Innovative financing practices and the financialisation of infrastructure and urban development

Transcription

1 Innvative financing practices and the financialisatin f infrastructure and urban develpment Tm Strickland and Andy Pike Centre fr Urban and Reginal Develpment Studies (CURDS), Newcastle University. [email protected]

2 Structure Intrductin: The Rise f Innvative Financing Practices Financing infrastructure and urban develpment: framewrks fr analysis Case studies: Chicag, IL Chicag Infrastructure Trust Greater Manchester, UK Earn-Back Scheme Stcktn, CA Multiple Bnd Issues Cnclusins Plicy Reflectins

3 Intrductin: Rise f Innvative Financing Practices Cntext Transitin twards mre entrepreneurial and financialised financing practices: Spati-tempral factrs (e.g. ecnmic and fiscal crisis, state and institutinal restructuring) Financing innvatins (e.g. securitisatin, revlving funds) New actrs (e.g. institutinal investrs, svereign wealth funds) Place-specific financing arrangements infrmed by brader prcesses and financing practices: Gegraphical variatin Plicy learning, adaptatin and mutatin Cmplex landscape f infrastructure finance

4 Intrductin: Rise f Innvative Financing Practices Ptential implicatins Experimentatin and innvatin? Infrastructure and urban develpment Increased wealth generatin pprtunities Tax base expansin Restructuring? Changing gvernance and institutinal arrangements New legislatin Increased public sectr risk? Greater indebtedness Financialisatin Fiscal stress and bankruptcy Urban fragmentatin and systemic cmpetitin? Unbundling and splintering f infrastructure Inter-urban and inter-gvernmental cmpetitin

5 The existing capital finance landscape in the UK Surce: Symns, T. (2011) Capital Futures, Lcal Capital Finance Optins in an Age f Recvery, Lndn: New Lcal Gvernment Netwrk, P. 33.

6 The emergent capital landscape? Surces f capital Capital markets Extra-lcal institutinal investrs Grants Self financed expenditure Assets and investments Private capital Other Means f investment Private partners, develpers, financiers Spaces f plicy innvatin Investments Cnsultancy and legal prfessinals Spaces f financialisatin Spaces f risk Outcmes Revenue, debt service and reinvestment Fiscal and Ecnmic Crisis Fragmentatin/ Restructuring Capital accumulatin Tax base expansin Infrastructure prvisin, develpment and ecnmic grwth

7 Innvative Financing Practices Temprality Type f financing Examples Taxes and fees Special assessments; User fees and tlls; Other taxes. Old Grants Extensive range f grant prgrammes at multiple levels. New Debt finance Tax incentives Develper fees Platfrms fr institutinal investrs Value capture mechanisms Public private partnerships Asset leverage and leasing mechanisms Revlving infrastructure funds General bligatin bnds; Revenue bnds; Cnduit bnds. New market/histric/husing tax credits; Tax credit bnds; Prperty tax relief; Enterprise Znes. Impact fees; Infrastructure levies. Pensin infrastructure platfrms; State infrastructure banks; Reginal infrastructure cmpanies; Real estate investment trusts. Tax increment financing; Special assessment districts; Sales tax financing; Infrastructure financing districts; Cmmunity facilities districts; Accelerated develpment znes. Private finance initiative; Build-(wn)-perate-(transfer); Build-lease-transfer; Design-build-perate-transfer. Asset leasing; Institutinal lease mdel; Lcal assetbacked vehicles. Infrastructure trusts; Earn Back funds.

8 Chicag Infrastructure Trust A revlving fund: Trust acts as a bank fr private investment. Citibank, N.A.; Citi Infrastructure Investrs; Macquarie Infrastructure and Real Assets Inc.; JP Mrgan Asset Management Infrastructure Investment Grup; and Ullic. Infrastructure investments generate returns fr the Trust and private sectr investrs. Re-investment in infrastructure (multiple prjects ver lng time perid) Aims t cntribute $1.7 billin in infrastructure investment. innvative way t leverage private investment fr transfrmative infrastructure prjects (City f Chicag (2012) Mayr Rahm Emmanuel Annunces Chicag Infrastructure Trust t Invest in Transfrmative Prjects, City f Chicag Press Release, March 1, 2012) Strategy: Levering in private investment Financial mdel determined n a case-bycase basis.

9 Greater Manchester, UK Earn-Back Scheme Revlving fund: Returns frm infrastructure prjects and any Earn Back are used t grw the fund and enable further infrastructure prjects. 1.2bn infrastructure investment fund. The 10 GM authrities put funds int a pl frm transprt and ther spending surces. Prjects = Tram, rad and bus netwrk. Manchester culd Earn Back up t 30m a year in tax: Depending n levels f ecnmic grwth (net GVA increases in Greater Manchester). Earn Back frmula based n rateable values: Greater Manchester culd receive mre f the incremental tax (NDRs) than wuld therwise be pssible under business rate retentin. Any tax that is Earned Back must be used fr further infrastructure investment Funds nly released by gvernment after certain value increase.

10 Stcktn, CA: Multiple bnd issues Municipality became inslvent; generally nt paying its debts as they becme due (U.S. Cde, Title 11, Chapter 1, 101, 32, C, i) Bankruptcy filing in June 2012, apprved in April Causes: (City f Stcktn (2012) Prpsals fr Mdificatins t Obligatins Under AB 506 Prcess, May 7, P. 5-9) Unsustainable Retiree Benefits Labur Cntracts Excessive Debt Burden Ecnmic Cllapse Eliminatin f Redevelpment Bkkeeping Errrs Tm Strickland Stcktn, CA

11 Cnclusins Cmpelling pressures driving the rise in innvative financing practices Receptive institutins in the cntext f state austerity, lw/uncertain grwth and infrastructure develpment and renewal needs Gegraphical variegatin and adaptatin Ptential implicatins mixed New analytical framewrks t interpret the emergent landscape Empirical scrutiny and analysis beginning

12 Plicy reflectins Planning and managing fr the sharp edges f financialised innvatins in infrastructure financing Assessing and balancing risk and reward Plicy learning, adaptatin and mutatin Alternatives? Patient, lng-term and less financialised (?) private finance A new PFI - Public Finance Initiatives Civic and cmmunity-based asset wnership and stewardship

13 Acknwledgements This research has been funded by the ESRC PhD Studentship ( ) in cllabratin with Newcastle City Cuncil and the EPSRC and ESRC i-build research centre