Internet Structure and Organization
|
|
|
- Cecilia Benson
- 10 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Internet Structure and Organization Resources management and allocation
2 Introduction What s the Internet? Why organizations / bodies are needed? Define protocol specifications Agree on a process for standards Specify the rules of the IP resources allocation Bernard.Tuy ATHENS, Paris 18/11/2005 2
3 Agenda Names, Acronyms in the Internet ISOC, IETF organisation ICANN & IANA Standardisation process for IPv6 Standard compliance Regional Internet Registries Requesting Internet resources Bernard.Tuy ATHENS, Paris 18/11/2005 3
4 Internet History Bernard.Tuy ATHENS, Paris 18/11/2005 4
5 Names, acronyms, ISOC Internet Society IAB Internet Architecture Board IETF Internet Engineering Task Force IESG Internet Engineering Steering Group IANA Internet Assigned Numbers Authority ICANN Internet Corporation for Assigned Names & Numbers Bernard.Tuy ATHENS, Paris 18/11/2005 5
6 Names, acronyms /3 RIRs Regional Internet Registries LIRs Local Internet Registries NIRs National Internet Registries ISPs / Telcos Internet Service Providers Operators Bernard.Tuy ATHENS, Paris 18/11/2005 6
7 Names, acronyms, /4 DNS Domain Name System Root NS Root Name Servers : 13 TLDs Top Level Domains :.net,.org,.eu,.edu, CC-TLDs :.fr,.nl,.uk G-TLDs :.com Bernard.Tuy ATHENS, Paris 18/11/2005 7
8 Internet Organization Bernard.Tuy ATHENS, Paris 18/11/2005 8
9 ISOC Internet Society Info : Association under US law Consortium of more than 150 organizations individual members in 180+ countries 75+ «ISOC national Chapters» Hosts IETF activities and related organizations (IESG, IAB, ) «Internet experts that comments on policies and practices» Bernard.Tuy ATHENS, Paris 18/11/2005 9
10 IETF organisation Areas : 8 Applications, Routing, operations & management, Area directors Working groups : 50? (Internet Area) : IPv6-wg, DHC-wg, L{2,3}vpn-wg, WG charter WG mailing list Meetings : 3 per year Attendees : everybody willing to Ref. doc : RFC 2418 & RFC 3160 Bernard.Tuy ATHENS, Paris 18/11/
11 IESG Internet Engineering Steering Group Info: Set of ADs (8 Area Directors) + IETF chair IETF s chair is IESG s chair person Responsible for technical management of IETF activities Approves new IETF wg creation Review all IDs before they become an RFC Ref. Doc: RFC 2028 Bernard.Tuy ATHENS, Paris 18/11/
12 IAB Internet Architecture Board Info : Responsible for defining the overall architecture of the Internet, policies implemented Advisory group for ISOC and IETF IAB nominates IETF s chair And approves the other IESG candidate members Ref. Doc : RFC 2850 Bernard.Tuy ATHENS, Paris 18/11/
13 ICANN & IANA Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers Info: Internationally organised, non-profit corporation Dedicated to preserving the operational stability of the Internet, Achieving broad representation of global Internet communities Developing policies appropriate to its missions Responsible for IP address space allocation Protocol identifier assignment G-TLDs and CC-TLDs management Root Name servers management These services are contracted with and performed by IANA Info : Bernard.Tuy ATHENS, Paris 18/11/
14 RFCs and standardisation process ID : Internet Draft (lifetime = 6 months) Personnal proposal : ID WG ID accepted WG last call IESG last call ID => RFC RFC : Informational Proposed Standard => Draft Standard => Standard Historic BCP Best Current Practice Bernard.Tuy ATHENS, Paris 18/11/
15 IPv6 standardisation 1995 : First RFCs 1999 : Core specifications ready 2001 : transition mechanisms list closed 2004 : still working on MIPv6, encapsulation techs, MIBs, 11/2005: IPv6 wg has closed Specification and standardization work are ready Bernard.Tuy ATHENS, Paris 18/11/
16 Standards compliance Be sure the protocol interoperates w/ different manufacturers equipements / implementations Take care of the standard compliance when purchasing a network equipment Not only looking at the function you wish to get / use Bernard.Tuy ATHENS, Paris 18/11/
17 Regional Internet Registries RIRs Regional Internet Registries RIPE-NCC : Europe+ + North Africa + Middle East APNIC : Asia Pacific rim ARIN : North America + South Africa LacNIC : Latin America and Carribeans AfriNIC : Africa NIRs : in Japan and Korea LIRs (members of a RIR) Local Internet Registries Bernard.Tuy ATHENS, Paris 18/11/
18 Regional Internet Registries Bernard.Tuy ATHENS, Paris 18/11/
19 Whom requesting Internet resources from? Final user (customer) Ask your ISP (Academic or Commercial) ISP Ask a resource from your RIR Supposes you re a member of the RIR RIR Ask IANA Bernard.Tuy ATHENS, Paris 18/11/
20 What Resources to request? Resources? IP prefix (IPv4 or IPv6) : set of IP addresses ASN : Autonomous System Number Requesting a domain name Ask your ISP, CC-TLD registry or G-TLD registry Bernard.Tuy ATHENS, Paris 18/11/
21 ? ou Bernard.Tuy ATHENS, Paris 18/11/
Internet Bodies. [email protected]
Internet Bodies [email protected] Agenda Names, Acronyms in the Internet IETF organisation IESG, IAB, ISOC ICANN & IANA Standardisation process Standardisation compliance Internet Registries Requesting
The Internet Introductory material.
The Internet Introductory material. An overview lecture that covers Internet related topics, including a definition of the Internet, an overview of its history and growth, and standardization and naming.
The Internet. On October 24, 1995, the FNC unanimously passed a resolution defining the term Internet.
The Internet Introductory material. An overview lecture that covers Internet related topics, including a definition of the Internet, an overview of its history and growth, and standardization and naming.
INTERNET ORGANIZATION OVERVIEW OF THE INTERNET'S ORGANIZATION AND MAIN STANDARD BODIES. Internet Organization. Peter R. Egli INDIGOO.COM. indigoo.
INTERNET ORGANIZATION OVERVIEW OF THE INTERNET'S ORGANIZATION AND MAIN STANDARD BODIES Peter R. Egli INDIGOO.COM 1/17 Contents 1. Internet Organizations 2. Why the Internet is called Inter-Net 3. Internet
The IANA Functions. An Introduction to the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) Functions
The IANA Functions An Introduction to the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) Functions Contents SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION 4 SECTION 2: POLICY, STAKEHOLDERS AND STEWARDSHIP IMPLEMENTATION 6 SECTION
Introduction to IP Numbers vs. Domain names. Adiel A. Akplogan CEO, AFRINIC. 2014
Introduction to IP Numbers vs. Domain names Adiel A. Akplogan CEO, AFRINIC. 2014 Identifying an IP address Internet identifiers including information about how to reach a network location (via the Internet
Law Enforcement and Internet Governance: An Ounce of Prevention Is Worth a Pound of Cure
Law Enforcement and Internet Governance: An Ounce of Prevention Is Worth a Pound of Cure Supervisory Special Agent Robert Flaim Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Operational Technology Division Global
The Internet Ecosystem and ICANN!! Steve Sheng @ Stanford University, Center for Information and Society! 29 April 2013!
The Internet Ecosystem and ICANN!! Steve Sheng @ Stanford University, Center for Information and Society! 29 April 2013! Ecosystem! + A network of interactions among organisms, and between organisms and
The Internet Ecosystem
The Internet Ecosystem 15 October 2010 Internet Society InternetSociety.org [email protected] Galerie Jean-Malbuisson, 15 CH-1204 Geneva Switzerland Tel: +41 22 807 1444 Fax: +41 22 807 1445 1775 Wiehle Ave.
Domain Names and their Role for the Net
Domain Names and their Role for the Net Hans Peter Dittler Karlsruhe 2000 H.P. Dittler - BRAINTEC Netzwerk-Consulting 27.6.2002 1 History 1962 first idea 1967 early planning for a real network 1969 ARPANET
Draft WGIG Issue Paper on the Administration of Internet Names and IP Addresses
Draft WGIG Issue Paper on the Administration of Internet Names and IP Addresses This paper is a 'draft working paper' reflecting the preliminary findings of the drafting team. It has been subject to review
Introduction to The Internet. ISP/IXP Workshops
Introduction to The Internet ISP/IXP Workshops 1 Introduction to the Internet Topologies and Definitions IP Addressing Internet Hierarchy Gluing it all together 2 Topologies and Definitions What does all
Internet Technical Governance: Orange s view
Internet Technical Governance: Orange s view 1 Internet Technical Governance: Orange s view With the increasing use of IP technologies in the electronic communication networks and services, Internet Technical
IPv6 Address Planning
eip604_v1.0 APNIC elearning: IPv6 Address Planning Contact: [email protected] Overview Where to Get IPv6 Addresses Addressing Plans ISP Infrastructure Addressing Plans Customer Example Address Plan Addressing
IANA Functions to cctlds Sofia, Bulgaria September 2008
IANA Functions to cctlds Sofia, Bulgaria September 2008 Kim Davies Internet Assigned Numbers Authority Internet Corporation for Assigned Names & Numbers What is IANA? Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
Topic 1: Internet Architecture & Addressing
Topic 1: Internet Architecture & Addressing Objectives Understand the general architecture of Internet Identify the main actors in the Internet architecture Identify the main organizations implied in Internet
Introduction to The Internet
Introduction to The Internet ISP Workshops Last updated 5 September 2014 1 Introduction to the Internet p Topologies and Definitions p IP Addressing p Internet Hierarchy p Gluing it all together 2 Topologies
What's inside the cloud?!
What's inside the cloud?! Initial Arpanet Initial Arpanet Interface Message Processors - DDP-516 mini-computers - 24 Kbyte of Core memory - Store-and-forward packet switching - Predecessors of present
Draft WGIG issue paper on Network and Information Security
Draft WGIG issue paper on Network and Information Security This paper is a 'draft working paper' reflecting the preliminary findings of the drafting team. It has been subject to review by all WGIG members,
Telecom and Internet Regulatory Challenges and Opportunities Names, Numbers, Internet Governance
Telecom and Internet Regulatory Challenges and Opportunities Names, Numbers, Internet Governance Global Forum ICT & The Future of Internet Bucharest, Romania, 19-20 October 2009 Theresa Swinehart Vice-President
IPv6 Addressing. ISP Training Workshops
IPv6 Addressing ISP Training Workshops 1 Where to get IPv6 addresses p Your upstream ISP p Africa n AfriNIC http://www.afrinic.net p Asia and the Pacific n APNIC http://www.apnic.net p North America n
110207099 1099 01] RIN 0660 XA23:
![110207099 1099 01] RIN 0660 XA23:](/thumbs/27/11605322.jpg "110207099 1099 01] RIN 0660 XA23:")
Fiona M. Alexander Associate Administrator Office of International Affairs National Telecommunications and Information Administration 1401 Constitution Avenue, NW., Room 4701 Washington, DC 20230 By electronic
An introduction to IANA Presentation Notes
An introduction to IANA Presentation Notes Date 29 September 2008 Contact Kim Davies, Manager of Root Zone Services [email protected] While the Internet is renowned for being a worldwide network free
Internet Operations and the RIRs
Internet Operations and the RIRs Overview ARIN and the Regional Internet Registry (RIR) System IP Number Resources, DNS and Routing IP Address Management Whois ARIN and the RIR System About ARIN One of
IPv6 Around the World
IPv6 Around the World IPv6 deployment is increasing its momentum globally, and IPv4 address exhaustion is approaching rapidly. Many parts of the world are engaged in efforts to increase broadband penetration,
IPv6 and IPv4 Update from the RIPE NCC. Sandra Brás, Ferenc Csorba
IPv6 and IPv4 Update from the RIPE NCC Sandra Brás, Ferenc Csorba RIPE NCC IPv6 Kongress - Frankfurt 22 May 2014 Schedule IPv6 Kongress 2 RIPE/RIPE NCC. Who are we? IPv4 exhaustion IPv4 transfers IPv6
Who rules the internet? Understanding ICANN
PANOS MEDIA TOOLKIT ON ICTs No.1 Who rules the internet? Understanding ICANN ICANN (the Internet Corporation of Assigned Names and Numbers) is the organisation that oversees the system of internet addresses.
Distributed Systems. 09. Naming. Paul Krzyzanowski. Rutgers University. Fall 2015
Distributed Systems 09. Naming Paul Krzyzanowski Rutgers University Fall 2015 October 7, 2015 2014-2015 Paul Krzyzanowski 1 Naming things Naming: map names to objects Helps with using, sharing, and communicating
The Future of the Internet
The Future of the Internet Paul Twomey President and CEO 9 May 2007 IGF Internet Governance Workshop Tokyo, Japan 1 What I want to share with you today Brief introduction to ICANN Personal view of future
UAEnic at a Glance. Abdulla A. Hashim UAEnic Manager [email protected]. inet MEA Regional Conference. Cairo, Egypt, 8 May 2005
UAEnic at a Glance inet MEA Regional Conference Cairo, Egypt, 8 May 2005 Abdulla A. Hashim UAEnic Manager [email protected] Agenda Who is UAEnic? The Objectives UAEnic Time Lines Internet in the UAE Domain
Highlights ccnso Members Meeting London 22-26 June 2014
Meeting Highlights Highlights ccnso Members Meeting London 22-26 June 2014 Membership ccnso On 25 June the (Romanian) National Institute for R&D in Informatics, the manager for.ro (Romania), became member
Request for Proposals for consulting services: Independent review of the ICANN Address Supporting Organization (ASO)
Request for Proposals for consulting services: Independent review of the ICANN Address Supporting Organization (ASO) Deadline for applications: 31-January-2011 ASO review ToR Page 1/10 1 Instructions to
ICANN STRATEGIC PLAN JULY 2012 JUNE 2015
ICANN STRATEGIC PLAN JULY 2012 JUNE 2015 One World. One Internet. One World. One Internet. ICANN is the global organization that coordinates the Internet s unique identifier systems for worldwide public
How To Get An Ipv6 Allocation On Ipv4 (Ipv4) From Ipv5) From The Ipvripe Ncc (Ip6) From A Ipvv6 Ipv2 (Ip4) To Ip
What s hot at the RIPE NCC PLNOG6, March 2011 Sandra Brás Trainer, RIPE NCC [email protected] Hot topics - overview The registry system IPv4 depletion IPv6 policy update Independent resources 2 The five RIRs
Ref: A. Leon Garcia and I. Widjaja, Communication Networks, 2 nd Ed. McGraw Hill, 2006 Latest update of this lecture was on 16 10 2010
IPv4 Addressing There are several non-profit organizations in the world that have the authority for assigning IP addresses to institutions that need access to the Internet. These organizations are (for
Internet Security and Resiliency: A Collaborative Effort
Internet Security and Resiliency: A Collaborative Effort Baher Esmat Manager, Regional Relations Middle East MENOG 4 Manama, 9 April 2009 1 WHAT IS THIS PRESENTATION ABOUT? ICANN s effort in enhancing
Draft WGIG Issue Paper on the Multilingualization of
Draft WGIG Issue Paper on the Multilingualization of Internet Naming System This paper is a 'draft working paper' reflecting the preliminary findings of the drafting team. It has been subject to review
The Proposal for Internationalizing cctld Names
The Proposal for Internationalizing cctld Names By Chinese Domain Name Consortium (CDNC) June 2005 Introduction The Internet from its birth was in English. In its early years in the United States of America,
PLAN FOR ENHANCING INTERNET SECURITY, STABILITY, AND RESILIENCY
PLAN FOR ENHANCING INTERNET SECURITY, STABILITY, AND RESILIENCY June 2009 Table of Contents Executive Summary... 1 ICANN s Role... 2 ICANN Security, Stability and Resiliency Programs... 3 Plans to Enhance
DNS Root NameServers
DNS Root NameServers An Overview Dr. Farid Farahmand Updated: 9/24/12 Who- is- Who! Over half million networks are connected to the Internet 5 billion users by 2015! Network numbers are managed by ICANN
ICANN: achievements and challenges of a multi-stakeholder, bottom up, transparent model
ICANN: achievements and challenges of a multi-stakeholder, bottom up, transparent model Anne Rachel Inné, Giovanni Seppia Regional Liaisons Aurelio Peccei Lecture 4 April 2007 1 Presentation overview The
Internationalization of Domain Names
Internationalization of Domain Names Marc Blanchet ([email protected]) Co-chair of the IETF idn working group Viagénie (http://www.viagenie.qc.ca) Do You Like Quoted Printable? If yes, then
MULTILINGUILIZATION STANDARD. Wael Nasr Director, I-DNS.Net
UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL E Distr. LIMITED E/ESCWA/ICTD/2003/WG.2/12 2 June 2003 ORIGINAL: ENGLISH Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia Expert Group Meeting on Promotion of
DNS Security Survey for National Computer Security Incident Response Teams December 2010
DNS Security Survey for National Computer Security Incident Response Teams December 2010 Summary As referenced during the ICANN meeting in Brussels, Belgium in June 2010, ICANN developed a survey on DNS
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Request for Comments: 6761. Category: Standards Track February 2013 ISSN: 2070-1721
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) S. Cheshire Request for Comments: 6761 M. Krochmal Updates: 1918, 2606 Apple Inc. Category: Standards Track February 2013 ISSN: 2070-1721 Abstract Special-Use Domain
IPv6 The Big Picture. Rob Evans, Janet [email protected]
IPv6 The Big Picture Rob Evans, Janet [email protected] Where are we? IPv4 32 bit addresses 4,294,967,296 possible addresses In practice much less than this. History of large allocations /8s Inefficiency
Transforming the Internet: from IPv4 to IPv6
2009/TEL40/DSG/WKSP/016 Agenda Item: Transforming the Internet: from IPv4 to IPv6 Purpose: Information Submitted by: APNIC Workshop on IPv6: Facing the Future of Internet Cancun, Mexico 24 September 2009
How to use the UNIX commands for incident handling. June 12, 2013 Koichiro (Sparky) Komiyama Sam Sasaki JPCERT Coordination Center, Japan
How to use the UNIX commands for incident handling June 12, 2013 Koichiro (Sparky) Komiyama Sam Sasaki JPCERT Coordination Center, Japan Agenda Training Environment Commands for incident handling network
DOMAIN NAME DAY. + Helsinki; 14 th February; 2014. + Nigel Hickson, ICANN
DOMAIN NAME DAY + Helsinki; 14 th February; 2014 + Nigel Hickson, ICANN 1 AGENDA + gtlds and all that + The European and global debate on Internet Governance 2 Internet Corporation for Assigned Names
Domain Name Forensics: A Systematic Approach to Investigating an Internet Presence
Domain Name Forensics: A Systematic Approach to Investigating an Internet Presence by Bruce J. Nikkel [email protected] Originally published by Elsevier in Digital Investigation The International
APNIC Trial of Certification of IP Addresses and ASes
APNIC Trial of Certification of IP Addresses and ASes RIPE 51 11 October 2005 Geoff Huston 1 Address and Routing Security What we have today is a relatively insecure system that is vulnerable to various
APNIC Internet Resource Management (IRM) Tutorial. Petaling Jaya, Malaysia 24 February 2014
APNIC Internet Resource Management (IRM) Tutorial Petaling Jaya, Malaysia 24 February 2014 Presenter Sheryl Hermoso (Shane) Training Officer, APNIC Sheryl has had various roles as a Network and Systems
RIPE Network Coordination Centre RIPE NCC LIR Tutorial
RIPE NCC LIR Tutorial Alex Band, RIPE NCC The Internet Registry (IR) system Getting resources RIPE Database 2 What is an LIR? Local Internet Registry - responsible for obtaining, distributing and registering
New gtld Basics New Internet Extensions
New gtld Basics New Internet Extensions Agenda Overview about domain names, gtld timeline and the New gtld Program Why is ICANN doing this; potential impact of this initiative to businesses, governments,
Mail Archive and informal PPVPN server
Chair(s): Rick Wilder [email protected] Mailing List Marco Carugi [email protected] Discussion: [email protected] (Un)Subscribe: [email protected] (UN)SUBSCRIBE ppvpn
Arabic Domain Names. Dr. Abdulaziz H. Al-Zoman Director of SaudiNIC Chairman of Steering Committee - ADN Pilot Project [email protected].
Arabic Domain Names Pilot Project Dr. Abdulaziz H. Al-Zoman Director of SaudiNIC Chairman of Steering Committee - ADN Pilot Project [email protected] Agenda Introduction What is the problem? Internet in
IPv6 Support in the DNS. Workshop Name Workshop Location, Date
IPv6 Support in the DNS Workshop Name Workshop Location, Date Copy Rights This slide set is the ownership of the 6DEPLOY project via its partners The Powerpoint version of this material may be reused and
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Request for Comments: 6422 Updates: 3315 Category: Standards Track ISSN: 2070-1721 December 2011
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) T. Lemon Request for Comments: 6422 Nominum Updates: 3315 Q. Wu Category: Standards Track Huawei ISSN: 2070-1721 December 2011 Abstract Relay-Supplied DHCP Options
Summary - ENUM functions that maps telephone numbers to Internet based addresses - A description and the possible introduction to Sweden
DATE REFERENCE NO. 30 March 2001 01-9734 Summary - ENUM functions that maps telephone numbers to Internet based addresses - A description and the possible introduction to Sweden AUTHOR Joakim Strålmark
technical Operations Area IP Resource Management
IP Resource Management technical The IP Resource management is one of the critical areas of AfriNIC's activities. 27 has shown a great growth in its activity through new members and Resources Allocation/Assignment.
The future of International SEO. The future of Search Engine Optimization (SEO) for International Business
The future of International SEO The future of Search Engine Optimization (SEO) for International Business Whitepaper The World Wide Web is now allowing special characters in URLs which means crawlers now
Chapter 9. Internet. Copyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc 10-1
Chapter 9 Internet Copyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc 10-1 Outline 9.2 - How the Internet Works - Basic Architecture - Connecting to an ISP - Internet Today 9.3 - Internet Access Technologies - DSL
Year End Results for FY10 Trimester Goals Color Key: T1 T2 T3
Preserve DNS Security and Stability Root Key Signing Key (KSK) - Implement production-level root signing of KSK processes Generic Signing Infrastructure - Implement generic signing infrastructure and sign
Consultation Paper on the Review on Administration and Assignment of Internet Domain Names and Internet Protocol Addresses in Hong Kong
Consultation Paper on the Review on Administration and Assignment of Internet Domain Names and Internet Protocol Addresses in Hong Kong Technology and Broadcasting Bureau The Government of the Hong Kong
MINISTRY OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY
GOVERNMENT OF UGANDA MINISTRY OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY POLICY POLICY FRAMEWORK FRAMEWORK FOR MANAGEMENT FOR MANAGEMENT OF.UG OF country.ug code Top country Level Domain code Top) (cctld)
Industry Automation White Paper Januar 2013 IPv6 in automation technology
Table of contents: 1 Why another White Paper IPv6?... 3 2 IPv6 for automation technology... 3 3 Basics of IPv6... 3 3.1 Turning point/initial situation... 3 3.2 Standardization... 4 3.2.1 IPv6 address
Basic DNS Course. Module 1. DNS Theory. Ron Aitchison ZYTRAX, Inc. Page 1 of 24
Basic DNS Course Module 1 Ron Aitchison ZYTRAX, Inc. Page 1 of 24 The following are the slides used in this Module of the course. Some but not all slides have additional notes that you may find useful.
Evolution and convergence of network infrastructure towards Future Network solutions IPv6
Evolution and convergence of network infrastructure towards Future Network solutions IPv6 Adiel A. Akplogan CEO, AfriNIC Euro-Africa ICT Forum 2010 December 2010 About us Internet Numbers Registry function
BGP. 1. Internet Routing
BGP 1. Internet Routing (C) Herbert Haas 2005/03/11 1 Internet Routing Interior Gateway Protocols (IGPs) not suitable for Inter-ISP routing Technical metrics only No policy features Inter-ISP routing is
IPv6 Addressing. John Rullan Cisco Certified Instructor Trainer Thomas A. Edison CTE HS
IPv6 Addressing John Rullan Cisco Certified Instructor Trainer Thomas A. Edison CTE HS Stephen Lynch Network Architect, CCIE #36243 ABS Technology Architects 128-bit hexadecimal format (0-9, A-F) Uses