What's inside the cloud?!
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- Megan Gibson
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1 What's inside the cloud?!
2 Initial Arpanet
3 Initial Arpanet Interface Message Processors - DDP-516 mini-computers - 24 Kbyte of Core memory - Store-and-forward packet switching - Predecessors of present routers
4 Initial Arpanet Leased Lines - Modems - 50 Kbps
5 Initial Arpanet Leased Lines - Modems - 50 Kbps PDP-10 IBM System/360 SDS Sigma 7
6 Initial Arpanet First link operational 21/11/ nodes connected 5/12/1969
7 Arpanet grows... December 1969
8 ...and grows... June 1970
9 ... and grows... December 1970
10 ... and grows... September 1971
11 ... and grows
12 ... and grows... March 1972
13 ... and grows... Sattelite links! September 1973
14 ... and grows! July 1977
15 Logical Arpanet Map
16 Internetworking? Many networks being set up: EARN, Bitnet, Janet, Csnet, Eunet,... and coupled to Arpanet Jan. 1, 1982: Arpanet switches to TCP/IP (see RFC 801) 1986: Creation of NSFNet New high speed backbone
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18 NSFNet Grows rapidly: 1986: 56 Kbps backbone 1988: 1.5 Mbps backbone already connects 170 TCP/IP enabled networks 1990: Arpanet dissolves, NSFNet takes over 1991: Commercial use of NSFNet accepted many existing commercial networks connected to NSFNet 1992: Mbps backbone (T3)
19 NSFNet traffic for November bytes 1 TB
20 Privatising NFSNet NFSNet will migrate to private industry New structure: Network Access Points (NAPs) provide access to high speed links (backbone) commercially operated Initially (1994), Mbps NAPs were created by NSF: New York (Sprint) Washington DC (MFS) Chicago (Ameritech) California (Pacific Bell) 30/04/1995: NFSNet dissolves Internet now is interconnection of different commercially operated networks
21 Internet Service Providers Internet Service Provider (ISP) Provide Internet access to customers Customer connects to ISP Point of Presence (PoP) Different categories or Tiers Three ways to connect ISP network to other ISPs Pay other ISP for access = Transit Interconnect networks for free = Peering Other ISP pays you An internet user should be able to contact every other internet user
22 Tier-1 Providers Tier 1 providers don't pay for network access There's no more Internet backbone Many Internet backbones, owned by companies Tier 1 Internet Service Providers have large, high-bandwidth, worldwide networks e.g. AT&T, Sprint, Savvis, Qwest, Level 3,...
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24 telegeography.com
25 Point Of Presence Point-of-Presence (PoP): provides access to provider network you have to provide a connection to the PoP to connect to the Internet through your ISP Note: Private Network Access Point (PNAP) direct private access to provider network <--> PoP, which is shared access point
26 Tier-1 Providers Tier 1 Providers interconnect their networks this creates an Internet Backbone Tier 1 Providers = Backbone Providers Typically don't charge each other for traffic connecting networks is win-win situation, both providers get faster access to the other one's network and more reliable and possibly faster access to the Internet = Peering
27 Peering Exchanging network traffic with peers is called peering. physical connection between networkd physically co-locate PoP of both providers and connect them setting in both networks for route exchange agreement on amount and type of traffic Also known as Settlement Free Interconnection ISP has Peering Policy stating conditions for peering (open,
28 Tier-2 providers Users don't connect directly to a tier-1 provider Tier-2 providers connect their network to one or more tier-1 providers and offer PoP's for their users T2 provider has to pay T1 provider =/= peering!
29 Internet Food Chain backbone Tier1 PoP Tier2 PoP Tier1 PoP PoP Tier2 Tier1 Tier2 PoP Tier2 PoP PoP PoP Tier2 Tier2
30 Internet Food Chain But, it isn't that simple... Tier-2 providers will also start connecting their networks --> Peering don't have to pay, win-win situation Less traffic to Tier-1 providers, so less costs for Tier-2 provider Less traffic to Tier-1 providers, so backbone less busy Faster access to systems in peer networks Peering often happens in an Internet Exchange (IX)
31 Internet Food Chain backbone Tier1 PoP Tier1 PoP PoP Tier2 Tier2 Tier1 Tier2 Tier2 PoP PoP Tier2 Tier2 IX PoP IX PoP PoP Tier3
32 Internet exchange IX Tier1 Tier1 PoP PoP PoP PoP Tier2 PoP Tier2 Tier2 Tier2 PoP
33 Internet exchange Internet exchange (IX) Belgium: BNIX ( Netherlands: AMS-IX ( UK: LINX ( ( Typically upto 10GBit switching Note, IX can provide connections between providers at different Tiers It's just a (number of) datacenter(s)... It's a collection of PoP's of different providers
34 LINX London INternet exchange is distributed over 6 locations:
35 Belgian National Internet exchange
36 Who's peering? Have a look at:
37 Overview
38 But who's the boss?
39 ISOC ISOC = Internet Society ( The Internet Society (ISOC) is a nonprofit organisation founded in 1992 to provide leadership in Internet related standards, education, and policy. Steers IETF, IAB, ICANN,... Works with governments about policy
40 ICANN ICANN = Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers ( Responsible for IP addresses, Top-Level Domains (TLDs), domain names Most of technical work done as IANA
41 IANA IANA = Internet Assigned Numbers Authority part of ICANN delegates IP allocation Regional Internet Registries (RIRs) DNS Root Zones (cctlds and gtlds) IP Addresses AS Numbers Protocol numbers, eg. port numbers
42 Regional Internet Registries (RIRs) Manage and allocate IP addresses for IANA RIPE NCC ( ARIN ( Asia Pacific Network Information Centre LACNIC ( American Registry for Internet Numbers APNIC ( Réseaux IP Européen Network Control Centre Latin America and Carribean Internet Address Registry AfriNIC ( African Network Information Centre from
43 IP Address Space Originally allocated in classes (A,B,C) Running out of addresses? From Now CIDR We'll talk about Ipv6 later
44 Need IP addresses? >= 2048 addresses? (/21 or larger) Become a member of RIPE NCC IP Addresses are free, but you pay for the services of the RIR... < 2048 addresses Ask a member of the RIR Most often an ISP
45 Example: KHLeuven KHLeuven has /24 IANA allocated /8 to RIPE NCC From whois RIPE NCC allocated /15 to Belnet Belnet allocated /24 to KHLeuven
46 Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) BGP = De facto standard for inter-domain routing Autonomous System (AS) = collection of IP networks and the interconnecting routers that present a common routing policy to the Internet (see RFC 1930) identified by AS-number, assigned by IANA Runs on TCP, port 179 number between 1 and (16 bits) TCP connections between routers are kept alive Defined in RFC 1771
47 BGP Path Vector algorithm using AS instead of individual routers
48 BGP Path Vector algorithm using AS instead of individual routers hide network layout of AS routing inside AS organized by some internal gateway protocol BGP has to rely on AS/IGP to prevent internal loops
49 BGP Peers BGP Peers or Neighbours manual configuration manually add neighbours to the router config On connection establishment: full routing information exchanged After this, only changes are transmitted
50 BGP: Routing Table Size Active BGP entries in Global Routing Table:
51 BGP: Routing Table Size Increasing Routing Table Size increases workload and memory demands on routers Countermeasure: Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) and Route aggregation Instead of advertising 256 Class C address blocks, e.g , ,..., an ISP can now advertise /16 also called supernetting
52 BGP in action Looking Glass web interfaces available to inspect BGP: BGPlay:
53 Traceroute Traceroute shows route packets follow Linux/Unix: traceroute Windows: tracert Web based traceroute: many listed at Different GUI's available
54 Traceroute: example m gedie:/tmp$ traceroute traceroute to ( ), 30 hops max, 38 byte packets ( ) ms ( ) ms 3 dd5e0fac2.access.telenet.be ( ) ms 4 IBGENT02 SRP5 0.telenet ops.be ( ) ms ( ) ms ( ) ms 7 so mp2.Brussels1.Level3.net ( ) ms 8 so mp1.Boston1.Level3.net ( ) ms 9 ae car2.Boston1.Level3.net ( ) ms ( ) ms ms ms 11 W92 RTR 1 BACKBONE.MIT.EDU ( ) ms 12 ( ) ms (simplified output)
55 Traceroute: example m gedie:/tmp$ traceroute traceroute to ( ), 30 hops max, 38 byte packets ( ) ms ( ) ms 3 dd5e0fac2.access.telenet.be ( ) ms 4 IBGENT02 SRP5 0.telenet ops.be ( ) ms ( ) ms ( ) ms 7 so mp2.Brussels1.Level3.net ( ) ms 8 so mp1.Boston1.Level3.net ( ) ms 9 ae car2.Boston1.Level3.net ( ) ms ( ) ms ms ms 11 W92 RTR 1 BACKBONE.MIT.EDU ( ) ms 12 ( ) ms 12 Hops on route (simplified output)
56 Traceroute: example m gedie:/tmp$ traceroute traceroute to ( ), 30 hops max, 38 byte packets ( ) ms ( ) ms 3 dd5e0fac2.access.telenet.be ( ) ms 4 IBGENT02 SRP5 0.telenet ops.be ( ) ms ( ) ms ( ) ms 7 so mp2.Brussels1.Level3.net ( ) ms 8 so mp1.Boston1.Level3.net ( ) ms 9 ae car2.Boston1.Level3.net ( ) ms ( ) ms ms ms 11 W92 RTR 1 BACKBONE.MIT.EDU ( ) ms 12 ( ) ms One line for each router on the route (Would normally contain results for 3 packets) (simplified output)
57 Traceroute: example m gedie:/tmp$ traceroute traceroute to ( ), 30 hops max, 38 byte packets ( ) ms ( ) ms 3 dd5e0fac2.access.telenet.be ( ) ms 4 IBGENT02 SRP5 0.telenet ops.be ( ) ms ( ) ms ( ) ms 7 so mp2.Brussels1.Level3.net ( ) ms 8 so mp1.Boston1.Level3.net ( ) ms 9 ae car2.Boston1.Level3.net ( ) ms ( ) ms ms ms 11 W92 RTR 1 BACKBONE.MIT.EDU ( ) ms 12 ( ) ms Host name and IP for router (if reverse lookup possible) (simplified output)
58 Traceroute: example m gedie:/tmp$ traceroute traceroute to ( ), 30 hops max, 38 byte packets ( ) ms ( ) ms 3 dd5e0fac2.access.telenet.be ( ) ms 4 IBGENT02 SRP5 0.telenet ops.be ( ) ms ( ) ms ( ) ms 7 so mp2.Brussels1.Level3.net ( ) ms 8 so mp1.Boston1.Level3.net ( ) ms 9 ae car2.Boston1.Level3.net ( ) ms ( ) ms ms ms 11 W92 RTR 1 BACKBONE.MIT.EDU ( ) ms 12 ( ) ms Round Trip Time between local system and this router in milliseconds (normally 3 different RTTs) (simplified output)
59 Traceroute: use What can we learn from a traceroute? Detect problems: locate route interruption bad router configuration inefficient routing high latency hops Provide information about network structure
60 Traceroute: implementation How does traceroute report the route? Let's see what happens by capturing the packets use ethereal Wireshark or tcpdump or...
61 Traceroute: implementation What do we see: DNS query and response for UDP packet from local to Source port = en Dest port = Doesn't provide any information on route... But Time To Live (TTL) value in IP header = 1 First router decreases TTL, and discards packet Sends ICMP TTL Exceeded message Local system now knows IP address of first router (source address of ICMP packet) DNS reverse lookup for first router UDP packet from local to TTL = 2
62 Traceroute: implementation Traceroute algorithm: Send UDP packet to high port number on target system with TTL = 1, 2, 3,... Receive ICMP TTL exceeded message from 1st, 2nd, 3rd,... router When target host reached (TTL = route length): selected UDP port not in use: receive ICMP port unreachable message selected UDP port in use: no answer...
63 Traceroute: GUI examples xtraceroute VisualRoute
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