric vehicle conductive charging system Part 1: General requirements IEC : Electric vehicle conductive charging system Part 21: EV requirements for conductive connection to an ac/dc supply IEC : Electric vehicle conductive charging system Part 22: AC electric vehicle charging station EN : Safety of industrial trucks Electrical requirements Part 1: General requirements for batt. powered trucks EN :1998 Electrically propelled road vehicles Specific requirements for safety Part 3: Protection of users against electrical hazards UL : Personnel Protection Systems for Electric Vehicle (EV) Supply Circuits: General requirements UL Personnel Protection Systems for Electric Vehicle (EV) Supply Circuits: Particular Requirements for Protection Devices for Use in Charging systems 34

35 Automotive Power Electronics 35

36 Electromagnetic Compatibility Concerns 36

37 EMC and EMI - Case 37

38 Electromagnetic Compatibility Concerns λ=c/f [m] C= velocidade da luz ~ km/s f=freqüência do sinal 38

39 Automotive Emission Testing 39

40 How do I keep my equipment from emitting? Chassis Material - Highly conductive Chassis Joints - Tight and conductive Quiet Noisy Circuits - Minimize spikes Signal and power lines - Proper filtering I/O Cables - Shield with proper terminations Magnetics - Magnetic and electric shielding Noisy Circuit Receiver Equipment Chassis Minimize EMI generated and contain in the chassis 40

41 How do I keep my equipment All Quiet! Noisy Circuit Equipment Chassis from emitting? Receiver Chassis Material - Highly conductive chassis or line plastic chassis with metal Chassis Seams and Lids - Provide tight, corrosion resistant Metal-to-Metal interfaces, use conductive gaskets or spring fingers, keep fastener spacing small or use lip seals Quiet Noisy Circuits - Minimize ringing and reflections, provide local decoupling capacitors for high frequency circuits, use laminated buss bars and snubbers with power switches to eliminate ringing and overshoot I/O Cables - Use common mode and differential mode power line filters, feedthrough filter pins on I/O signals if needed, overbraid signals that are noisy by design (i.e. serial data buses) Magnetics - Transformer gap radiation, use belly band or encase in steel can. Faraday shield can help with common mode noise. Don t make much noise and keep the noise you make 41

42 How do I avoid susceptibility? Chassis Material - Highly conductive Chassis Joints - Tight and conductive Signal and power lines - Proper filtering Sensitive circuits - Bypass and in-line filtering I/O Cables - Shield with proper terminations Power distribution - Power and ground planes Sensitive Circuit Transmitter Equipment Chassis Good design practice and experience leads to EMC 42

43 Component Level Tests Conducted Emissions Radiated Emissions Radiated Susceptibility Conducted Susceptibility 43

44 Models What for? Equipment designers want to predict EMC before fabrication Siemens Automotive Toulouse Most of the time, EMC measurements are performed once the equipment is built. No improvements can be done at conception phase. Predict EMC performances IC, board, equipment optimizations However, need of non-confidential IC models (black box models) 44

45 Automated Chamber supported Units 45

46 How to interconect all? 46

47 In-Vehicle Networking complexity Motors Motors Motors Motors Motors Motors Motors Motors Flaps Flaps Flaps Flaps Flaps Flaps Motors Motors Motors Motors Motors Motors Motors Motors Immobilizer Seat Modules Alarm Rear Module HVAC Blower Door Module Door Module Rear Lighting RKE and TPMS Rx Sunroof Body Controller / Gateway Lighting L Lighting R Temp Wipers Steering Column Rain Sensor SJB Instrument Cluster 4x4 Blind Spot Detection Battery Management Radio Airbag Occupant Classification Pass. Seat Belt Pretensioner Nav Driver Seat Belt Pretensioner Sensor Cluster Anti-lock Braking Amplifier Display Engine Management NOX Chassis Management Power Steering Park Assist Video Video Video Suspension Suspension Suspension Suspension Glow Plug Cooling Fan Fuel Pump Transmission Active Steering 1996 Typical Vehicle: 6 ECUs 2008 High-End Vehicle: > 70 ECUs Adaptive Cruise Control 47

48 modern automobile s networks Byteflight (10Mbit/s, constant latencies, airbag, sear-belt) TTP (5~25Mbit/s, real-time distributed/fault-tolerant apps) Bluetooth (10Mbits/s, wireless for infotainment equipments) LIN (20kbps, control) Buses D2B (5Mbit/s, electrical or optical mainly for digital audio) MOST (22.5Mbit/s, audio, video,control) FlexRay (10Mbit/s, x-by-wire, safety-critical control) CAN ( kbit/s control only) J1850 (10.4kbit/s and 41.6kbit/s, control) Speed High High High High High High Low Low Low Origin Auto Auto Auto Auto Auto Consume r Auto Auto Auto 48

49 Roadmap of in-vehicle networks optics bus 49

50 Layered Software Architecture Application Layer Middleware Layer System Services Layer Hardware Services Layer Boot Loader Feature Activation Services Real Time Services ECU Moding RTOS Timers & Task Scheduling Distributable unit (supervisory) Distributable unit (feature) Local I/O Filter & Data Translation Local I/O Device Drivers (HWIO) Distributable unit (feature) Library Routine I n f o r m a t i o n E x c h a n g e S e r v i c e s Memory Driver COMM Handler COMM Datalink Device Driver C O N F I G U R A T I O N Board Support Package Processor Memory Sensors & Actuators Serial Bus Controller Physical Hardware Processor Memory Sensors & Actuators Serial Bus Controller 50

51 Software Vehicle Value Chain Customer Dealer Revenue Market Share Satisfaction Aftermarket Sales Manufacturing & Service Purchasing Vehicle Engineering Efficiency Speed Flexibility Economy 51

52 Multilevel Model of Dependable Computing Level Component Logic Information System Service Result Ideal Defective Faulty Erroneous Malfunctioning Degraded Failed Unimpaired Low-Level Impaired Mid-Level Impaired High-Level Impaired Legend: Entry Deviation Remedy Tolerance 52

53 Developing Trends of Automotive Electronic Systems Rise of importance of software in the Car Refer to:b. Hardung, T. Kolzow, and A. Kruger, Reuse of Software in Distributed Embedded Automotive Systems 53

54 EV Infraestructure Developments across the world 54

55 Future Overview Imaginary fueling station of the future 55

56 Infrastructure Working Council A Stakeholder Organization for Collaboration on Infrastructure Working Council - Utility-funded stakeholder group - Identify and address needs for codes and standards - Not a standards body Standards SAE Society of Automotive Engineers - J1772 (Connector) - J2836 (Communications) IEC Intl Electrotechnical Comm - TC69 (Charge Infrastructure) - SC23 (Connectors) EPRI IWC IEEE Inst of Elec and Elect Engineers (Interconnecting DR) NEC Others ANSI, UL, etc. National Electric Code - NEC625 (EV Charging Systems) 56

57 Smart Grid: Enabling PHEV and Other Distributed Resources 57

58 Components of the V2G system 58

59 Wireless Charging for Electric Vehicles on-the-move within 2-3 years 59

60 Wireless Charging for Electric Vehicles on-the-move within 2-3 OLEV (online electric vehicle) project years Korea advanced institute of science and technology (KAIST) 60

61 Wireless Charging for Electric Vehicles on-the-move within 2-3 OLEV (online electric vehicle) project years Nissan wireless battery charging 61

62 Wireless Charging for Electric Vehicles on-the-move within 2-3 Wintricity project years Nissan wireless battery charging 62

63 Accountability Not Simple Wall Outlets Intelligent, Wireless Networked Workstations with the Ability to Generate Reports and Manage the Distribution of Electricity. 63

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69 Bollard Pole Mount Wall Mount 69

70 Roadmap Today Tomorrow Future Gasoline & Diesel Syntetic Fuels & Bio-Fuels Hydrogen Combustion Engines Hybrids Fuel Cells 70

71 A caminho do futuro... Século XVIII Século XIX Século XX Século XXI Século XXII 71

72 And in a future of future perhaps a Laser Propulsion system Then we will travel at Light speed km per second Wanderlei Marinho 72