Extreme Climate Change and policy responses
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1 Extreme Climate Change and policy responses Holland Climate House event Saturday 12 December, Copenhagen Leo Meyer Key message: 2 There are risks that climate change may happen faster or have more severe impacts than expected, hence: We need to increase monitoring efforts We need to investigate policy response options 1
2 Temperature range is caused by uncertainty about climate sensitivity 3 Climate sensitivity pdf is not symmetric, this means 4 2
3 ..the chance of under-estimation of future temp. increase is larger 5 than of the chance of over - estimation 6 3
4 13 climate eventualities: 9-Boreal Forest dieback 4-GIS disintegrates 6-Atlantic MOC changes 10-Arctic Ice-free 1-Permafrost CH 4 +CO 2 release 11-Solar indued cooling 12-Climate sensitivity too high 3-Climate sensitivity too low 2-Release ocean CH 4 clathrates 7 7-ENSO changes 8-Amazonean forest collaps 13-Ocean acidification 5-WAIS disintegrates Disintegration West-Antartic ice sheet 8 Positive feedback through sea-level rise Possibly tipping point at 3-5 C global warming 5-7 m sea-level rise on a timescale of centuries to millenia 4
5 Disintegration of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GIS) 9 Possibly tipping point at 1-2 C No reliable information Collaps unlikely before m sea-level rise timescale of centuries to millenia Amazon Forest Collaps 10 Tipping points possibly by global warming > 3-4 C Transition to savanna in decades Irreversible loss of biodiversity and fresh water resources, increase atmospheric CO 2 5
6 Release of CH 4 from permafrost and Ocean clathrates 11 Rapid release would lead to extra warming on global scale Unlikely but huge impacts (+10 0 C) Need for early warning signals 12 Unpredictable natural variability on decadal and centennial timescales) Possible presence of tipping points may be hidden in natural variability More monitoring needed (ice dynamics, ocean currents) Search for early warning signals of tipping points 6
7 Four categories of response options: Option 1: Drastic emissions reductions 13 Old studies: maximum 2-4%/yr global emissions reductions New assessment: >4 % possible in emergency situation Strong societal opposition to be expected to many of these options, even in emergency situations Long lead times, slow effect Four categories of response options: Option 2: Carbon dioxide removal 14 REDD/reforestation (deserts) Ocean fertilization (Fe, nutrients) Aquatic C-capture (algae in situ or reactors) Biochar Air capture (CO 2 -scrubbing & disposal, artificial trees) Mineral sequestration (olivine) Risks diverse, energy and space requirements, delays 7
8 Four categories of response options: Option 3: Solar Radiation Management 15 (Sulphur-)aerosols in stratosphere Reflecting space screens (one large/many small) Creating light surfaces (desert, crops, urban, ocean) Cloud modification (e.g. sea water injection) Quick response time but RD&D needed, risks, ethical questions Abrupt climate changes caused by geoengineering 10 Mio t Sulphur / Year ON OFF (Robock et al., 2008) Termination Problem Year 16 8
9 Four categories of response options: Option 4: Adaptation: from local to a global issue 17 Climate change and trade policy Energy, food, timber Disaster prevention and development collaboration Focus on vulnerable hotspots Management/protection climate refugees International regimes, national integration programmes Avoid or control security risks/conflicts Triggered by impacts or by solutions Radical rather than incremental adaptation Migration, novel infrastructure designs, ocean liming 18 9
10 THANK YOU! 19 report NEWS IN CLIMATE SCIENCE AND EXPLORING BOUNDARIES on TUESDAY 15 DEC h EU PAVILION ROOM SCHUMAN Full presentation of report by PBL, KNMI, WUR Chaired by Jean-Pascal van Ypersele, vice chair IPCC Discussants: Stephen Schneider, Stanford University Jo Alcamo, chief scientist UNEP ( TBC) 10
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