IPv4 exhaustion and IPv6 adoption: For future growth of the Internet

Transcription

1 IPv4 exhaustion and IPv6 adoption: For future growth of the Internet 21 st September 2012 Port Vila, Vanuatu By Miwa Fujii

2 Overview Technical overview of the Internet IP addresses and Domain names Autonomous System (AS) Numbers and routing IP address management IPv4 exhaustion and IPv6 adoption Current status IPv6 deployment support in the world Approaches taken by other government APNIC IPv6 Program Messages for key stakeholders How APNIC can help Discussion 2

3 Internet protocol (IP), Domain Name System (DNS), networking, and routing basics

4 IP addresses

5 On the Internet, you are nothing but an IP address!

6 What is an IP address? An Internet Protocol (IP) address is a number that identifies a device on a computer network. 6

7 What is an IP address? An IP address is a number. Every device directly connected to the Internet needs a unique IP address. There are two types of IP addresses IPv4 and IPv6 7

8 About IPv4 and IPv6 Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) Deployed Address Size 32-bit number 128-bit number Address Format Dotted Decimal Notation: Hexadecimal Notation: 2001:DB8:0234:AB00:0 123:4567:8901:ABCD Prefix Notation / :DB8:0234::/48 Number of Addresses 2 32 = ~4,000,000, = ~340,000,000, 000,000,000,000,000, 000,000,000,000,000 8

9 IP addresses are: Necessary for Internet routing A finite common resource Not owned by address users Address holders have a contractual right to use IP address under the membership agreement that is established between them and Regional Internet Registries 9

10 IP addresses are: IP provides three important definitions: basic unit of data transfer specifying exact format of the headers routing function choosing path over which data will be sent rules about delivery how IP datagrams should be processed how to deal with unusual events (errors) 10

11 IP address prefix notation (IPv4) CIDR Prefix # of Addresses Old Class Equivalent /32 1 / Class C /22 1,024 Obsolete /20 4,096 /16 65,536 Class B /8 16,777,216 Class A 11

12 Domain names

13 What is a domain name? A domain name is a label that a person uses in place of an IP address to locate a site on the Internet, like apnic.net 13

14 What is the Domain Name System (DNS)? DNS is a way to store and retrieve information about domain names and IP addresses. The Internet still can function without DNS but it can not function without IP addresses. 14

15 Domain name, IP address and routing "A name indicates what we seek. An address indicates where it is. A route indicates how we get there." - RFC 791, Internet Protocol (September 1981), Editor: Jon Postel 15

16 Autonomous System Numbers

17 Autonomous System Number (ASN) A globally unique number (16 or 32-bit) used by routing protocols to identify a connected group of IP networks that adhere to a single, clearly defined routing policy (= autonomous system) 4,294,967,296 AS numbers (or 2 32 ) e.g

18 Routing

19 What is routing? Routing is the act of moving information across an internetwork from a source to a destination Routing protocols Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) The protocol which makes core routing decisions on the Internet It maintains a Table of IP networks (= prefixes ) that defines reachability among ASes. 19

20 Administrative grouping Groups of devices with a single, clearly defined routing policy may be assigned an Autonomous System Number (ASN)

21 Administrative grouping AS 1234 AS Registries provide Internet number resources to help divide internetworks into interconnected, autonomous groups of devices AS

22 Network Global Internet routing With a coordinated numbering system, you can build a network of networks. Network Network Network Network Network Network Network Network Internetwork Routing Table 4.128/ / / /16 Network Network 22

23 About IP address management

24 About Regional Internet Registries (RIRs) Industry structures Open membership-based bodies Representatives of ISPs and telecom operators globally Service organizations Non-profit, neutral, and independent 100 per cent self-funded by membership First established in early 1990s Voluntarily by consensus of community To satisfy emerging technical/administrative needs In the Internet tradition Consensus-based, open, and transparent 24

25 Regional Internet Registries The Internet community established the RIRs to provide fair and consistent resource distribution and accurate resource registration throughout the world. 25

26 Terms Allocate To issue number resources to ISPs (LIRs) for internal networks and for further sub-delegation to customers Assign To issue number resources to end-users for internal networks only 26

27 IP address allocation: current status

28 Address space allocated in APNIC IPv6 distribution in /32 Cumulative IPv4 distribution in /8 Cumulative APNIC statistics data sa of Aug

29 11000 IPv6 prefix announcement IPv6 AS count IPv6 BGP table size

30 IPv4 address exhaustion 2012 APNIC April 2011 RIPE Sept

31 IPv4 address exhaustion APNIC Reached to the final /8 in April 2011 Asia Pacific organizations can each request one, and only one, small slice (a /22, or 1024 addresses) of the final /8 RIPE Reached to the final /8 on 14/09/ ARIN Reached the last three /8 19/09/2012 Reaching to the final /8 around late 2013 to early 2014? 31

32 What happens when APNIC's free pool is exhausted? Most networks will still have a number of IPv4 addresses available for use as their networks expand However, the APNIC community also recognizes that some of these organizations will not need these extra addresses and may want to transfer them to organizations that do need them There is a policy available for organizations that may want to transfer IPv4 addresses in this way And of course, don t forget IPv6 J 32

33 So why IPv6?

34 IPv4 address exhaustion Internet Protocol (IP) addresses uniquely identify devices on the Internet Currently, almost all devices connected to networks use the IP version 4 (IPv4) address system IPv4 has more than 4 billion possible address combinations, but these are being used up quickly In fact, APNIC reached its last block of IPv4 addresses in April

35 IPv6 Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) was developed to ensure the continued growth and innovation of the Internet IPv6 offers an extremely large (2 128 ) address space, as each address is 128 bits long, rather than 32 bits. 35

36 What does this mean to all of us? Internet industry is facing a biggest challenge; the biggest since inception of the Internet Internet multi-stakeholders need to transit to IPv6 Government support for IPv6 deployment is critical to maintain global competitiveness

37 But we have plenty of IPv4 legacy space in the PI region So my networks and my customers are all right: We have no shortage on IPv4 addresses. We are fine. Is it so? How about users with IPv6 address only who is visiting your sites? Can they access your sites which are running on IPv4 address only?

38 Your services is only available via IPv4 Vanuatu-example-hotel-booking.com.vu Online hotel booking site On IPv4 only User with IPv4 address only User with IPv4 and IPv6 address

39 Your services is only available via IPv4 Vanuatu-example-hotel-booking.com.vu Online hotel booking site Either user can access to the site User with IPv4 address only User with IPv4 and IPv6 address

40 If your site is not ready for IPv6 Address not found Firefox can not find the address, Vanuatu-examplehotel-booking.com.vu Users with only IPv6 address cannot use the service on IPv4 networks User with IPv6 address only 40

41 Key business drivers for IPv6 IPv6 enables the sustainable growth of the Internet This in itself is a major motivation to deploy IPv6 IPv6 also provides the possibility for new services and business opportunities on large-scale IP installations: e.g., smartphones, smart grid initiatives, and cloud computing These have all driven an increase in demand for IP addresses 41

42 Challenges of IPv6 There are some challenges associated with IPv6 deployment A device connected via IPv4 cannot communicate directly with a device connected via IPv6 This poses a compatibility challenge; until all networks and devices are IPv6 capable, we need to run both protocols simultaneously What IPv6 Transition Technologies to employee? 42

43 IPv4 address life time extension Large Scale NAT (LSNAT), Carrier Grade NAT (CGNAT), or any other type of service provider IPv4- to-ipv4 based NAT platforms and technologies: They are not a transition mechanism to IPv6 These technologies are IPv4 continuity solutions LSNAT is one of several mechanisms that an operator may use to manage IPv4 exhaustion in their network while deploying IPv6 services Two wheels to climb up a hill Deploying IPv4 continuity solutions Deploying IPv6 services 43

44 IPv6 deployment measurement

45 Approaches to Measurement APNIC s approach labs.apnic.net We wanted to measure IPv6 deployment as seen by end users We wanted to say something about ALL users APNIC s website is too specific So we were looking at a way to sample end users in a random but statistically significant fashion We stumbled across the advertising networks... 45

46 What are we finding? labs.apnic.net Breakdowns by ASN, Economy, Region, Organisation 125+ economies provide >200 samples/ interval consistently in weeklies 150+ at monthlies ASN provide graphable data Over 35,000 ASN seen during the last year. 46

47 So where are we now? Global view Level of IPv6 preference 0.6% 47

48 So where are we now? Global view Penetration rate of IPv6 into the global AS economy is slowly rising. 48

49 So where are we now? Asia view China Flash IPv6 preferred: Japan Flash IPv6 preferred:

50 So where are we now? Asia view 50

51 So where are we now? Oceania view 51

52 So where are we now? Oceania view 52

53 IPv6 measurement by ASN 53

54 0.40 IPv6 deployment status Australia measured by Google % of IPv6 clients Feb 2012 Sept 54

55 0.40 IPv6 deployment status NZ measured by Google % of IPv6 clients Feb 2012 Sept 55

56 0.10 IPv6 deployment status FJ measured by Google % of IPv6 clients Feb 2012 Sept 56

57 1.30 IPv6 deployment status NC measured by Google % of IPv6 clients Feb 2012 Sept 57

58 0.30 IPv6 deployment status WS measured by Google % of IPv6 clients Feb 2012 Sept 58

59 A little bit more micro view AS2516 KDDI Corporation (JP) 59

60 A little bit more micro view AS4739 Internode (AU) 60

61 A little bit more micro view AS4826 Vocus Connect International Backbone (AU) 61

62 A little bit more micro view AS45345 Nautile (NC) 62

63 What data is available for Vanuatu? No much data is available yet labs.apnic.net Feel free to join the monitoring activities The Vanuatu ISP community benefits most widely from full information about their core domestic market The best way to equalize measure across all ISPs is to site the measurement on a web page all Vanuatu people use, or are likely to use, e.g., FM107, 63

64 IPv6 in Vanuatu

65 IPv6 allocation 65

66 IPv6 allocation 66

67 IPv4 route propagation 67

68 How close to the IPv6 Internet? 68

69 IPv6 route propagation 69

70 Supporting IPv6 deployment: Economy update

71 Australia A Strategy for the implementation of IPv6 in Australian Government Agencies Australian Government Information Management Office (AGIMO) First version was released in 2007 PDF is available online publicly A Work Plan for the Implementation of IPv6 in Australian Government Agencies Building capacity for future innovation AGIMO Intention Citizen access to government services is maintained Agency access to Internet-based services is maintained Agencies are positioned to adopt internally 71

72 Australia Business as usual activities Training and Training Needs Analysis Risk management Security risk assessment Clearly defined reportable milestones with timeframe AGIMO will survey agencies on progress against defined milestones Report findings to Chief Information Officer Committee (CIOC) and the Secretaries ICT Governance Board (SIGB) 72

73 Australia Reportable milestones examples Review procurement policy Stocktake of equipment and applications Upgrade of ICT hardware to be IPv6 ready Applying for and reserving IPv6 address space Upgrade of operating systems and applications to be IPv6 ready IPv6 accreditation 2012 Upgrade of Internet gateways to be IPv6 ready Agency s systems and applications to be IPv6 ready 73

74 Taiwan Taiwan Government s Initiative to deploy IPv : Phase I study : Phase II Pre-implementation : Phase III Upgrade program Taiwan IPv6 UP Program Smoothly upgrade Government Service Network (GSN) to IPv First 50% of public network services to be dual stack (Web, DNS and ) Second 50% on dual stack Encourage the research and development of IPv6 enabled appliances and services Encourage and stimulate the creation of intelligent IPv6 applications 74

75 Taiwan Strategy 1: Conduct a survey to find out challenges Strategy 2: Define the Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) of IPv6 upgrade for major Internet services Strategy 3: Encourage ISPs to provide dual stack or tunneling to enable IPv6 accessibility Strategy 4: Capacity building: Deliver technical training courses 75

76 Singapore IPv6 Transition Program managed by ida Raise awareness Hosting periodical Executive IPv6 Briefings and IPv6 Technical Conferences One-stop information portal on IPv6: Engage with the local Internet industry Create initial IPv6 demand and supply Leveraged Singapore Government programs to create demand: NGNBN, SG-IX Enabling Government e-services with IPv6 by 2012 Procurement of government IT systems Support a selected number of local significant websites in their adoption of IPv6 Developing IPv6 competency Appointed training provider to provide IPv6 courses to drive IPv6 certifies professionals Conduct IPv6 competition to drive interest Measure and benchmark IPv6 performance against IPv4 performance 76

77 China IPv6 deployment policies and guidelines announced by the State Council of China in Dec 2011 Offered Chinese Internet industry an opportunity to consider their future plan for IPv6 transition IPv6 implementation policy comes with funding support Each telecom operator to set up IPv6 test beds to enable IPv6 for 8 million end users in several Finalize the IPv6 business model and transition plan Large scale IPv6 deployment: Commercialize the IPv6 network on a larger scale network Ensure IPv4IP/v6 coexistence 77

78 APIPv6TF APNIC provide secretariat services Coordinate periodical meetings in conjunction with APNIC biannual conferences Economy update presentations to share IPv6 deployment efforts and deployment status Archived presentation is open to public 78

79 Review inter-governmental initiative

80 PI ICT Ministerial Communiqué April 2011 At Inaugural Regional Meeting of Ministers of Energy, ICT and Transport organized by SPC APNIC contributed policy makers and regulators in the PI region with information of impact of IPv4 address exhaustion and importance of IPv6 deployment to maintain scalable Internet Strategic linkage between government policies and IPv6 80

81 PI ICT Ministerial Communiqué April 2011 At Inaugural Regional Meeting of Ministers of Energy, ICT and Transport organized by SPC Recommendations: Pacific ICT ministers are invited to: Assist industry in the Pacific region by providing certainty and support in the process of IPv6 take-up and request SPC, USP, PITA and relevant partners to develop a Pacific Regional IPv6 Action Plan for the Pacific in collaboration with expert organisations and relevant stakeholders; 81

82 APEC TEL IPv6 Guidelines Asia Pacific-Economic Cooperation (APEC) Inter Governmental organisation with 21 member economies from the AP region Diversified economic circumstances among member economies TEL = Telecommunication and Information working group To develop and implement appropriate telecommunications and information policies, including relevant human resource and development cooperation strategies APNIC contributed APEC TEL Working Group to develop APEC TEL IPv6 Guidelines Technical-Cooperation/Working-Groups/~/media/Files/Groups/TEL/2010_APEC- TEL-IPv6-guidelines-FINAL.ashx 82

83 Scope of the document Overall planning Technical management APEC TEL IPv6 Guidelines List technical aspects to be considered to enable secure and smooth IPv6 transition Human capacity development Enhance IPv6 skills of technical staff IPv6 training programs to be shared International and cross-agency cooperation Sharing information and best current practices Avoid duplicating efforts IPv6 implementation 83

84 Message for National Key Stakeholders

85 Government decision makers Many governments are currently focused on achieving high penetration of next generation broadband and mobile networks. These infrastructures will help achieve more inclusive societies and give national economies a competitive edge. The steady growth of broadband and mobile networks, leading to universal network access, requires an adequate supply of IP addresses. Broadband and mobile network deployment planning checklists must include IPv6 readiness at the service provider level. Governments also need to make sure their e-services support IPv6 for equal accessibility across their population. Encourage collaboration between public and private sectors. 85

86 Service provider decision makers Service providers play a key role in IPv6 deployment. Networks are growing rapidly with higher subscription rates, and service providers need to think about sustaining future growth without relying on IPv4. The most effective way to manage the shortage of IPv4 addresses is to allow networks to support both IPv4 and IPv6 simultaneously. Providers should consider how to extend the life of their IPv4 address pools while enabling customers to connect via IPv6. There may be risks associated with delaying IPv6 deployment, so it is advised that decision makers take IPv6 into consideration when planning for the short, mid, and long term to enable IPv6 access via Customer Premise Equipment (CPE). Connect new customers via IPv6 as default. 86

87 Mobile network service provider decision makers The mobile market is growing rapidly. Mobile devices may access networks via wireless or mobile networks. One mobile handset, such as a smartphone or a tablet, may easily require at least two IP addresses. The increase of mobile handset usage has created a huge demand for IP addresses, which will significantly increase the costs and scalability issues associated with mobile network services. IPv6 provides a long-term scalable solution and lower maintenance than IPv4 deployed in NAT (Network Address Translation) environments. 87

88 Enterprise decision makers Businesses with an online presence should prepare for an increase of customers accessing their online content from mobile devices. Some of these new users may require access via IPv6 in the future. To prepare for these new users, enterprises must ensure their service, hosting, and application providers, as well as system integrators, are IPv6-ready. 88

89 How APNIC can help

90 Getting your IPv6 addresses Kickstart IPv6: IPv6 training and education Prepare for IPv6 transition: Upcoming training events Monitoring IPv6 deployment Find out up to date data: Supporting IPv6 deployment IPv6 Program conduct multi-stakeholder outreach

91 labs.apnic.net Participate IPv6 end user readiness measurement Inquiry: 91

92 APNIC supports PI nations in IPv6 transition At the PI ICT Ministerial Meeting in April 2011, New Caledonia: APNIC Director General, Paul Wilson said, The Pacific has huge advantages in this area, as there are opportunities to leapfrog previous technologies and to start new networks in the IPv6 environment 92

93 Preparing for IPv6 Transition Overall planning 1. Review the impact of IPv4 address exhaustion Inventory of your IT assets 2. Develop an IPv6 deployment plan Strategy, scope of the deployment, schedule, auditing of execution of the plan How to manage coexistence of IPv4 and IPv6 Where to start to deploying IPv6? What transition techniques to be employed? Staff training 3. Budget readiness

94 Engineering assistance by APNIC Where shall we start? What is relevant IPv6 implementation strategy? What transition technologies to be considered? What is the current IPv6 addressing BCP? What aspect of IPv6 security to be considered? Contact us! 94

95 Thank you!