socialuri kapitalis roli soflis ganvitarebasi

Transcription

1 0

2 sazogadoebis kvlevis centri marina musxelisvili, lia mezvrisvili, beqa nacvlisvili, mariam elizbarasvili socialuri kapitalis roli saqartvelos soflis ganvitarebasi gamomcemloba `universali~ Tbilisi

3 The present study was conducted with the support of the Academic Swiss Caucasus Net (ASCN). ASCN is a programme aimed at promoting the social sciences and humanities in the South Caucasus (primarily Georgia and Armenia). Its different activities foster the emergence of a new generation of talented scholars. Promising junior researchers receive support through research projects, capacity-building trainings and scholarships. The programme emphasizes the advancement of individuals who, thanks to their ASCN experience, become better integrated in international academic networks. The ASCN programme is coordinated and operated by the Interfaculty Institute for Central and Eastern Europe (IICEE) at the University of Fribourg (Switzerland).It is initiated and supported by Gebert Rüf Stiftung. sazogadoebrivi kvlevis centri, 2012 m. musxelisvili, l. mezvrisvili, b. nacvlisvili, m. elizbarasvili, 2012 gamomcemloba `universali~, 2012 Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, : , 5(99) E mail: [email protected] ISBN

4 sarcevi Sesavali...4 Tavi 1. qartuli sofeli - ekonomikuri da politikuri gardaqmnebis 20 weli sabwota epoqa damoukideblobis Semdeg vardebis revoluciis Semdeg Tavi 2. socialuri kapitali, Teoriuli xedva socialuri kapitali socialuri kapitalis Teoriuli modeli empiriuli kvleva Tavi 3. soflis resursebi da TanamSromlobis formebi kerZo resursebi, qseluri urtiertobebi, gacvla ekonomikuri kooperireba, resursebis akumulireba soflis saerto sikete, resursebis agregireba Tavi 4. soflis socialuri kapitali soflebis klasterizacia mati Sekrulobis indeqsisa da individualuri simdidris mixedvit saerto resursebi, Temis Sekrulobis ganzomileba ganzogadebuli ndoba jgufuri loialoba, reputacia Tavi 5. soflad arsebuli gaertianebebi: instituciuri analizi araformaluri kooperacia formaluri gaertianebebi Tavi 6. daskvnebi da rekomendaciebi Semdgomi reformebistvis kvlevis Sedegebis mokle Sejameba rekomendaciebi Semdgomi reformebistvis bibliografia danarti soflis gamokitxva, analizis dros gamoyenebuli monacemebi (sixsiruli ganawileba) danarti 2. gamokitxuli soflebi

5 Sesavali bolo oci wlis ganmavlobasi ganxorcielebuli politikuri da ekonomikuri gardaqmnebis miuxedavad - Tu mat Sedegad - qartulma sofelma ekonomikuri degradacia ganicada. umusevrobis marali done, siraribe, uflebrivi daucveloba da axalgazrdobis gadineba - soflis cxovrebis mouwesrigeblobaze metyvelebs. instituciuri reformebis 20-wlianma periodma ver Seqmna soflis ganvitarebistvis xelsayreli ekonomikuri da politikuri garemo. gardaqmnebis warumateblobam gaacina mosazreba, rom problemis sawyisi ara instituciur garemosi, aramed Tavad sazogadoeba- Sia. am xedvis mixedvit, soflis mcxovreblebi ver axerxeben axali wesebit gansazrvrul TanamSromlobas, radgan sofels aklia socialuri kapitali: urtiertndoba, Sekruloba da iniciativa, rac adgilobriv cxovrebas gamoacocxlebda. mocemuli kvleva miznad isaxavs am xedvis analizs. is swavlobs soflad arsebul ekonomikur urtiertobebs, mat intensiobas, saxeobebsa da ganmapirobebel faqtorebs. misi mtavari kitxvaa - qartuli sofeli atomizirebuli individebis ertobliobaa, romelsac ar Seswevs damoukidebeli funqcionirebis unari, Tu soflad arsebobs socialuri kapitali, romlis SesaZlo pozitiuri zegavlena soflis ganvitarebaze SezRudulia sxva, ufro Zlieri faqtorebis mier. kvleva Catarda wlebsi. misi Sedegebi eyrdnoba soflebis Seswavlas, Tvisobrivi da raodenobrivi xasiatis monacemebis Segrovebas, sociologiuri gamokitxvis Sedegad mopovebuli monacemebis statistikur kvlevas, urtiertobebis velis instituciur analizs. winamdebare nasromis struqtura aris Semdegi: nasromis pirveli Tavi mokled mimoixilavs im socioekonomikur da politikur procesebs, romlebmac soflis drevandeli mdgomareoba gansazrvra; meore Tavi aanalizebs socialuri kapitalis cnebas da ayalibebs metodologiur safuzvlebs, romlebsac eyrdnoba nas- 4

6 romi; mesame da meotxe TavebSi gadmocemulia kvlevis ZiriTadi Sedegebi, arwerilia soflad arsebul kooperireba da gaanalizebulia socialuri kapitali; mexu- Te Tavi ezrvneba soflad arsebuli gaertianebebis instituciur analizs; meeqvse Tavi ajamebs kvlevas, warmoadgens daskvnebsa da rekomendaciebs. kvleva ganaxorciela interdisciplinarulma jgufma, sazogadoebis kvlevis centris bazaze. sazogadoebis kvlevis centri aris arasamtavrobo damoukidebeli organizacia, romelsac socialur mecnierebata sxvadasxva dargsi, ZiriTadad politikur mecnierebasi, mravali akademiuri da gamoyenebiti xasiatis nasromi aqvs gamoqveynebuli. 1 proeqtis kvleviti jgufi madlobas uxdis Sveicarul-kavkasiur akademiur qsels (ACSN) proeqtis dafinansebistvis. kvleviti jgufi aseve madlobas uxdis evelin baumans (Eveline Baumann, UMR 201 Développement et Sociétés (IRD- Université Paris I)) kvlevis processi ganxorcilebuli konsultirebistvis, da vano kewaymazes, romelmac ganaxorciela raodenobrivi monacemebis statistikuri analizi. kvlevit jgufs daufasebeli daxmareba gauwies centris TanamSromlebma uta biwazem da mamuka kokorasvilma, romlebmac soflebis SeswavlaSi miires monawileoba, aseve yvela im eqspertma, specialistma, studentma Tu adgilobrivma moqalaqem, vinc dro ar dazoga da Tavisi codna gagviziara. 1 centris vebsaitis misamartia : 5

7 Tavi 1. qartuli sofeli - ekonomikuri da politikuri gardaqmnebis 20 weli 1.1. sabwota epoqa sabwota kavsiris dangrevis mijnaze saqartvelos sofelsi agraruli ekonomika ori gansxvavebuli sistemis nazavs warmoadgenda. sabwota gegmuri ekonomikis paralelurad arsebobda kerzo sakutrebac, romelic sabazro ekonomikis msgavs savawro urtiertobeb- Si monawileobda. XX saukunis ociani wlebis bolos, ocdaatiani wlebis dasawyissi saqartvelosi, rogorc mtel sabwo- Ta kavsirsi, daiwyo koleqtivizaciis procesi. soflad Seiqmna kolmeurneobebi. miuxedavad glexebis winaarmdegobisa, wlebis represiebma mtlianad moasto SeZlebuli glexoba da sakolmeurneo sistema damkvidrda. drota ganmavlobasi kolmeurneobebma rogorc sameurneo administraciuli, ise mmartvelobiti funqcia SeiZina. soflebsi adgilobriv xelisuflebas formalurad saxalxo deputatta sasoflo sabwo axorcielebda, romlis armasrulebel xelisuflebas faqtiurad kolmeurneobis gamgeoba warmoadgenda (melua, 2000, gv.15). saqartvelosi, miuxedavad koleqtivizaciisa, garkveuli kerzo sakutrebis formebi SenarCunda. mtavrobam glexebs sakutrebasi 0.25 ha miwa dautova memkvidreobit gadacemis uflebit da neba darto kerzo sakutrebasi hyoloda minimaluri raodenobis pirutyvi da frinveli. mtis regionebsi koleqtivizacia Tavidan naklebad intensiurad warimarta, vidre barsi. mosaxleobac met-naklebad inarcunebda mat sakutrebasi arsebul pirutyvs. magram 50 wlebidan daiwyo am regionebis sruli koleqtivizacia, ramac qalaqebisken 50-ian wlebsi pirveli, xolo 60 -ian wlebsi meore Sidamigraciuli nakadi gamoiwvia. mta TiTqmis daicala mosaxleobisgan (koruasvili, 1998). 6

8 50 wlebis bolos sabwota kavsirsi daiwyo koleqtiuri meurneobebis transformacia sabwota meurneobebad. Tumca saqartvelosi ZiriTadad kolmeurneobebi SenarCunda. kolmeurneobis SemTxvevaSi, misi kutvnili qoneba formalurad koleqtiur sakutrebas warmoadgenda da Seqmnili iyo misi wevrebis sakutrebasi arsebuli miwisa da materialur -teqnikuri resursebis gaer- Tianebis safuzvelze. Sromis anazraureba gaweuli samu- Saos moculobis Sesabamisad xdeboda. ZiriTad sakitxebs ki, Tavmjdomaris arcevis CaTvliT, wevrta saerto kreba wyvetda. sabwota meurneoba pirdapir saxelmwifos gamgeblobis qves iyo da misi xelmzrvaneli raionis xelisuflebis mier inisneboda. meurneobis sakutreba saxelmwifo sakutrebas warmoadgenda. Sromis anazraureba xdeboda fiqsirebuli xelfasis safuzvelze. saqar- TveloSi sabwota meurneobebma (SesaZloa, qartveli glexis mesakutre bunebis gamo), ver hpoves farto gavrceleba wlistvis saqartvelosi mxolod 60 sab- WoTa meurneoba iyo (melua, 2000) ian wlebsi kolmeurneobebma saqartvelosi Tavisi sizlieris zenits miarwies. am droistvis saqar- TvelSi 100-mde iseti koleqtiuri meurneoba iyo, romelta sabanko angarisze wliurad milioni sabwota maneti iricxeboda. 2 Sesabamisad, gaizarda kolmeurnis Semosavalic wlistvis igi sasualod 4300 sabwo- Ta manets Seadgenda (melua, 2000). warmoebis zrdas sabwota kavsiris uzarmazari bazari da centraluri sabiujeto subsidiebi ganapirobebda. saqartvelos klimaturi mdebareobis gamo, gansakutrebit industriuli kulturebi: Cai, citrusi, Rvino sabwota bazarze did motxovnit sargeblobdnen. centraluri xelisufleba ki am motxovnis dasakmayofileblad subsidiebs ar isurebda. 2 mat mier yovelwlurad iwarmoeboda 594,9 atasi tona Cai, 436,9 atasi tona citrusi, 703,2 atasi tona yurzeni, 715,3 atasi tona marcvleuli. sakolmeurneo sakutrebasi iricxeboda 585 atasi suli msxvilfexa da 3 milionamde wvrilfexa pirutyvi. 7

9 TandaTan daiwyo zrunva soflebis ketilmowyobaze: asenda skolebi da baga-barebi, sportuli darbazebi da kulturis saxlebi. amgvari socialuri programebis ganxorcielebas komunisturi partiis centraluri komitetis gadawyvetileba edo safuzvlad. partia TandaTan iwyebda mosaxleobis socio-kulturul ganvitarebaze zrunvas. gadawyvetileba miireboda partiis centralur komitetsi, xolo kolmeurneoba, rogorc partiis adgilobrivi gagrzeleba, axorcielebda mas. qveyanasi ketildreobis zrdis paralelurad izrdeboda motxovna sasoflo-sameurneo produqtze. sapasuxod respublikis xelmzrvaneloba sxvadasxva me- TodebiT cdilobda kerzo iniciativis waxalisebas. magalitad glexebs miecat TavianT sakutrebasi arsebul miwis nakvetebze industriuli kulturebis gasenebis ufleba, romlis saxelmwifos mier Sesasyidi tarifi 30% -it marali iyo, vidre sakolmeurneo miwaze moyvanili produqtisa. TandaTan izrdeboda warmoebis xarjebi. radgan kolmeurneobis ekonomikur safuzvels saxelmwifo subsidiebi warmoadgenda, gansxaveba warmoebis xarjebsa da saxelmwifo Sesasyid fass Soris saxelmwifo dotaciebit ifareboda. Sesabamisad gacnda stimuli sxvadasxva praqtikebisa, romlis safuzvelzec, rogorc sakolmeurneo miwaze, ise saojaxo meurneobebsi moyvanili produqti saxelmwifo sarealizacio-gamanawilebeli sistemis gverdis avlit qalaqis bazrebze xvdeboda, sadac is orjer Zvirad iyideboda. saxelmwifo subsidiebi da fastwarmoqmnis amgvari sistema qmnida stimuls kolmeurneobis sakutrebis mitviseba-mitacebisa, rogorc rigiti glexis, aseve sakolmeurneo biurokratiis mier (melua, 2000). am procesebma Zirfesvianad Secvala glexis cnobiereba. am periodis bolostvis sofeli mtlianad ker- Zo interesebze iyo orientirebuli. glexi ukve sakutari produqtis amonagebis gazrdaze zrunavda, ramac ufro gazarda qalaqis bazris mnisvneloba. 8

10 1.2. damoukideblobis Semdeg sabwota kavsiris daslis Semdeg soflis meurneobis gegmiuri ekonomikidan sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvla da mmartvelobis sabwouri formebis srulfasovani TiTmmarTvelobiT Canacvleba did sirtuleebs waawyda wels saqartvelom referendumis safuzvelze damoukidebloba gamoacxada. sabwota kavsiris daslis fonze gamwvavda mdgomareoba saqartvelos centralur xelisuflebas da or avtonomiur regions: afxazetsa da samxret osets Soris, rac Zalian male SeiaraRebul dapirispirebasi gadaizarda. am process daerto dazabuloba qveynis xelisuflebasa da opoziciurad ganwyobil Zalebs Soris, romelic samoqalaqo omita da xelisuflebis Zalismieri cvlilebit dagvirgvinda. paralelurad mimdinareobda mzime ekonomikuri transformacia. daiwyo dagegmviti ekonomikidan sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvla. fastwarmoqmnis procesi sabazro principebs daeqvemdebara. imavdroulad, damoukideblobis Semdeg, qveyana mowyda ertian sabwota ekonomikur sivrces, ramac mosaxleobis socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareoba sagrznoblad gaauaresa wlidan 1994 wlamde mtliani erovnuli produqti 45%-iT Semcirda (Revishvili, 2004). mzime mdgomareobasi armocnda soflis meurneoba. etnikuri konfliqtebisa da rusetsaqartvelos Soris arsebuli dazabulobis fonze qar- Tulma soflis meurneobis produqtma Tavisi tradiciuli bazari dakarga. paralelurad, mteli qveynis mas- StabiT mimdinareobda industriis seqtoris CamoSlac, ramac kidev ufro daamzima agrarul seqtorsi Seqmnili mdgomareoba. sagrznoblad Semcirda sasoflo sameurneo produqtebis warmoeba wlidan 2000 wlamde sasoflo sameurneo warmoeba 2,6-jer Semcirda (Revishvili 2004). saqartvelosi agraruli ekonomikis gardaqmna 1992 wels daiwyo. gamocxadda miwis farto privatizeba. pirvel etapze glexebs miwa uvado sargeblobasi, 9

11 gayidvis uflebis garese gadaecat. glexebs, romlebic flobdnen miwis sakarmidamo nakvetebs, adgilobrivi pirobebis gatvaliswinebit am nakvetebis farti gauzardes 1.20 ha-mde sameurneo saqmianobis gansaxorcieleblad. reformis sawyiss etapze moxda kolmeurneobebis SenarCuneba. magram saxelmwifo subsidiebis ararsebobisa da davalianebis fonze mat maleve Sewyvites arseboba. darcenili sakolmeurneo miwa da materialur- teqnikuri arwurviloba unda darcenliyo kolmeurneobis bazaze Camoyalibebuli koopertiuli meurneobebis sakutrebasi, sadac glexebi mepaieebis statusit gankargavdnen mas (koruasvili 1998). reformis am nawils ganxorcieleba ar ewera. Seqmnili krizisuli mdgomareobis fonze adgilobrivi sazogadoeba uunaro armocnda gaekontrolebina resursebis samar- Tliani ganawileba wlis martidan sasoflo-sameurneo danisnulebis miwis sakutrebis Sesaxeb kanonit saqartvelos moqalaqetatvis gadacemuli miwa gamocxadda mat kerzo sakutrebad. amave dros msxvili sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis Sesaqmnelad sasoflo-sameurneo danisnulebis miwis ijaris Sesaxeb kanonis safuzvelze, saqartvelos moqalaqeebs, sameurneo saqmianobisatvis, ufleba miecat ijarit aerot miwa (didebulize 1997). privatizaciis am procesis Sedegad 690 atasi heqtari miwa sasoflo da urbanuli Sinameurnobis kerzo mflobelobasi gadavida, sasualod ert Sinameurneobaze 0.89 heqtris gatvaliswinebit. gasatvaliswinebelia is faqtic, rom Sinameurneobebis sakutrebasi arsebuli miwa xsirad daqsaqsuli iyo 2-3 nakvetad. rac Seexeba ijaras, kerzo pirma ijarit airo ha miwa, sasualod 15.6 ha. xolo 3573 iuridiulma pirma ijarit airo ha miwa, sasulod 113 ha wlistvis privatizebuli miwis umravlesoba sasualod 1 heqtrian nakvetebze modioda, rac mteli sasoflo sameurneo miwis 25% da saxnavi miwis 55% Seadgenda. Sesabamisad, umravlesoba grzelvadiani ijaris saxit arebuli miwisa moqceuli iyo mcire rao- 10

12 denobis fizikuri da iuridiuli piris xelsi (Revishvili 2004). miuxedavad imisa, rom miwis bazari meurneobebis gamsxvilebis sasualebas izleoda, wvril Sinameurneobebs ar gaacndat finansuri saxsrebi damatebit didi fartobis ijarit arebisa da mxolod mciredi fartobebis ijarit arebit Semoifarglebodnen (Gogodze 2005). garda amisa, xsiri iyo SemTxvevebi didi raodenobis miwis fartobis korufciuli garigebis Sedegad ekonomikuri da politikuri elitis mier mitvisebisa. Sedegad soflis meurneobasi Camoyalibda ori gansxvavebuli tipis meurneoba: didi raodenoba ekonomikuri subieqtebisa, romlebic naturalur meurneobas eweodnen, da mcire raodenoba msxvili komerciuli agraruli organizaciebisa (Revishvili 2004). saqartvelosi 2004 wlis sasoflo-sameurneo arweram acvena, rom sasoflo sameurneo miwebis mqone Sinameurneobebis 43,2%-s hqonda 0,5 ha-ze naklebi; 0,5-0,99 ha miwa hqonda 32%-s meurneobebisa, e.i. 1 ha-ze naklebi hqonda 75,2%-s meurneobebisa; 1-1,99 ha-mde hqonda mxolod 18,3%-s meurneobebisa; 2-2,99 ha _ 3%-s da 3-4 ha ki 1,4 %-s Sinameurneobebisa. arsanisnavia, rom es metad mcire zomis fartobic danawevrebuli iyo da gabneuli 2-3 da rig regionebsi ufro met nakvetad. Sinameurneobebis teqnikuri arwurvilobis done metad dabali iyo. nakvetebis daqsaqsulobis, samusaoebis araertdroulad Catarebis gamo, ixarjeboda meti sawvavi, teqnika gamoiyeneboda araefeqturad. ikveteboda tendencia, meqanizirebuli samusaoebis Semcirebisa da cocxali gamwevi ZaliT (xari, cxeni) Tu xelis iararebit Sromis moculobis gazrdisa (revisvili 2011). ekonomikuri stagnaciis da industriuli sawarmoebis gacerebis Sedegad masobrivad umusevrad darcenili mosaxlebistvis, wvril meurneobebze gadanawilebulma miwam ojaxebis gamokvebis SesaZlebloba Seqmna. Sedegad, nacvlad imisa rom gamsxvilebuliyo da Car- Tuliyo agraruli ekonomikis formirebabsi, wvrili glexuri meurneoba gadaiqca umusevari mosaxleobis 11

13 sakvebit uzrunvelyofis wyarod da metwilad naturaluri meurneobis erteulad Camoyalibda wlistvis sasoflo sameurneo saqmianobidan mirebuli Semosavali mosaxleobis 30%-sTvis Semosavlis mtavar wyaros warmoadgenda. Tu gavitvaliswinebt ojaxebis Semosavlebis struqturas, davinaxavt rom es 30%-ic ver Camoyalibda srulfasovan fermerul meurneobad wlistvis sasoflo-sameurneo saqmianobidan mirebuli Semosavali ojaxis saerto Semosavlis mxolod 44% warmoadgenda, arasasoflo- sameurneo daqiravebuli saqmianobis Sedegad mirebuli Semosavali 26% -s, socialuri daxmareba da pensia 14%-s, arasasoflio-sameurneo samrewvelo saqmianoba 9%-s, xolo 7% ki kerzo gzavnilebze modioda (Gogodze 2005) wlis statistikuri monacemebis Tanaxmad meurneobata 82% awarmoebda ZiriTadad sakutari moxmarebistvis, xolo 18% ZiriTadad gasayidad (saqartvelos statistikuri weliwdeuli, 2005). mciremiwiani glexuri Sinameurneobebis sasoflo - sameurneo specializaciisa da sabazro urtiertobeb- Si srulfasovani CarTvisaTvis xelsemslel faqtors transaqciis marali xarjebi warmoadgenda 3. glexur Sinameurneobebs ar miuwvdebodat xeli kvalificiur agrarul da veterinarul konsultaciaze. ar gaacndat sakutari teqnika. ganicdidnen pesticidebisa da mineraluri sasuqebis naklebobas. marali saprocento ganakvetebis gamo ar miuwvebodat xeli kreditebze. agraruli produqtebis sarealizacio adgilebamde marali satransporto xarjebis gamo, miwaze moyvanili mcireodeni produqtis gayidva ki, xsirad, azrs kargavda. 3 transaqciuli xarjebi is xarjebia, romlebic ekonomikur subieqts sabazro urtiertobebsi CarTvisas (yidva, gayidva, qiraoba, gacvla) eqmneba informaciis mopovebis, transportis, SeTanxmebis mirwevisa da Sesrulebis xarjebis saxit, ekonomikuri transaqciis dros gaurkvevlobisa da moulodnelobebis Tavidan asacileblad. transaqciis xarjebis Semcireba SesaZlebelia institutebis Camoyalibebis gzit. transaqciis xarjebtan dakavsirebit ixilet: (Coase, 1937), (North,1992). 12

14 am mdgomareobidan gamosavali resursebis gaer- Tianeba da kooperatiul meurneobebis Camoyalibeba iqneboda. gaertianebis Sedegad Semcirdeboda produqciisa da transaqciis xarjebi da glexuri meurneobebi SeZlebdnen ertiani ZalebiT Camoyalibebuliyvnen sabazro ekonomikis srulfasovan subieqtebad. sxvadasxva mizezebis gamo amgvari kooperireba ver Sedga, mat Soris saxelmwifo politika arc vardebis revoluciamde da arc mis Semdeg ar iyo am procesis stimulirebaze orientirebuli (nacvlisvili, 2011). garda ekonomikuri problemebisa, sofels awuxebda soflis mmartvelobis meqanizmebis ararseboba. kolmeurneobebis gaqrobis Semdeg adgilobrivi xelisuflebis TvalsazrisiT Seiqmna ertgvari vakuumi wlis 24 agvistos saqartvelos parlamentma miiro saqartvelos konstitucia, ramac ertgvari stabiluroba Seitana qveynis politikur cxovrebasi. mougvarebeli teritoriuli konfliqtebis gamo regionaluri dayofis sakitxi konstituciit ar gansazrvrula. samagierod, konstituciis safuzvelze ganisazrvra adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebis Seqmnis wesi, uflebamosileba da saxelmwifo organoebtan urtier- Tobis forma. konstituciis mirebis Semdeg, 1997 wels, mirebul iqna kanonebi,,adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobisa da mmartvelobis Sesaxeb~,,,saqarTvelos dedaqalaqis Tbilisis Sesaxeb~,,,adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis warmomadgenlobiti organos sakrebulos wevris statusis Sesaxeb~ wlis noembersi saqartvelosi pirvelad Catarda adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebis sakrebuloebis arcevnebi. kanonis Tanaxmad, TviTmmar- Tvelobis teritoriul safuzvlebad dadgenil iqna sofeli, Temi, daba da qalaqi (romlebic Sediodnen raionis SemadgenlobaSi). saqartvelos dedaqalaqi Tbilisi, agretve raionebi da qalaqebi, romlebic ar Sediodnen raionis SemadgenlobaSi, gamocxadda adgilobrivi mmartvelobis doned. es iyo mmartveloba- TviTmmarTvelobis ertgvari ekleqturi sistema, vinaidan adgilobrivi organoebi raionul da didi qalaqe- 13

15 bis doneze ertdroulad asrulebdnen rogorc saxelmwifo mmartvelobis organoebis, ise adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebis funqciebs (efeqtiani mmartvelobis sistemis da teritoriuli mowyobis reformis centri, 2009). raionebis da didi qalaqebis armasrulebeli organos xelmzrvanelebi gamgeblebi da merebi Tanamdebobebze inisnebodnen saqartvelos prezidentis mier. am inovaciis miuxedavad, mocemul periodsi adgilobrivi mmartvelobis mowesrigeba ver moxerxda. sajaro uflebamosilebebi da Sesabamisi resursebi kvlavac centraluri xelisuflebis xelsi iyo koncentrirebuli. adgilobrivi xelisufleba ganixileboda ara rogorc damoukidebeli instituti, aramed rogorc centraluri xelisuflebis gagrzeleba. ar ganxorcielebula arc fiskaluri da arc sakutrebis uflebata decentralizacia. Sesabamisad, wvrili TviTmmarTveli erteulebi darcnen im resursebis garese, romlebic mati socialur-ekonomikuri ganvitarebistvis iyo sawiro. ar momxdara raionul xelisuflebebsa da raionsi Semaval TviTmmarTvel erteulta Soris uflebamosilebata gamijvna. yvela mnisvnelovani adgilobrivi sazogadoebrivi momsaxurebis gaweva kvlavac xorcieldeboda raionis xelisuflebis mier. ganxorcielebulma refomebma ver Seqmna adgilebze is sajaro sivrce, romelic sazogadoebis Car- Tulobisa da monawileobis safuzvelze saerto moxmarebis resursebisa da sajaro siketeebis gankargvas uzrunvelyofda vardebis revoluciis Semdeg 2003 wlis movlenebis Sedegad, romelic vardebis revoluciis saxelit aris cnobili, xelisufleba- Si movida mixeil saakasvili da misi gundi nacionaluri mozraobis saxit. axalma xelisuflebam ganaxorciela rogorc mmartvelobis, ise ekonomikuri reformebi. 14

16 mmartvelobis reformam, miuxedavad gacxadebuli demokratiuli miznebisa, Zalauflebis centralizacia da koncentracia, misi vertikaluri da horizontaluri dayofebis Sesusteba moitana. miuxedavad 2004 wels ganxorcielebuli konstituciuri reformebisa, romlis gacxadebuli mizani naxevrad saprezidento mmartvelobis formireba iyo, mteli Zalaufleba faqtobrivad prezidentis xelsi armocnda koncentrirebuli. Zalauflebis koncentracias SemdgomSi daemata mteli rigi adamianis uflebebis darrvevebi, kanonis uzenaesobis daknineba da demokratiuli institutebis erozia. am garemobas daerto 2008 wlis ruset-saqar- Tvelos omi da mosaxleobis socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gauareseba 4. mmartvelobis reforma Seexo decentralizaciis arsebul formasac. revoluciamdeli TviTmmarTvelobis sistemis araefeqturobis gamocdilebis safuzvelze, postrevoluciurma xelisuflebam gaamsxvila TviTmmarTveli erteulebi. igulisxmeboda, rom ufro msxvili teritoriuli erteulebi, arwurvili meti resursebita da meti avtonomiit, mosaxleobis sawiroebebis momsaxureobas uketesad uzrunvelyofda wlis reformis Sedegad, TviTmmaTveli erteulebis gamsxvilebis miznit, saqartvelosi manamde arsebuli 1000-ze meti TviTmmarTveli erteulis bazaze Seiqmna 64 TviTmmarTveli municipaliteti. municipaliteti yofili raionebis SemadgenlobaSi Semavali TviTmmar- Tveli erteulebis (qalaqi, daba, Temi, sofeli) samar- Talmemkvidres warmoadgenda. gamsxvilebis processi sofeli darca rogorc TviTmmarTvelobis, aseve iuridiuli statusis da sakutrebis garese. municipalitetis sakrebulosi Temi gaxda warmodgenili TiTo warmomadgenlit, xolo sakrebulo soflis administrirebas danisnuli rwmunebulis mier axorcielebda wlis 8 agvistomde saxelmwifo sakutrebasi arsebuli ijarit gaucemeli `sazovrebi~ ganekutvnebo- 4 saqartvelosi jinis koeficienti 2011 wels 40,8 procents Seadgenda. იხილეთ: Georgian Economic Outlook. EPRC

17 da sasoflo sameurneo danisnulebis miwis ertadert kategorias, rac adgilobrivi xelisuflebis sakutrebad itvleboda. Tumca, 2010 wels `adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis Sesaxeb~ saqartvelos organul kanonsi Sesuli cvlilebebit, kanonis 47-e muxlis `g~ qvepunqtis CamonaTvals (sadac gansazrvrulia sasoflo sameurneo danisnulebis miwis is kategoriebi, romelic TviTmmarTvelobebs ar gadaecema) daemata `sazovaric~, amdenad, adgilobrivi xelisufleba sasoflo-sameurneo miwebis garese darca (losaberize da sxv., 2011). miuxedavad imisa, rom arasasoflo-sameurneo danisnulebis miwebi ertmnisvnelovnad TviTmmarTveli erteulis sakutrebad gamocxadda, mati TviTmmarTveli erteulisatvis gadacemis proceduris gansazrvris prerogativa saqartvelos mtavrobam SeinarCuna. arnisnulma garemoebam mnisvnelovnad Seaferxa TviTmmar- Tvel erteulebze arasasoflo-sameurneo miwebis gadacemis procesi. analogiuri mdgomareobaa TviTmmar- Tvel erteulebze bunebrivi resursebis gadacemis TvalsazrisiT. imavdroulad, `adgilobrivi TviTmmar- Tveli erteulis qonebis Sesaxeb~ saqartvelos kanonis Tanaxmad, saqartvelos prezidents TviTmmarTveli er- Teulis qonebis pirdapiri miyidvis formit gasxvisebis eqskluziuri ufleba mieniwa, miuxedavad imisa, iyo Tu ara konkretuli qoneba sakrebulos mier damtkicebul saprivatizebo qonebis nusxasi. transferi centraluri biujetidan TviTmmarTveli erteulis biujetis mtavar wyaros warmoadgenda. ase, TviTmmarTvelobebis biujetissemosavlebsi sagadasaxado da arasagadasaxado Semosavlebi 2009 wels biujetebis Semosavlebis mxolod 24,7%, xolo 2010 wels _ 23,4% -s warmoadgenda. danarceni nawilis formireba centraluri xelisuflebidan mirebuli transferebis xarjze xorcieldeboda (losaberize da sxv., 2011). SezRuduli funqciebisa da uflebamosilebis mqone TviTmmarTveli erteulebi kvlavac centraluri xelisuflebis danamatad Camoyalibda da mosaxleobis- Tvis ufro servisebis miwodebis instanciebad gadaiq- 16

18 ca, vidre adgilobrivi demokratiis ganxorcielebis adgilebad. gamsxvilebis Sedegad decentralizaciis procesi centralizebisken wavida da 2010 wlis TviTmmarTvelobis arcevnebma kidev ufro gaamyara es garemoeba. mmartveli partia, nacionaluri mozraoba, orive arcevnebis Sedegad TiTqmis yvela sakrebulosi umravlesobit movida. iuridiulad TviTmmarTveli municipalitetebi realobasi prezidentis mier danisnul gubernators daeqvemdebara. garda mmartvelobis reformisa, vardebis revoluciis Semdeg ekonomikuri reformac gatarda. axalma xelisuflebam ekonomikuri strategia ekonomikis liberalizaciasa da investiciebis mozidvaze daafuzna. qveynis sainvesticio mimzidvelobis gasaumjobeseblad gatarebuli reformebis Sedegad, msoflio bankis biznesis ke- Tebis simartivis indeqsis reitingsi, saqartvelom sul male mowinave adgili daimkvidra (musxelisvili, 2011). gatarebuli reformebi sakmarisi ar armocnda vitarebis gaumjobesebistvis. saqartvelo pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis mozidvis TvalsazrisiT gaeros vawrobisa da ganvitarebis konferenciis 2007 wlis monacemebit 151 qveynidan mxolod 102 adgilze imyofeboda 5. ruset-saqar- Tvelos 2008 wlis agvistos omis Semdeg kidev ufro Semcirda investiciebis nakadi 6. amas obieqturi mizezebic hqonda. globaluri konkurentunarianobis indeqsis mixedvit 139 qveyanas Soris saqartvelo 93-e adgils ikavebda. gansakutrebit uaryofiti macvenebeli mas makroekonomikuri stabilurobis TvalsazrisiT hqonda. aq is mxolod 130-e adgilze iyo 7. mtavrobis ekonomikuri politikis arsi kargad gamoixata prezidentis mier 2009 wels inicirebuli Tavisuflebis aqtsi. mis safuzvelze wlebsi ganxorcielebuli sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebis Tanax http:// ed%20- %20GEO.pdf 7http:// 17

19 mad, biujetis mtlian Sida produqttan Sefardeba unda yofiliyo ara umetes 30%-isa, biujetis deficitis mtlian Sida produqttan Sefardeba ki araumetes 3%- isa (musxelisvili, 2011). ganxorcielebulma cvlilebebma ukve kanonit SezRuda saxelmwifos mier ekonomikis regulireba da iseti krizisuli dargi, rogoric soflis meurneobaa, sabazro meqanizmebis amara datova. liberalizaciis politikis Sedegad moixsna barierebi soflis meurneobis importze. Sedegad qveyanasi gaizarda importirebuli agraruli produqtis moculoba. magalitad, 2010 wlistvis, qveyanasi moxmarebuli sasursato kalatis moculobasi importirebuli soflis meurneobis produqtis wili 2/3-s Seadgenda (arcvaze, 2010). am garemoebam Seaferxa adgilobrivi sasoflo sameurneo produqciis ganvitareba. imavdroulad, mnisvnelovani saxsrebi moxmarda regionebis infrastruqturis mowesrigebas: daigo gzebi, gavida gazi, gamosworda eleqtroenergiis miwodeba. samagierod, agraruli politika Sors iyo kompleqsuri midgomebisgan da mxolod ertjeradi, lokaluri CarevebiT Semoifargleboda. es kargad Canda soflis meurneobaze gamoyofil saxelmwifo sabiujeto asignirebis raodenobit wels soflis meuneobaze gamoyofili Tanxa sabiujeto xarjebis 1,14 %-s warmoadgenda. 2012wels es macvenebeli gaizarda 1.83 %-mde 8, magram aseti umnisvnelo matebis fonze, saerto surati ar Secvlila. qveyanasi Semosuli investiciebi soflis meurneobas praqtikulad ar moxmarda. magalitad: agrarul seqtorsi investiciis saxit 2010 wels Semovida milioni lari, rac am weliwadsi ganxorcielebuli investiciebis 11.4 %-a. aqedan, mxolod 1.9 % modioda ucxour pirdapir investiciebze 9. calsaxa iyo investorebis, gansakutrebit ucxoelebis, agraruli seqtoris mimart dabali interesi. 8 daangarisebulia finansta saministros monacemta safuzvelze. 9 daangarisebulia saqartvelos statistikis departamentis monacem- Ta safuzvelze. 18

20 am periodsi kidev ufro daeca soflis warmoebitunarianoba. soflis meurneobasi ert dasaqmebulze 2010 wlistvis TveSi iqmneboda daaxloebit 70 ass dolaris ekvivalenturi damatebuli Rirebuleba, rac Sromisunariani mamakacis saarsebo minimumze daaxloebit 7%-iT naklebi iyo. ojaxuri Sinameurneobebis fulad SemosavlebSi soflis meurneobis produqciis realizaciidan mirebuli Semosavlebis wilad modioda mxolod 21%, xolo am SinameurneobaTa agraruli seqtoridan mirebuli Semosavlebis mxolod 28% Rebulobda saqonlur saxes, danarceni 72 % - naturaluri Semosavlebi iyo. Tu am macvenebels SevadarebT 1980-iani wlebis monacemebs, sadac mosaxleobis pirad damxmare meurneobebsi warmoebuli produqciis 45% Rebulobda sasaqonlo formas, davinaxavt, Tu raoden daecasinameurneobebis mier warmoebuli produqciis dasaqonlianebis done (arcvaze, 2010). Sesabamisad Semcirda soflis meurneobis wili mtlian erovnul Sida produqtsi 10. Tu gavitvaliswinebt, rom soflad aqtiuri mosaxleobis ( atasi kaci) TiTqmis 3/5 cxovrobs 11, ufro nateli gaxdeba agrarul seqtorsi Seqmnili savalalo mdgomareoba. soflis mosaxleobis mdgomareobis gasaumjobeseblad xelisuflebam 2004 wlidan ganaxorciela rigi sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebi, romlebic wvril glexur meurneobebs saxelmwifos mimart valdebulebebisgan atavisuflebda. soflis meurneobis pirveladi warmoebuli produqti, Tuki wliuri brunva ar aremateboda lars (2010 wlidan es zrvari gaizarda laramede), gatavisuflda rogorc damatebuli Rirebulebis, aseve mogebis gadasaxadisgan. am vitarebam pozitiurtan ertad negatiuri Sedegi gamoiro: man ertgvarad Seasusta glexebs Soris kooperirebis stimuli, vinaidan meurneobis gamsxvileba iw- 10 igi 2000 wels 20.6 % Seadgenda (revisvili, 2011), 2009 wels 8,4 %, 2010 wels man 8,4 %, xolo % Seadgina. daangarisebulia saqartvelos statistikis departamentis monacemta safuzvelze

21 vevda transaqciuli xarjebis zrdas, mati Semcirebis nacvlad. msxvili sawarmoebistvis ki Seqmna SesaZlebloba, rom brunvis didi nawili ganexorcielebinat Crdil- Si, rata meti mogeba mierot. imis gatvaliswinebit, rom meurneobata 80 % naturalur meurneobas eweoda (gogoxia, 2011), agrarul seqtorsi Seiqmna ertgvari ordoniani ekonomika, romelic formaluri, an naxevrad formaluri da Crdilovani ekonomikis simbiozs warmoadgenda. ert mxares iyvnen msxvili fermeruli meurneobebi, romlebic, sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebis safuzvelze, mogebis gazrdis miznit, moqmedebdnen rogorc Crdilovan, ise formalur seqtorsi. meore mxares iyvnen wvrili saojaxo Sinameurneobebi, romlebic racionalurad isev araformalizebuli saxit darcenas amjobinebdnen. miuxedavad imisa, rom kooperirebis Sedegad meurneobata gamsxvilebisa da saqmianobis formalizebis SemTxvevaSi gaizrdeboda mati samoqmedo areali, es procesi met riskebsa da pasuxismgeblobastan iyo dakavsirebuli, rogorc biznes partniorebsa da banktan, ise saxelmwifostan mimarteba- Si, rac am ukanasknelis SemTxvevaSi ertgvar patron-klientur urtiertobebsi CarTvis aucileblobas ar gamoricxavda. am oridan, msxvili da wvrili meurneobebidan, xelisuflebam agraruli ganvitareba 2010 wlidan msxvil meurneobebs daukavsira. miuxedavad saertasoriso organizaciebis Zalixmevisa 12, romelic agraruli kooperativebis xelsewyobaze iyo mimartuli, mtavrobam sxva gza aircia. Mmiwis masiuri privatizebit xelisuflebam daiwyo agrarul seqtorsi adgilobrivi da ucxouri investiciebis mozidva wels mirebuli kanonis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifo sakutrebasi arsebuli sasoflo-sameurneo danisnu- 12 evrogaertianebis elci saqartvelosi per eklundi werda: Cemi azrit araxelsayreli mdgomareoba, romelic saqartvelosi ganpirobebulia patara da fragmentirebuli fermebis arsebobit, SeiZleba yvelaze uketesad gadalaxul iyos agraruli kooperativebis SeqmniT da es aris yvelaze swrafi alternativa. ttp:// 20

22 lebis miwis gasayidi sawyisi normatiuli fasi sagrznoblad gazarda. xolo axali sagadasaxado kodeqsit, romelic ZalaSi 2011 wels Sevida, gaizarda sasoflo-sameurneo danisnulebis miwaze qonebis gadasaxadi, rig Sem- TxvevaSi 2-jer da 3-jer wlidan gauqmda saxelmwifo sakutrebasi arsebuli miwis ijarit gacemis wesi. amieridan ijarit arebuli miwis SesanarCuneblad pirs gazrdili qonebis gadasaxadis garda, 1 heqtar vargis miwaze privatizaciistvis 1000 lari unda gadaexada, rac bevristvis ijarit arebuli miwis datmobisa da sameurneo saqmianobis SeCerebis mizezi gaxda 13. am iniciativebma bizgi misca konfliqtebs miwaze sakutrebis uflebastan dakavsirebit. bevr SemTxvevaSi, miwa, romelsac glexebi iyenebdnen da Tavisad miacndat, investorze gasxvisda. gansakutrebit gamwvavda mdgomareoba im miwebtan dakavsirebit, romlebsac sofeli sazovrad an satibad iyenebda. soflis mcxovreblebma, romlebistvisac Zroxa Tavis rcenis ert-ert mnisvnelovan wyaros warmoadgenda, dakarges mattvis sasicocxlod aucilebeli resursi. xelisuflebis mier miwis investorebze miyidvis process aadvilebda is faqti, rom es miwa kanonit ekonomikis saministros balansze iricxeboda. verc soflis da verc municipalitetis uflebamosilebebi veranair gavlenas ver axdenda am procesze wlistvis kvlavac gaurkveveli rceboda soflis ekonomikisa da misi socialuri da mmartvelobiti organizebis samomavlo formebi. gagrzeldeba Tu ara wvrili meurneobebis Semdgomi gararibeba da ekonomikuri brunvidan gariyva, Tu moxdeba soflis adamianuri da agraruli resursebis CarTva efeqtur warmoebasi, damokidebulia imaze, Tu ra politikas gaatarebs saxelmwifo uaxloes wlebsi soflis meurneobis martvisa da soflis TviTmmarTvelobis Camoyalibebas- Tan mimartebasi

23 Tavi 2. socialuri kapitali, Teoriuli xedva rogorc wina TavSia nacvenebi, sofelma efeqturad ver ganavitara is ekonomikuri da politikuri ur- TierTobebi, romlebic axal epoqasi mas ketildreobas moutanda. Sedegis misarwevad soflis mosaxleobas unda SesZleboda sakutari mwiri da daqsaqsuri ekonomikuri Tu politikuri resursebis agregireba. soflebsi unda Seqmniliyo axali satemo organizaciebi, kooperativebi, samoqalaqo Tu politikuri gaertianebebi, romlebic am garemos sicocxles SesZenda. aseti mcdelobebi martlac iyo - rogorc mosaxleobis mxridan, aseve garedan xelsewyobit. Tumca, mat warmatebuls namdvilad ver vuwodebt. ismis kitxva: ram ganapiroba es warumatebloba? vitarebis asaxsnelad SeiZleba moizebnos wminda ekonomikuri da politikuri mizezebi. sabazro ganvitarebis im modelma, romelic saqartvelosi dainerga, glexuri da fermeruli meurneobebi didwilad wamgebiani gaxada, xolo politikurma sistemam soflebi TviTmmarTvelobis, myari uflebebisa da saerto resursebis garese datova. amdenad, individebis ekonomikuri da politikuri pasiuroba, SesaZloa, wminda racionaluri gatvlis Sedegi iyos. meore ufro metad individebze dafuznebuli axsnis Tanaxmad (romelic istoriul instituciur ekonomikasi dominirebs), axal instituciur garemosi efeqturi funqcionirebistvis individebs akliat codna, Cveva da gamocdileba - anu individualuri kapitali, romelic drota ganmavlobasi grovdeba. mesame axsna socialuri kapitalis cnebas iyenebs. am midgomis Tanaxmad, warumateblobis mizezi Tavad sazogadoebasia. esaa sazogadoebis socialuri struqtura, ufro swored, am struqturis sisuste an araswori mowyoba. swored am struqturis gamyareba an Secvla iqneboda reformebis warmatebis sawindari. Mmocemuli kvlevis mizani am (mesame) midgomis analizia. 22

24 2.1. socialuri kapitali socialuri kapitali SedarebiT axali cnebaa, romelic bolo oci wlis ganmavlobasi gaxda popularuli socialur mecnierebebsi. sakitxis siaxlisa Tu sirtulis gamo, am cnebis konceptualizacia dremde aqtualuria, xolo misi sargeblianoba kamatis sagnad rceba. Seesabameba Tu ara socialuri kapitalis cneba iset realobas, romelic manamde mkvlevarta yuradrebis mirma rceboda, Tu is moicavs im movlenebs, romelic sxva, ufro tradiciuli terminebitac SeiZleba ariweros? sxvadasxva avtori gvazlevs rogorc socialur kapitalis, aseve misi Semadgenel komponentebis gansxvavebul interpretacias. Aam fenomenis arsis analizis processi gamoiyeneba iseti cnebebi, rogorebicaa adamiantasorisi qselebi, ndoba, socialuri normebi da institutebi. patnemis mixedvit, "socialuri kapitali... warmoadgens sazogadoebis mowyobis iset maxasiateblebs, rogorebicaa ndoba, normebi da qselebi, romlebic aadvilebs TanamSromlobaze orientirebul qcevas da amit sazogadoebis efeqturobas zrdian" 14 (Putnam, 1994, gv.167). es gansazrvreba sasargebloa socialur kapitalze msjelobis dasawyebad, radgan is moicavs socialuri kapitalis ramdenime arsebit maxasiatebels: - socialuri kapitali aris sazogadoebis/ertobis maxasiatebeli, da ar warmoadgens individebis, ekonomikuri vitarebisa Tu formaluri institutebis raime Tvisebebis saxeobas. amdenad, is ar daiyvaneba individualuri aqtorebis maxasiateblebisa da samoqmedo strategiebis nakrebze, da aseve ar warmoadgens socialuri sistemis maformirebeli formaluri wesebis funqcionirebis gverdit produqts. 14 "Social capital... refers to features of social organization, such as trust, norms and networks that can improve efficiency of society by facilitating cooperative action". 23

25 - socialuri kapitali aris faqtori, romelic xels uwyobs TanamSromlobas individebs Soris, Tumca, misi arsebobis empiriulad dadgena am TanamSromlobis intensivobaze dakvirvebit problematuria. is aris TanamSromlobis xelsemwyobi ert-erti, da ara ertaderti faqtori. TanamSromlobis intensioba SesaZloa damokidebuli iyos sxva faqtorebzec, magalitad, individebis ekonomikur kapitalze. garkveuli drois ganmavlobasi intensiuri TanamSromloba SesaZloa socialuri kapitalis simciris fonzec xdebodes, da piriqit, socialuri kapitali arsebobdes, magram Tanam- Sromloba iyos susti sxva mizezebis gamo. - socialuri kapitali, am midgomis Tanaxmad, aris "kapitali", resursi, romelic zrdis sazogadoebis socialur, politikur da ekonomikur efeqturobas. is aris resursi, romelmac SeiZleba "moigos" sxva tipis resursi - ekonomikuri an politikuri. Ees nisnavs, rom socialuri kapitali aris "kapitali" klasikuri gagebit - SesaZlebelia misi CarTva gacvlis proces- Si, ris Sedegadac izrdeba sxva resursebis xelmisawvdomoba, iqmneba damatebuli Rirebuleba (Lin, 2004). amdenad, socialuri kapitalis cnebasi moiazreba mxolod iseti socialuri resursebi, romlebic monawileoben "gacvlis" processi. warmoadgens ra "kapitals", "damatebuli Rirebulebis" motanis Semdeg is ki ar mcirdeba, aramed izrdeba. Tuki armocnda, rom qselebi, ndoba an normebi, romlebic mis Semadgenel nawilebad moixsenieba, "damatebuli Rirebulebis" Semqmneli ar aris, da, am TvalsazrisiT, sasargeblo resurss ar warmoadgens, mati gaigiveba socialuri kapitalis cnebastan ar iqneba martebuli. aleqs inkelsis azrit, dasveba damatebuli Rirebulebis Sesaxeb yvelaze saintereso Temaa socialur kapitaltan mimartebasi. ekonomikuri Tu politikuri resursi, romelsac socialuri kapitali "awarmoebs" aris is damatebuli Rirebuleba, romelicaam cnebas mimzidvels xdis: 24

26 "dasveba damatebuli Rirebulebis Sesaxeb aris yvelaze mimzidveli komponenti socialuri kapitalis SeswavlaSi... socialuri kapitali azlevs ertobebs SesaZleblobas awarmoon is, rasac ver Seqmnidnen [mis garese]... amis sapirispirod, individebze fokusirebuli kvlevebi, rogorc wesi, arafers ambobs damatebuli Rirebulebis Sesaxeb. amgvari kvlevebi ufro fiqsirebuli resursisgan wilis misarebad sawiro konkurentul upiratesobebs aqceven yuradrebas. es kvlevebi TiTqmis yoveltvis swavlobs mogeba-wagebis vitarebebs (Inkeles, 2000, gv. 247) 15. arsanisnavia, rom miuxedavad im pozitiuri konteqstisa, romelsic mkvlevarta umravlesoba socialuri kapitalis cnebas atavsebs (Zlieri socialuri kapitali=efeqturi sazogadoeba), socialuri kapitali ganixileba xolme rogorc sasualeba sxva, ufro marali Rirebulebis mqone resursebis (politikuri, ekonomikuri) mosapoveblad. garkveulwilad, socialuri kapitali RirebulebaTa ierarqiasi Tavsdeba dabal doneze, masin roca sasurveli resursebi, romelta xelmisawvdomoba unda gaizardos misi mesveobit, sistemuri ierarqiis ufro marali doneebis maxasiateblad ganixileba. amgvari xedva garkveulwiladnaklulia, radgan imtavitve gulisxmobs sazogadoebrivi urtiertobebis dayofas or doned: dabali, SedarebiT Tavisufali da "adamianuri", Seesabameba socialur urtiertobebs, sadac individebi nebayoflobiti da SeuzRudavi Tanam- SromlobiT agroveben "socialur kapitals" (habermasiseuli cxovrebis samyaros analogi, (Habermas, 1985)), da marali, politikuri da ekonomikuri, mkacrad regulirebuli formaluri instituciuri wesrigi, sadac mimdinareobs konkurencia da brzola SezRuduli resursebis mosapoveblad (habermasiseuli sistema). pirve- 15 What makes the study of social capital compelling is the assumption of added value... it permits communities to do what they could not do [without social capital]... By contrast, studies focused on the individual generally say nothing about added value, and concentrate rather on competitive advantage in the gaining of shares from a fixed pie. They almost invariably deal with a win-lose situation. 25

27 li donis urtiertobebi, mocemuli xedvis mixedvit, aris mxolod sasualeba meore doneze ufro warmatebuli "SeRwevis", da, imavdroulad, am meore donis mier "kolonizebisgan" Tavis darwevisa. mocemuli kvleva gansxvavebul xedvas eyrdnoba. am xedvis mixedvit, socialuri kapitali aris sazogadoebis mowyobis iseti maxasiatebeli, romelic asustebs massi Rirebulebrivi ierarqiis arsebobas, xels uwyobs sxvadasxva tipis resursebis warmoqmnas da mat CarTvas urtiertgacvlis processi. ekonomikuri, politikuri da socialuri resursebi da Rirebulebebi, socialuri kapitalit mdidar sazogadoebasi, warmoadgens efeqturad Sekruli sistemis Tanabrad Rirebul elementebs. Aamgvar sazogadoebasi SesaZlebelia am elementebis formireba, SenarCuneba, mat Soris ormxrivi gacvla da ertmanetsi gadadineba.mmagalitad, SesaZlebelia ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba socialuri kapitalis dagrovebis gzit iseve, rogorc socialuri resursis (mag. prestijis) mopoveba ekonomikuri warmatebis Sedegad. socialuri kapitalit mdidari sazogadoeba stabiluri da efeqturi funqcionirebistvis ar sawiroebs izulebis meqanizmebis (policia, sasamartlo) gadametebul zemoqmedebas; amgvari sazogadoeba SeiZleba warmovidginot, rogorc qvemodan zevit ganvitarebisa da ara zevidan qvevit martvis procesi. Tavis SigniT amgvari sazogadoeba qmnis politikur da ekonomikur ierarqias, Tumca, es ierarqia ufro metad legitimacias eyrdnoba, vidre policias. jon roulzis terminologias Tu davesesxebit (Rawls, 2005), amgvar sazogadoebas SeiZleba "kargad mowyobili sazogadoeba" (well ordered society) vuwodot. kargad mowyobil sazogadoebasi racionalur individebs SeuZliaT gaaketon Tavisufali arcevani da damoukideblad mii- Ron gadawyvetilebebi ise, rom SenarCundes arsebuli socialuri struqtura, ar damyardes qaosi. racionaluri arcevanis terminologias Tu davesesxebit, socialuri kapitali qmnis im minimalur motxovnebs, rom- 26

28 lebic kenet erous SeuZleblobis TeoremiT arwerili paradoqsis gadalaxvas xdis SesaZlebels (Arrow, 1951). socialuri kapitalis Seswavlisadmi midgomebisa da gamoyenebuli metodebis simravlis gamo, am Temaze arsebuli literaturis mimoxilvis nacvlad, qvemot Cven vavlebt paralelebs ramdenime midgomastan, romlebic mocemuli kvlevistvis yvelaze arsebit xedvebs moicavs. imis gamo, rom modeli, romelsac SemdgomSi kvleva eyrdnoba, axali institucionalizmisa da socialuri arcevanis metodologiur midgomebs iyenebs, aucilebelia socialur kapitals, institutebsa da socialur urtiertobebs Soris arsebuli mimartebebis gamkafioeba. 1. socialuri kapitali aramarto amyarebs sazogadoebis instituciur mowyobas, aramed socialuri wesrigis im maxasiatebels warmoadgens, romelic sxvadasxva institutebs ertian sistemasi kravs. institutis cneba bolo atwleulebsi imdenad gafartovda, rom sazrvari sazogadoebis instituciur da struqturul mowyobas Soris sakmaod bundovani gaxda. daglas nortis mixedvit, institutebi SesaZloa iyos formaluric da araformaluric, moicavdes rogorc TamaSis wesebs, aseve urtiertobebis modelebsa (paternebs) da monawileta gaziarebul rwmenebsa da warmodgenebs 16 (North, 2009, gv.15). Tuki institutebs am ganmartebis Tvalsawieridan SevxedavT, socialuri kapitalis yvela elementi, romelic patnemiseul ganmartebasi iyo moxseniebuli: ndoba, normebi da qselebi, SesaZloa institutebis komponentebad moviazrot. amdenad, Cndeba kitxva: xom ar aris sakmarisi gavaigivot "socialuri kapitali" sazogadoebis araformalur instituciur wesrigtan, anu institutebis garkveul nairsaxeobastan? socialuri kapitali SesaZloa martlac garkveul normebsa Tu qcevis wesebs azlierebdes, magram 16 "Formal rules, written laws, formal social conventions, informal norms of behavior, and shared beliefs about the world, as well as the means of enforcement". 27

29 amastanave is institutebs Soris mimartebebis damyarebis da mati ertian sistemasi moqcevis instrumentadac gvevlineba. institutebi, gagebuli rogorc TamaSis wesebi, warmartavs individebis TanamSromlobas konkretul vitarebebsi. magram institutebis ertoblioba jer ar warmoadgens sazogadoebas; sazogadoeba iqmneba am institutebs Soris kavsirebis formirebit. swored am bolo (Tu sawyis) etapze icens yvelaze metad Tavs socialuri kapitali. misi roli ufro Zlieria iset vitarebebsi, rodesac "TamaSis wesebi" (institutebi) an ar aris mkafio, an tovebs qcevis modelis arcevis Tavisuflebas. amgvar vitarebebsi samoqmedod individebs amozravebt ara mxolod sakutari racionaluri interesi, aramed warmodgena imaze, Tu rogor moiqcevian sxva individebi, ramdenad sando, solidaruli an loialuri iqneba mati qceva. amgvari warmodgenebis ertoblioba, xels uwyobsk onkretuli instituciuri elementebis mravalferovnebis ertmanettan SekavSirebas da ertian sistemasi moqcevas. Tuki struqturulad diferencirebul sazogadoebastan gvaqvs saqme, institutebi SeiZleba iyos socialuri, ekonomikuri da politikuri tipis. masin SeiZleba itqvas, rom socialuri kapitali xels uwyobs am institutebis mier warmoebuli socialuri, politikuri da ekonomikuri resursebis gamyarebasa da gaer- Tianebas araierarqiul, stabilur da efeqtur sistema- Si. Tumca, TiToeuli es sfero (ekonomika, politika, sociumi) TviTonac gansxvavebuli tipis resursebisgan aris formirebuli (mag. kapitali, bazari, sazogadoebrivi saqoneli). mikro doneze am resursebis efeqtur SekavSirebasa da urtiertqmedebasi aseve socialuri kapitalia CarTuli. ase magalitad, socialurma kapitalma SesaZloa xeli Seuwyos fulis Segrovebas soflis gzis SesakeTeblad (am SemTxvevaSi kerzo resursebi gardaiqmneba saerto siketed), an mosavlis ertobliv gasarebas (am SemTxvevaSi xdeba kerzo da jgufuri interesebis Sejereba). amdenad, SeiZleba vilaparakot imaze, rom socialuri kapitali sxvadasxva tipis sa- 28

30 kutrebis formirebasa da mati araierarqiuli integraciis SesaZleblobas azlierebs. gansxvaveba institutsa da socialur kapitals Soris aseve SeiZleba davinaxot socialuri wesrigis SenarCunebisTvis sawiro izulebis odenobasi. instituti, iqneba is formaluri Tu araformaluri, SesaZloa arsebobdes TamaSis monawileta nebis sawinaarmdegod - sanqciebis SiSis safuzvelze. rac ufro metia socialuri kapitali sazogadoebasi, mit ufro naklebi izulebaa sawiro imisatvis, rom SenarCundes (Tu gardaiqmnas) arsebuli socialuri urtiertobebi. Aamdenad, idealuri sazogadoeba aris iseti sazogadoeba, romelsic TamaSis yvela wesis SenarCuneba/gardaqmna uzrunvelyofilia ara izulebit, aramed socialuri kapitalis ZaliT. imisatvis, rom SemdgomSi ertmanetisgan ganvasxvaot institutisa da socialuri kapitalis cnebebi, instituciur normebsi Cven vigulisxmebt TanamSromlobis damkvidrebul formebsa da wesebs, romelta damrrvevi garkveul sanqciebs eqvemdebareba. amgvar sanqciebs SesaZloa axorcielebdes gare aqtori, mag. saxelmwifo; Tavad sazogadoeba, romelic araformaluri gzit zrudavs Seusabamo qcevas; an garkveuli qceva SeiZleba arikvetos imis gamo, rom is miurebelia savaraudo partnioristvis. institutisgan gansxvavebit, socialuri kapitali xels uwyobs racionaluri aqtoris qcevis regulirebas iset vitarebasi, romelic qcevis modelebs Soris arcevanis arsebobas gulisxmobs. es arcevani mxolod instituciuri normis Sesruleba-arSesrulebis dilemaze ar daiyvaneba (mag. nasesxebi fulis dabruneba). is SeiZleba saertod ar gulisxmobdes raime sanqciis arsebobas (mag. gaertianeba kooperativsi Tu gaertianebaze uaris Tqma). amgvar vitarebebsi aqtorebis molodini, Tu ra SeiZleba moyves ama Tu im gadawyvetilebas, didwilad damokidebulia socialuri kapitalis Semadgenel elementebze, mag. ndobaze. arcevanis SesaZleblobis mqone individebis gadawyvetilebebis ertoblioba, CaerTon Tu ar CaerTon 29

31 ama Tu im arasavaldebulo urtiertobasi, ganapirobebs resursebis gadadinebas sxvadasxva instituts Soris. saboloo jamsi, am resursebs Soris dgindeba "wonasworoba", romelic gansazrvravs mat fardobit faseulobas sazogadoebis TvalSi. am procesebsi socialuri kapitali, SesaZloa, azlierebdes erti tipis institutebs da asustebdes sxva tipis institutebs. 2. yvela tipis socialuri resursi ar warmoadgens socialur kapitals: arsebobs vi- Tarebebi, rodesac institutebi socialur resursebs kapitalad qcevis SesaZleblobas ar azlevs. rogorc ukve arvnisnet, socialuri urtiertobebi, romlebic sazogadoebis ert-ert resurss warmoadgens, SeiZleba ver gaxdes "kapitali", anu SesaZloa am tipis resursi ar iyos konvertirebadi sazogadoebis ekonomikur da politikur warmatebasi. amgvari vi- Tareba SeiZleba Seiqmnas masin, rodesac institutebi iqmneba "zevidan qvevit", ara socialuri urtiertobebis veqtorebis Sesabamisad, aramed mati sawinaarmdego mimartulebit. am TvalsazrisiT, sxvaoba socialur resursebsa da socialur kapitals Soris waagavs ernando de sotos mier arweril sxvaobas ekonomikur resursebsa da ekonomikur kapitals Soris. ernando de soto Tavis wignsi "kapitalis misteria" ("The Mystery of Capital") asabutebs, rom ganvitarebadi qveynebidasavletis qveynebisgan gansxvadebian ara ekonomikuri resursebis simwirit, aramed imit, rom danarceni samyaros uunaroba -awarmoos kapitali aris ZiriTadi dabrkoleba, romelic xels uslis mas, naxos sargebeli kapitalizmisgan 17 (de Soto, 2000, gv.5). ganvi- Tarebadi qveynebis materialuri resursebi kapitalad ar gardaiqmneba da ar monawileobs axali simdidris warmoebis processi. Raribi qveynebi Raribebi arian ara imitom, rom dovlati ara aqvt, aramed imitom, rom ar xdeba am dovlatis CarTva ekonomikur gacvlasi. 17 "...the major stumblig block that keeps the rest of the world from benefiting from capitalism is its inability to produce capital". 30

32 de sotos mosazreba materialuri resursebis Sesaxeb SeiZleba ganvavrcot socialuri urtiertobebis sferozec. socialuri kapitalit Rarib qveynebsi, SesaZloa arsebobdes sakmaod mdidari socialuri cxovreba, magram am socialur cxovrebas ar gaacnia politikuri da ekonomikuri reprezentacia instituciur sivrcesi. mas ver moaqvs dividentebi sociumistvis da is ver sazrdoobs ekonomikuri da politikuri warmatebisgan. sxva sityvebit rom vtqvat, is ar aris kapitali. amdenad, arsebitia ganvasxvaot ori cneba: resursi da kapitali. resursi, iqneba es ekonomikuri, socialuri Tu politikuri, SesaZloa Sefasdes misi odenobit, met-naklebobit. TiToeuli individistvis racionalurad mimzidvelia meti resursis floba. sazogadoeba, iseve rogorc calkeuli socialuri jgufi an individi, SesaZloa, daxasiatdes rogorc mdidari an Raribi ama Tu im tipis resursit. magram "kapitalis" saxelwodebas yvelanairi resursi ar imsaxurebs. ekonomikuri, politikuri da socialuri resursebi mxolod masin warmoadgenen kapitals, Tuki mat Soris "gacvlis" procesia SesaZlebeli. iseti vitareba, rodesac institutebi da socialuri urtiertobebi ertmanetis sapirispiro mimartulebit moqmedebs, SeiZleba sxva Tvalsawieridanac Sefasdes. SeiZleba sazogadoebas gaacndes socialuri kapitali, romelic asustebs "zevidan qvevit" danergili institutebis efeqturobas da zrudavs mat SeRwevas araformalizebul socialur urtiertobata sivrcesi. zogierti avtoris dakvirvebit, mwidro socialuri qselebi da Sekruli sazogadoeba ar aris er- TmniSvnelovnad sazogadoebis winsvlis sawindari. kritikosebis azrit, Sekruli sazogadoeba SeiZleba blokavdes siaxlesa da ewinaarmdegebodes reformebs, romlebic mistvis sasiketo iqneboda. zogjer mkvlevrebi socialuri kapitalis swored negatiur formebze amaxvileben yuradrebas (Warren, 2008, gv.144). SesaZloa, Sekruli socialuri jgufi war- 31

33 matebit moipovebdes politikur da ekonomikur resursebs, magram es danarceni sazogadoebis xarjze xdebodes. amdenad, kavsiri mdidar socialur kapitalsa da sazogadoebis cxovrebis sxva sferoebs Soris calsaxa ar aris. "cudi socialuri kapitali" qmnis magalitad, mafiozuri dajgufebebis funqcionirebistvis aucilebel urtiertndobas. medelinis kartelis an korufciuli politikuri klanis tipis araformaluri jgufebi Sekrulia mwidro socialuri kavsirebit, Tumca, mati funqcionireba momgebiania mxolod am jgufis wevrebis- Tvis; jgufis garet myofi sazogadoebistvis mas negatiuri Sedegebi moaqvs. sxva sityvebit, amgvar socialur kapitals (Tuki amas socialur kapitals vuwodebt) gaacnia uaryofiti eqsternaliebi. zustad iseve, rogorc ekonomikuri kapitalis investireba SeiZleba kargi iyos investoristvis, magram cudi - misi konkurentebistvis, investireba socialur urtiertobebsi SesaZlebelia pozitiur Sedegs izleodes pirovnebistvis, magram ara mtlianad sazogadoebistvis. institutebtan dapirispirebul socialur kapitals SeiZleba "negatiuri solidaroba" vuwodot, radgan is, xsirad, gare batonobis winaarmdeg aris mimar- Tuli. socialuri urtiertobebis paterni SesaZloa arademokratiuli, arahumanuri rejimis atwleulebis batonobis Sedegad Camoyalibdes. am SemTxvevaSi socialur kapitals, e.w. "negatiuri mobilizebis" gzit, SeuZlia institutebis revoluciuri cvlilebis gamowvevac. 3. araxelsayrel instituciur garemosi socialuri kapitali SeiZleba arsebobdes "qvi- Sis saatis"qveda nawilsi; am SemTxvevaSi is metia, vidre socialuri resursi, magram verc srulyofil funqcionirebas axerxebs. socialuri kapitali, erti mxriv, da formaluri institutebi, meore mxriv, SesaZloa imyofebodnen ZalTa balansis mdgomareobasi da "gavlenis arealebs" iyofdnen. masin socialuri wesrigi izens "qvisis saa- Tis" saxes - is xdeba ordoniani. mkvlevrebi miutiteben sabwota kavsiris daslis Semdgom wlebsi postsabwota qveynebsi amgvari modelis 32

34 arsebobaze wels, ricard rouzma rusetis sazogadoebis struqtura miamsgavsa qvisis saats. qvisis saa- Tis rogorc zeda, aseve qveda sivrceebsi intensiuri socialuri cxovreba Cqefda, magram mat ertmanetisgan viwro yeli asorebda (Rose, 1995). vertikaluri dayofa farto sazogadoebad da Zalauflebis elitad jer kidev sabwota warsulidan momdinareobs, xolo viwro yeli, romelic am or Sres ertmanetisgan ganacalkevebs, dapirispirebasa da undoblobaze miutitebs. aset sazogadoebebsi socialuri kapitali qvi- Sis saatis viwro yelis qvemot arsebobs da sajaro sivrcisgan Tavis gadasarcenad "CrdilSi" imaleba. zogjer amgvari vitareba mcdaradaa gaigivebuli socialuri kapitalis sisustestan da sazogadoebis atomizebastan. robert patnemma MmWidrod daakavsira ertmanet- Tan socialuri kapitalisa da samoqalaqo ertobis cnebebi: socialuri kapitali warmoadgens samoqalaqo sazogadoebis saxeobas, ertobas, sadac moqalaqeta socialuri CarTuloba mimartulia sazogadoebis politikuri resursebis zrdaze. socialuri kapitalis nakleboba ki ukavsirdeba klientelistur, korufciasa da individualur mogebaze orientirebuli aqtiobis si- Warbesa da sazogadoebrivi produqtis Seqmnis uunarobas (Putnam, 1994). samoqalaqo ertobis sapirispiro movlena e.w. amoraluri femilizmia (Familism). sazogadoebis am tipistvis damaxasiatebelia Taviseburi struqtura, romelsic individis pasuxismgeblobis sivrce daviwroebulia da vrceldeba ZiriTadad sakutar ojaxze, natesavebis da megobrebis viwro wreze. amgvari struqtura miicneva samoqalaqo sazogadoebis CamoyalibebisTvis ert-ert yvelaze Zlier damabrkolebel faqtorad. edvard banfildi miicnevda, rom am tipis sazogadoebebis CamorCeniloba SeiZleba nawilobriv aisxnas TanasoflelTa uunarobit imoqmedon ertoblivad raime saerto miznis misarwevad, romelic scildeba konkretuli ojaxis moklevadian, materialur intere- 33

35 sebs (Banfield, 1958). adamianebi ewvit da undoblobit uyureben ertmanets, mzad arian sakutari ojaxis interesebi daicvan ufro farto sazogadoebis xarjze da miacniat, rom mezoblebis dawinaureba da warmateba SesaZloa mattvis warumateblobas nisnavdes. Mmoqalaqeebi Tavis Tems ariqvamen rogorc brzolis vels. socialuri kapitalisa da samoqalaqo ertobis ase mwidrod dakavsireba xels uslis imis danaxvas, rom SesaZloa sazogadoebasi socialuri kapitali arsebobdes, magram qvisis saatis zeda doneze ver arwevdes. am SemTxvevaSi, susti sajaro manifestaciebis gamo, is rtulad dakvirvebadi fenomenia. amgvari midgoma ver iazrebs imas, rom sazogadoebasi SeiZleba arsebobdes arasamoqalaqo socialuri kapitali. is SesaZloa warmatebit kravdes Tems da Temis doneze kapitalis rols asrulebdes, Tumca ver axerxebdes Temis garet arsebuli ekonomikuri da politikuri resursebis mozidvas. Aaucilebelia, es vitareba mkafiod ganvasxvavot sazogadoebis atomizebuli mdgomareobisgan, romelsic socialuri kapitali saertod ar arsebobs. garda amisa, socialuri kapitali SesaZloa armocndes qvisis saatis qveda nawilsi ara imitom, rom is formalur institutebs upirispirdeba, aramed imitom, rom, komunikaciisa da resursebis simwiris gamo, ver axerxebs farto sazogadoebis doneze morvaweobas. anu mwidro socialuri urtiertobebi SesaZloa warmoadgendes "kapitals" mxolod im sazrvrebsi, romlebsac mocemuli sociumi "wvdeba"; is SeiZleba ar iyos konvertirebadi im ekonomikur da politikur resursebsi, romlebic ufro farto sazogadoebis kontrolis qves imyofeba. amgvari dakvirvebebi ucvenebs, rom socialuri kapitalis cnebis gaazrebisas kidev erti maxasiatebeli unda mivirot mxedvelobasi. gansxvavebit ekonomikuri kapitalisgan, romelsac Tanamedrove globalizebul samyarosi SeuZlia TiTqmis daubrkoleblad erti adgilidan meoresi gadadineba, socialuri kapitali mibmulia im adamianebis ertobastan, romelic ertmanettan 34

36 struqturul komunikaciasi imyofeba. amdenad, arsebitia sazogadoebis romelime nawilis (magalitad soflis) ganxilvisas, socialuri kapitali moviazrot am ertobis komunikaciis sazrvrebsi da ar gavaigivot mtliani sazogadoebis socialur kapitaltan. Sesabamisad, unda ganvasxvaot is politikuri da ekonomikuri resursebi, romlebzedac soflis socialur kapitals SesaZloa hqondes gavlena, da is resursebi, romlebic soflis gavlenis mirma arsebobs. ase magalitad, qveynis parlamenti an sabazro fasebi is resursebia, romlebzedac calke arebul sofels mnisvnelovani gavlena ara aqvs. socialuri kapitalis am maxasiatebels aqvs mnisvneloba ordoniani modelis gagebistvis socialuri kapitalis Teoriuli modeli Sejamebis saxit SeiZleba itqvas, rom kargad mowyobili sazogadoebis vitarebasi socialuri kapitali aris ara sazogadoebis instituciuri wesrigis nawili, aramed am wesrigis gazlierebisa da "gamtlianebis" sasualeba. cudad mowyobil sistemasi ki formaluri institutebi da socialuri kapitali SesaZloa ertmanetis sapirispirod moqmedebdnen. socialuri kapitali ara marto aadvilebs ama Tu im resursis formirebasa da mopovebas, aramed xels uwyobs sxvadasxva tipis resursebis araierarqiul, arazalismier Tanaarsebobas. socialuri kapitali SesaZloa funqcinirebdes "viwro yelis" mirma isetnairad, rom sazogadoeba tovebdes socialuri kapitalit Raribi sazogadoebis STabeWdilebas. zemotqmulidan gamomdinare, qartul soflebsi arsebuli socialuri kapitalis kvleva moitxovs socialuri urtiertobebis mteli kompleqsis analizs. urtiertobata am rtuli da mravalfaqtoruli sistemis analizistvis SemuSavda modeli, romlis erteulebi SeiZleba davaxasiatot, rogorc veberiseuli idea- 35

37 luri tipebi. es erteulebia: a. resursebis, b. kooperirebis modelebis da g. ganwyobebis idealuri tipebi. a. resursebi resursebis tipologizaciisas Cven vixelmzrvanelet elinor ostromis midgomit. elinor ostromi arnisnavs, rom Temis ekonomikuri institutebis srulyofili mowyoba moicavs sami tipis sakutrebis rtul nazavs: kerzo, saxelmwifo da saerto (Ostrom, 2007). sakutrebis formebi aq farto gagebit aris gagebuli: ase, magalitad, is miwa, romelsac sofeli ertoblivad ganagebs, SesaZloa iyos saxelmwifo sakutrebasi, magram misi gankargva soflis prerogativa iyos. saerto gadawyvetilebis mireba, am SemTxvevaSi, satemo sakutrebiti urtiertobis tips warmoadgens. am midgomaze dayrdnobit modeli ganasxvavebs sakutrebis formebis sam idealur tips: kerzo, jgufuri da saerto sakutreba. kerzo tipis resursebi aris iseti resursebi, romlebic moicavs kerzo sakutrebas, individualur mogebas, im socialur Tu politikur gavlenasa Tu Zalauflebas, romelsac calkeuli individi flobs. ker- Zo resursis yvelaze martivi formaa kerzo sakutreba. jgufuri resursi aris romelime Semofargluli jgufis saerto sakutreba, mogeba an Zalaufleba. Aam resursit eqskluziurad sargebloba mxolod mocemuli jgufis wevrebs SeuZliaT. Aam tipis resursze xeli ar miuwvdebat imat, vinc am jgufsi ar Sedis. jgufuri resursi amowurvadia - rac ufro meti ergeba mocemul jgufs, mit ufro naklebi - sxvebs; amdenad amgvar jgufs SeiZleba eqskluziuri ewodos, mankur olsonis terminologiit (Olson, 1971). jgufuri resursis magalitia savawro adgili, sadac soflelebi CurCxelebs an mawons yidian. mocemul adgilze myidvelebis fiqsirebuli raodenobis gamo, rac ufro mets gayidis erti, mit ufro naklebi ergeba yvela danarcens. 36

38 saerto resursebi iseti resursebia, romlebic Tanabrad xelmisawvdomia yvelastvis (public good). saerto resursi, jgufurisgan gansxvavebit, amowurvadi ar aris -is an yvelastvis arsebobs, an aravistvis ar arsebobs. saerto resursis magalitia eklesia, an gza, romelic sofelsi midis. b. kooperirebis modelebi resursebis sami tipis Sesabamisad, Cven ganvasxvavebt kooperirebis sam models: qseluri, jgufuri, saerto. qseluri urtiertobebi. qseluri gacvliti tipis urtiertobebi mowodebulia daamyaros kavsirebi kerzo interesebis mqone individebs Soris da moemsaxuros mati kerzo interesebis dakmayofilebas. es urtiertobebi wyvil-wyvilad dalagebuli urtiertobebis jamia, romelic socialur - qseluri xasiatisaa. jgufuri urtiertobebi. jgufuri interesebis mqone individebi, romlebic jgufuri resursis Seqmnaze da misgan sargeblis mirebaze arian orientirebulni, sawiroeben ertobliv SeTanxmebas resursebis akumulirebisa da Semdgomi sargeblis, gadanawilebis wesebis Taobaze. mat mouwevt saerto SeTanxmebis mirweva, da garkveuli kriteriumebis gamoyeneba imis- Tvis, rom jgufis wevrebs Soris kofliqtebi ar moxdes, da Zalauflebis miniweba lideristvis, romelic jgufur sakutrebas ganagebs. saerto siketis Seqmnaze an SenarCunebaze mimartuli individebi aseve sawiroeben ertobliv SeTanxmebas im individualuri resursebis agregirebis Taobaze, romlebic saerto siketis Seqmnas moxmardeba. gansxvavebit zevit arwerili jgufuri qcevisgan, am SemTxvevaSi gadanawilebis problema ar dgas. amdenad, mocemuli qceva racionalurad inkluziuria, mimartulia farto gaertianebis Seqmnaze. farto gaertianebis satavesi SesaZloa gavleniani lideri armocndes. 37

39 g. ganwyobebi resursis TiToeul tips Seesabameba specifikuri ganwyoba, romelic ndobis kategorias miekutvneba. samive SemTxvevaSi TanamSromlobis intensioba damokidebulia TanamSromlobaSi monawile individebs Soris ndobis arsebobaze, magram samive SemTxvevaSi es ndoba gansxvavebuli xasiatis iqneba. aqve unda itqvas, rom socialuri kapitalis Teoretizebis mnisvnelovan elements warmoadgenda migneba, rom ndoba SeiZleba iyos sxvadasxvanairi. seligmanis mixedvit, ndobis gansxvavebuli tipebi gansxvavebul socialur tradiciebs ukavsirdeba (Seligman,1997). Ggarda amisa, ndoba situaciuria - individebi SesaZloa kargad kooperirebdnen ert vitarebasi, magram icendnen ertmanetis mimart undoblobas meore vitarebasi (Hardin, 2004). imis gamo, rom ndobis saxeobebtan mimartebasi literaturasi gamoiyeneba sxvadasxvairi terminologia (interpersonaluri ndoba, ganpirobebuli ndoba, sistemuri ndoba da a.s.), aucilebelia im gansazrvrebebis Semotana, romlebic mocemul modelsi iqneba gamoyenebuli. mocemuli modeli ndobis tipebs situaciur vi- TarebebTan akavsirebs. yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi resursis konkretuli tipis adeqvaturia kooperirebis garkveuli tipi. Tavis mxriv, kooperirebis konkretuli tipi unda daeyrdnos mistvis adeqvatur ganwyobas, romelic mocemul vitarebasi yvelaze arsebitad ganapirobebs individebis qcevas. ndoba (imis rwmena, rom adamianta umravlesoba ertgulia sxvebis winase arebuli valdebulebebisa) aadvilebs interpersonalur urtiertobebs, romlebic mimartulia kerzo interesebis dakmayofilebaze; solidaroba (imis rwmena, rom adamianta Soris TanamSromloba ar aris nulovan-jamovani) sawiroa saerto siketeebis warmoqmnis processi; loialoba (imis rwmena, rom adamianta umravlesoba Cemnairia, da amis gamo, Cven SeTanxmebas mivar- 38

40 wevt, ertmanets gavugebt) qmnis jgufuri interesebis dakmayofilebis SesaZleblobas. Sesabamisad, Cven gamoyoft urtiertobebis sam models, romeltagan TiToeuli Sedgeba sami elementisgan: resursi, kooperirebis tipi da ganwyoba: naxati 1. TiToeul svetsi moyvanili sameuli gamartuli funqcionirebistvis sawiroebs Tavis Semadgenel samive elements. es elementebi SesaZloa iqmnebodes sanqciebis ZaliT (magalitad, pirvel svetsi policia da sasamartlo uzrunvelyofs kerzo sakutrebis daculobas da kontraqtebis arsrulebas, amdenad garemo savsebit sandoa ekonomikuri qseluri gacvlistvis). am SemTxvevaSi ndoba kerzo sakutrebis Zlieri institutis arsebobis Sedegia. an piriqit, sanqciebi SesaZloa iyos minimaluri, xolo urtiertobebsi CarTuli individebis sandooba - marali. am SemTxvevaSi Zlieria socialuri kapitali, xolo kerzo sakutrebis institutis daculoba aris misi sizlieris Sedegi, da ara mizezi. socialuri kapitali, rogorc itqva, emsaxureba ara mxolod calkeuli institutebis araizulebit funqcionirebasa da Sesabamisi resursebis formirebas, aramed am institutebs Soris kavsirebis damyarebasa 39

41 da mat Soris resursebis gadadinebas. socialuri kapitali Sekravs am sam svetsi moyvanil urtiertobebsa da resursebs ertian socialur wesrigsi im SemTxveva- Si, Tu saxezea misi elementebis cikluroba. cikluroba nisnavs imas, rom ndoba, solidaroba da loialoba ara mxolod xels uwyobs garkveuli resursebis mdgradobas, aramed qmnis (an emyarebian) warmodgenebs ori danarceni resursis Tavsebadobis xasiatze. ndoba (imis rwmena, rom adamianta umravlesoba ertgulia sxvebis winase valdebulebebisa), gamovlenili qseluri urtiertobebis processi, metyvelebs imaze, rom saerto normebi (romlebic yvelastvis savaldebuloa), Tavsebadia jgufur interesebtan (sazogadoebrivi azri, jgufuri mikutvnebuloba). sazogadoebasi ar arsebobs didi jgufebi, romlebic mis wesrigs safrtxes uqmnis. anu individis uflebebi gamyarebulia umravlesobis mier arsebuli wesebis ariarebis ZaliT. dabali ndobis pirobebsi individebistvis sakutari interesebis daculobis garanti SesaZloa ufro metad iyos jgufisadmi kutvnileba, "mafiis" msgavsi gaertianebebis Seqmna. solidaroba (imis rwmena, rom adamianta Soris TanamSromloba ar aris nulovan - jamovani) gamovlenili jgufur qcevasi, metyvelebs imaze, rom kerzo interesebis agregireba da mati individualuri dakmayofileba Tavsebadia. kooperireba (jgufebis Seqmna) saerto siketis mosapoveblad ara mxolod umravlesobis, aramed TiToeuli adamianis interesebsia. rac ufro metia solidaroba, mit ufro meti individualuri interesi kmayofildeba saerto siketis Seqmnis mesveobit, da, Sesabamisad, meti kerzo resursi miemarteba mis warmoebaze. loialoba (rwmena imis Sesaxeb, rom adamianta umravlesoba Cemnairia, da amdenad Cven SeTanxmebis mirwevas movaxerxebt, ertmanets gavugebt) aseve jgufur qcevasi vlindeba, da xasiatdeba sifartove-siviwrovit. farto loialoba, faqtobrivad, nisnavs sazogadoebis ertgvarovnebas, kerzo da saerto interesebisa 40

42 da Rirebulebebis Tanxvedras, dabal struqturacias da adamianebis unars Seqmnan jgufebi nebismier individebtan. viwro loialobis pirobebsi gamoikveteba polarizebis meti tendencia da kerzo interesebis meti distancia saerto siketestan mimartebasi. amdenad, Cven vxedavt garkveul "ciklur" kav- Sirs socialuri kapitalis Semadgenel elementebs Soris: resursebis nebismieri wyvilis gacvlis "safasuri" mesame tipis resursis Sesabamisi ganwyobebit ganisazrvreba. naxati 2. ლოიალობა ნდობა სოლიდარობა mocemuli modelis mixedvit, socialuri kapitali warmoadgens sazogadoebis unars, daamyaros cikluri kavsiri kerzo, koleqtiur (jgufur) da saerto resursebs Soris imdagvarad, rom isini "rezonirebdnen" ertmanettan. am gzit socialuri kapitali xels uwyobs struqturulad diferencirebuli sazogadoebis SigniT sxvadasxva tipis resursebis gadadinebas, gacvlasa da gadanawilebas - process, romelic SesaZlebels xdis mat Tanaarsebobas arazaladobrivad integrirebuli sazogadoebis farglebsi. socialuri kapitalis paterni, romelic specifikuria mocemuli sazogadoebistvis an misi nawilis- Tvis, ganapirobebs individis motivacias imoqmedos 41

43 sxva pirovnebis, garkveuli jgufisa Tu mtlianad sazogadoebis interesebsi imis garese, rom es qmedeba konfliqtsi modiodes misi piradi interesebisa Tu Rirebulebebis mirwevastan. am modelis gamoyeneba aadvilebs soflis socialuri kapitalis empiriul gamovlenas sxvadasxva tipis jgufur qcevebsi, romlebic kerzo, jgufuri da saer- To interesebis ganxorcielebas emsaxureba. Semdegi sami magaliti karg warmodgenas izleva amgvari Tanam- Sromlobis arsebul formebze. 1. nadi "dres me mogexmarebi mosavlis arebasi, xval Sen" - es principi soflad bevr praqtikas ganapirobebs. ertmanetis mixmareba rigitobit, latareis Tama- Si, fulis Segroveba WirisuflisTvis, qorwilistvis da a.s. mnisvnelovnad ganapirobebs mosaxleobis riskebis dazrvevas. am SemTxvevaSi individualur qcevas amyarebs rwmena imis Taobaze, rom ramdensac gavcem, imdenives mivireb. individualuri resursebi, romlebic ideba am urtiertobebsi, ZiriTadad soflis CarCoebSi trialebs. 2. eklesiis msenebloba sofelsi ar iyo eklesia. eklesiis mseneblobasi mosaxleobam Cado fuli da ufasodac imusava. visac meti SesaZlebloba hqonda, meti fuli dado (mat Soris migrantebma, romlebic sofels mxolod drodadro ubrundebian), sxvebma mxolod simboluri Tanxebi Seswires, samagierod ufasod musaobdnen mseneblobaze. individualuri resursebis agregirebit Seiqmna sazogadoebrivi sikete - eklesia, romlitac yvelas SeuZlia isargeblos. individualuri resursebis agregirebit saer- To siketis Seqmna ganapiroba proporciulobis principma: visac ramdeni SeuZlia imdens gairebs. 42

44 3. miwis ertoblivi damusaveba ramdenime glexi gaertianda da ertoblivad moiyvana mosavali bazarze gasayidad. am wamowyebasi mat Cades individualuri resursebi (miwa, traqtori, fuli) da ertad isromes. mirebuli mosavali gadainawiles. am praqtikis mdgradoba damokidebulia samartlianobis principis dacvaze: yvelam unda miiros imdeni, ramdeni wvlilic Seitana; aravin unda cdilobdes gadawyvetilebebis mirebis uzurpirebas. es principi aris saerto, universaluri, da normatiuli, anu saerto faseulobis xasiats atarebs. yvela ganxilul SemTxvevaSi TanamSromlobis warmatebuloba damokidebulia sami tipis faqtorze: racionaluri gatvla (eklesiis asenebistvis sakmarisi resursi arsebobs; kooperativi mogebas naxavs; nadis garese momavalsi gamiwirdeba); resursebs Soris gaziarebuli mimartebis arseboba (umravlesoba ecdeba kontribucias; kooperativis sxva wevrebic samartlian gadanawilebas emxrobian; nadi damibrundeba); socialuri kapitalis arseboba. rodesac es sami komponenti ertmanettan rezonirebs, kooperireba xdeba. Tuki romelime komponenti akldeba, TanamSromloba ver Sedgeba. amdenad, warmatebuli kooperireba damokidebulia sam komponentze: socialuri kapitali, ekonomikuri kapitali da "politikuri" uflebebi, romlebic TamaSis wesebisgan momdinareobs empiriuli kvleva empiriulad modelis gamoyeneba gulisxmobs dakvirvebas Semdeg realobaze: kerzo, jgufuri da saerto sakutrebis (resursebis) arseboba, mati institucionalizacia, gacvla da Tavsebadoba. mocemuli kvleva daigegma da ganxorcielda, rogorc Tvisebrivi da raodenobrivi sociologiuri kvlevis monacemebis da instituciuri analizis kombinacia. 43

45 kvlevis pirvel etapze (Tvisebrivi kvleva) Catarda naxevrad struqturirebuli interviuebi saerta- Soriso donori organizaciebis adgilobriv armasrulebel pirebtan; saertasoriso organizaciebi SeirCa ise, rom proeqts moecva mati musaobis Semdegi mimar- Tulebebi: satemo organizaciebis, produqciis mwarmoebelta asociaciebisa da produqciis mwarmoebelta kooperativebis inicireba da mxardawera. sxvadasxva regionis soflebsi kvlevitma jgufma Caatara fokus-jgufebi soflebis mosaxleobastan da naxevrad struqturirebuli interviuebi soflis mcxovreblebtan da oficialur pirebtan (rwmunebulebtan). Catarda fokus-jgufebi, agretve, im jgufeb- Tan, romlebsac hqondat saertasoriso organizacieb- Tan TanamSromlobis gamocdileba. Tvisebrivi kvlevis Sedegad SeirCa soflebi, romlebsic unda ganxorcielebuliyo raodenobrivi kvleva. kvlevistvis SeirCa 20 sofeli, romlebic ertmanetisgan gansxvavdeboda im parametrebit, romlebic (Tvisebrivi kvlevis Sedegebis mixedvit) gavlenas axdens soflis socialuri urtiertobebis struqturaze. Ees parametrebia: saqartvelos regioni, soflis etnikuri Semadgenloba, dasaxlebis tipi (gzastan axlos mdebare, didi dabis tipis soflebi, da gzisgan mosorebit mdebare ufro mcire zomis soflebi), soflebi, romlebsac hqondat an ar hqondat saertasoriso donor organizaciebtan Tanam- Sromlobis gamocdileba. TiToeul sofelsi SeirCa 30 respondenti. soflebis SigniT respondentebi SeirCa kvoturi wesit ise, rom warmodgenili yofiliyo soflis asakobrivi da socialuri struqtura. Aamgvarad, kvlevis miznebidan gamomdinare, SerCevis mtlian dizainsi mkacrad araa daculi SemTxveviTobis principi.kvlevis mizania ufro metad sxvadasxva faqtors Soris mimartebis dadgena da ara saqartvelos masstabit reprezentatuli monacemebis warmoeba. raodenobrivi kvlevis dasrulebis Semdeg Catarda ramdenime fokus-jgufi kvlevis monacemebis damatebiti interpretaciis miznit. 44

46 Tavi 3. soflis resursebi da TanamSromlobis formebi mocemuli Tavi mimoixilavs soflis resursebsa da araformaluri TanamSrolobis im formebs, romlebic arsebobs soflad. wina TavSi arwerili modelis Sesabamisad, ganxilva dayofilia sam nawilad, resursebis tipis mixedvit: kerzo, jgufuri da saerto. kvlevis specifikidan gamomdinare, pirvel rigsi dasaxasia- Tebelia soflis ekonomikuri cxovreba, ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis formebi da normebi, soflis miwebi da sxva resursebi, romlebsac mosaxleobis ketildreoba eyrdnoba kerzo resursebi, qseluri urtiertobebi, gacvla soflis ekonomikis yvelaze mcire erteulia Sinameurneoba. tipiuri Sinameurneoba Zalian wvrilia da Raribi, xolo misi sakutreba misi Semosavlebis mnisvnelovan wyaros warmoadgens. am sakutrebasi instituciurad yvelaze kargad damkvidrebulia saxli da sakarmidamo nakveti. miwa, romelic Sinameurneobas privatizebis Sedegad ergo, xsir SemTxvevaSi saxlisgan Sors mdebareobs da daumusavebeli rceba. miuxedavad imisa, rom sakutrebis ufleba srulad aris formalizebuli, es miwa bankebistvis sagarantio kapitalad TiTqmis ar ariqmeba dabali likvidurobis gamo. Tumca, arsebobs miwis nakvetebis gayidvis an mezoblebze miqiravebis praqtika. miwaze kerzo sakutrebis damkvidrebasi ZiriTadi roli itamasa miwis mflobelobis im araformalurma praqtikam, romelic sabwota kavsiris bolo wlebistvis myarad damkvidrda. istoriuli mexsiereba, romelic miwaze sakutrebis koleqtivizaciamdel mdgomareobas asaxavs, did rols ar TamaSobda. Aam tipis mexsiereba, ZiriTadad, mtis soflebsia SemorCenili. mamapapiseuli danatovari satibi, sazovari, saxnav-satesi miwebi iq dremde bevrs axsovs da es faqtori miwit 45

47 sargeblobis araformalur wesebs ganapirobebs. ase magalitad, svanetis zogiert sofelsi tradiciul mexsierebas dremde eyrdnoba tyit sargebloba: TiToeulma gvarma icis, romeli tyis farglebsi SeuZlia SeSis momarageba. miwaze sakutrebis ufleba, romelic privatizebis pirveli talris Sedegad warmoiqmna, sakmaod myaria im gagebit, rom nakvetebis sazrvrebtan dakavsirebuli davebi TiTqmis arar aris. samagierod, Zlieria gansxvaveba formalur da araformalur wesebs Soris miwit sargeblobasa da mis gasxvisebastan mimartebasi. im dros, rodesac formaluri kanonmdebloba miwis mflobelebs aranair valdebulebebsa da SezRudvebs ar uwesebs, adgilebze arsebobs araformaluri normebi, romlebic garkveul valdebulebebs gulisxmobs. ase, 20 sofelsi gamokitxul respondentta 57.2% afiqsirebs, rom mat sofelsi moqmedebs dauwereli wesi, romlis mixedvit, Tu vinme miwas an saxls hyidis, man pirvel rigsi mezoblebs unda SesTavazos misi SeZena. 18 respondentebis nawili miicnevs, rom sofelsi arsebobs mezoblebs Soris qonebriv utanxmoebebtan da davebtan dakavsirebuli wes-cveulebebi: nasesxebi fulis dabrunebaze dava, saqonlis mier dazianebuli nargavebis zaralis anazraureba, pasuxismgebloba imis gamo, rom mouvleli miwa zarals ayenebs mezoblebs, naxirsi Zroxis dakargvis SemTxvevebi da a.s. Tumca, amgvari situaciebis dauwereli wesebit martvaze gamokitxulta mxolod erti mexutedi miutitebs. rogorc Cans, qonebrivi davebis maregulirebeli araformaluri wesebi sustia. martalia, araformaluri praqtika 18 aq da Semdgom procentuli macveneblebi asaxaven mdgomareobas im 20-soflian SerCevaSi, sadac Catarda gamokitxva. vinaidan es SerCeva soflebis reprezentatul Wrils ar warmoadgens, am TavSi mocemuli raodenobrivi macvneblebi unda iyos gagebuli rogorc tendenciis daxasiateba, da ara rogorc saqartvelos mteli masivis arwera. 46

48 arsebobs, 19 magram formaluri wesrigi mat mogvarebasi ufro met rols TamaSobs. Tanasoflelis qonebis qurdobastan mimartebasi yvelaze swor qcevad gamokitxulta 52.3% samartaldamcavi organoebisadmi mimartvas miicnevs; 28.7% - hipotetur qurds piradad mostxovda dazaralebulistvis zaralis anazraurebas. e.w. avtoritetebisadmi" mimartvas gamokitxulta mxolod 5% miicnevs gamartlebulad. sofelsi gacilebit ufro rtulia mimarteba im sakutrebastan, romelic pirvandeli privatizebis processi ar moxvda. es aris miwis didi masivebi, tye, mdinare da sxva bunebrivi resursebi, romlebic soflelta mier "Ria moxmarebis" (open acsess) resursebad ariqmeba. sofeli xsirad Tavisad miicnevs im miwebs, romlebic mas formalurad ar ekutvnis, da mtrulad ekideba investorebs, romlebic am miwis SeZenas cdiloben. sabazro tipis urtiertobebi Tanasoflelebs Soris sakmaod SezRudulia. Tanasoflelebi eridebian er- TmaneTis xarjze "fulis ketebas" (mag. veterinari ufaso konsultaciebs atarebs), Tumca Tavisuflad ertvebian amgvar urtiertobebsi soflis garet. sakarmidamo miwa da Zroxa (Zroxebi) ZiriTadad uzrunvelyofs Sinameurneobas samomxmareblo sakvebi produqtebit. produqciis nawili iyideba soflis garet, bazarze, gadamyidvelebze, icvleba barterit an bardeba Semsyidvel punqtebsi. es nawili aris an namati, an moxmarebas moklebuli, an specialurad moyvanili gasarebistvis. samagierod, soflis mcxovreblebi ertmanettan TanamSrmoloben mosavlis moyvanis processi. amgvari 19 Cven morwmuneebi vart, SeiZleba sasamartlosic ar wavidet da am samsjavros winase vdgebit. e.w. samsjavros rituali asetia: rodesac danasauls scadis adamiani, SeiZleba dazaralebuli ar wavides policiasi, dauzaxebs or adamians, romlebsac Wkua ekitxeba. es gar- Ceva xdeba eklesiis win. Des aris garceva mediatoruli wesit, xdeba daficeba eklesiis win (svanuri soflis mkvidri). 47

49 TanamSromloba sakmaod gavrcelebul da damkvidrebul praqtikas warmoadgens. koleqtiuri Sromis praqtika, e.w. nadi,saqartvelos yvela mxaresi gvxvdeba. ase magalitad, kaxetsi mezoblebi rig-rigobit ertad amusaveben ertmanetis nakvetebs. ArespondentTa monatxrobit, amgvari praqtika Sromas ufro saxalisos xdis. Aamis gamo, Sromis nayofiereba izrdeba, rac drois ufro optimalurad gamoyenebis meqanizmia intensiuri sasoflo-sameurneo samusaoebis periodsi. am tipis TanamSromloba sitanabris (eqvivalenturobis) princips efuzneba. fizikuri Sroma, romelic mezobelma Cems nakvetze gaswia, mas unda davubruno, rodesac mas daswirdeba. nadis tipis TanamSromlobasTan dakavsirebuli valdebulebebi Zalze seriozulad ariqmeba monawile- Ta mier. Tu romelime monawile ver asrulebs Tavis valdebulebas, is ixdis fuls musa xelistvis, romelic mas Caanacvlebs. nadis tipis TanamSromloba qseluria; amgvari qseluri urtiertobebi mnisvnelovania individebis riskebis dazrvevis TvalsazrisiT. TanamSromlobis am formebidan zogierti tradiciulia da didi xnis damkvidrebuli, zogierti ki - SedarebiT axali. soflebsi mkvetrad aris gamoxatuli gawirveba- Si Cavardnili adamianebis mimart Tanadgomis gamoxatvastan dakavsirebuli dauwereli wesebi. gamokitxulta 76.5% miutitebs, rom gardacvlili adamianebis ojaxebis daxmareba samzimarsi fulis mitana dauwereli wesia, romelsac TiTqmis aravin arrvevs; yoveli meore respondenti miicnevs, rom gawirvebasi Cavardnili TanasoflelebisTvis fulis Segroveba soflis dauwereli wesia, romelsac TiTqmis yvela asrulebs. samzimarsi fulis mitanis wesi imdenad Zlieria, rom siraribis ukiduresi formis gamosaxatad ramdenjerme Segvxvda gamotqma: iseti gawirvebuli iyo, rom samzimarsi misatani fuli ar hqonda. aset SemTxveveb- Si aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac adamiani saertod ar midis samzimris gamosaxatad. 48

50 samzimarsi fulis mitana ertmanetis mimart finansuri valdebulebis (kreditis) msgavsi procesia, romlis darvevac sircxvilad itvleba. soflebsi amas uwodeben fulis weras. moulodneli avadmyofobistvis an ubeduri Sem- TxvevisTvis fulis Segroveba mezoblebsi an ubansi aseve Cveuli, Tumca ki naklebad savaldebulo praqtikaa. aseve bevr sofelsi armocnda rom adgilobrivi mcxovreblebi TamaSoben latareas. latareis TamaSi, romelic sakmaod gavrcelebuli iyo sabwota dros, SemdgomSi TiTqmis arar daikvirveboda imis gamo, rom mosaxleobis did nawils moaklda regularuli fuladi Semosavlebi. bolo wlebsi pensiebis zrdastan er- Tad, mosaxleobis nawils gaucnda mcireodeni magram regularuli fuladi resursi, ramac latareis praqtika gaaxsena. latareebsi monawileoben ZiriTadad isini, visac aqvs regularuli Semosavali xelfasis an pensiis saxit; xsirad, sofelsi ramdenime jgufia, romlebic am praqtikas misdevs. gamokitxul soflebsi araformalur normatiul wesrigs da soflis saerto azrs mosaxleobis umravlesoba (60.8%) angariss uwevs da Tvlis, rom sofelsi cxovreba Zalze gaurtuldeba, Tu soflis azris sawinaarmdegod imoqmedebs. respondentta erti mesamedis azrit, moraluri individualizmi sofelsi problema araa, adamianebi naklebad uweven angariss soflis azrs, yvelas SeuZlia ise moiqces, rogorc TviTon Tvlis sawirod. sofels ar SeuZlia, da arc cdilobs, araformaluri socialuri wesrigis kontrols represiebis gzit. sofeli sakmaod lmobieria im adamianebis mimart, romlebic soflis dauwerel wesebs arrveven. respondentta didi umravlesoba (73%) Tvlis, rom sofels ar aqvs mkafiod gamoxatuli damokidebuleba aseti adamianebis mimart, aset qcevas naklebad eqceva yuradreba. respondentta mxolod erti mexutedi miu- TiTebs, rom sofeli sakmaod mkacria mat mimart. soflis cxovrebis umtavres struqturas uewvelad informaciis gacvlis praqtika warmoadgens. 49

51 sofelsi nebismieri informacia Zalian swrafad vrceldeba, vinaidan mcxovreblebis CvevaSia mezoblebistvis axali ambebis gaziareba. informaciis gacvlis mtavar kvanzebs warmoadgens e.w. birja, romelic gansakutrebit mnisvnelovan socialur rols asrulebs armosavlet saqartvelosi, mwidrod dasaxlebul soflebsi. birja aris Sekrebis adgili - moedani, gzajvaredini, wyaro, marazia, sadac adamianebi dganan, saubroben, zogjer dros atareben da svamen kidec. SesaZloa sofelsi iyos ramdenime birja, da sxvadasxva socialuri jgufi (umusevrebi, axalgazrdebi), calke ikribebodes. qali ver dadgeba kacebtan ertad birjaze, qalebi ufro saxlebtan sxedan an ertament- Tan stumrad dadian. birja es aris adgili, sadac ara marto icvleba informacia, aramed midis msjeloba yvela SesaZlo sakitxze: soflis problemebze, politikaze da a.s. birja soflis parlamentia. vikribebit da yvela sakitxze aq vmsjelobt (kaxetis soflis mcxovrebi). soflis mcxovrebta Soris informaciis gacvlit TanamSromloba mati ekonomikuri aqtivobis arsebiti komponentia. icvleba informacia fasebis, bazrebis, teqnologiebis, SesaZlo dasaqmebis, samusao migraciis da sxva sakitxebis Sesaxeb: Tu vinmem gaigo, rom romeliraca Rvinis qarxana yurzens ufro Zvirad ibarebs, is cdilobs, rom rac SeiZleba met Tanasoflels gaagebinos rom sxvebmac ixeiron (kaxetis soflis mcxovrebi). qselur da jgufur qcevas Soris mosazrvre kategorias miekutvneba naxiris rig-rigobit mwyemsva an saerto TanxiT mwyemsis daqiraveba. es praqtika saqar- TveloSi fartodaa gavrcelebuli, amastanave, arsebobs am saqmianobis maregulirebeli dauwereli wesebi da Cveulebebi, romlebsac aravin arrvevs. naxiris ertoblivi mwyemsvis, rogorc koleqtiuri ekonomikuri qcevis warmatebuli praqtika ufro metad armosavlet saqartvelosia gavrcelebuli. dasav- 50

52 let saqartvelosi bevr sofels naxiris gamosazovebeli saerto miwa ar gaacnia. sazovari soflis, praqtikulad, ertaderti defaqto saerto resursia. zog SemTxvevaSi, soflis mosaxleoba izulebulia airos sazovari koleqtiur ijarasi, rata is ar moxvdes privatizebasi da ar gasxvisdes ucxo investorze. Aam SemTxvevaSi, sofeli ircevs ert warmomadgenels, romelic iformebs miwas, xolo danarcenebi inawileben yovelwliur gadasaxads da agrzeleben sazovrit ertobliv sageblobas. aset praqtikastan mimartebasi xsiria gadasaxadis Segrovebis sir- Tuleebi, rac nawilobriv ukavsirdeba soflis siraribes, nawilobriv ki im faqts, rom resursis jgufur sakutrebad arqma, da mitumetes, misi regulirebis Tundac araformaluri institutebi, Zalze sustia. sazovrebis ertoblivi utilizaciis praqtikis Seswavlisas gamovlinda erti mnisvnelovani maxasiatebeli: ekonomikuri kooperirebis processi sofelsi arsebuli normatiuli wesrigis Sesabamisad ver ertveba soflis yvelaze Raribi mosaxleoba. mag. Tu mosaxles ar aqvs mwyemsis Tanxis gadaxdis sasualeba, mis Zroxas sazovarze ar usveben. sofels ukiduresad Raribebis kooperaciis processi inkluziis meqanizmebi ar aqvs. soflis solidarobis meqanizmi ukiduresad Rataki ojaxebis mimart pirdapiri qvelmoqmedebaa. soflis sazovrit aseve ver sargebloben SedarebiT SeZlebuli fermerebi, romlebsac bevri Zroxa hyavt. rogorc wesi aset meurneobebs aqvs sakutari miwa, romelsac sazovrad iyeneben ekonomikuri kooperireba, resursebis akumulireba kerzo sakutrebisgan gansxvavebit, koleqtiuri (jgufuri) resursebi (sakutreba) naklebad aris institucionalizebuli da soflis doneze did rols ar TamaSobs. jgufur mikutvnebulobas ara aqvs mkafio institucionaluri sazrvrebi, is cvalebadia da qselurad gadabmuli. didi soflebi iyofa ubnebad, rac gan- 51

53 sakutrebit SesamCnevia kaxetsi, sadac bevr adgilas istoriulad natesavebi saxlobdnen ert ubansi. sofeli sakmaod integrirebulia Tavisi socialuri struqturit. mcxovrebta raime nisnit segregacia ar xdeba. EeTnikuri an religiuri nisnit gamoyofil jgufebs Soris socialuri distancia gamokvleul soflebsi ar daikvirveba. 20 Tumca, damokidebuleba religiuri seqtebis mimart odnav gansxvavebulia. religiuri seqtebis warmomadgenelebi (mag. ierovas mowmeebi) gamokvleul soflebsi yvelaze metad gaucxoebuli jgufi armocnda. martalia, soflebsi arseboben rogorc SedarebiT SeZlebuli, aseve Raribi ojaxebi (SerCevis 32.7% miutitebs amgvari sxvaobis arsebobaze), ekonomikuri utanasworoba segregaciis wyaro ar aris: mdidrebsa da Raribebs Soris socialur distanciaze gamokitxulta mxolod 2.8% miutitebs. rogorc Cans, asakobrivi, natesauri nisnit gansxvavebul jgufebs Soris, aseve mkvidr mosaxleobas da axlad dasaxlebul ojaxebs Soris urtiertobac ukonfliqtoa. miuxedavad am struqturuli ertgvarovnebisa, igrznoba garkveuli socialuri ierarqiuloba, romelsac aqvs ekonomikuri, politikuri da socialuri maxasiateblebi. sofels yavs SedarebiT ufro pativcemuli da avtoritetuli pirovnebebis "zeda fena", romelic met (araformalur) gavlenas axdens soflis cxovrebaze. am elitas gansxvavebuli terminebit axasiateben (soflis inteligencia, arsakalebi, Tanamdebobis pirebi, sxva). Tanamdeboba ar aris am elitasi moxvedris winapiroba (zogjer sapirispiro tendenciac SeimCneva); ganatleba da patiosneba, soflis mcxovrebta azrit, bevrad ufro mnisvnelovania avtoritetis mosapoveblad, vidre simdidre da Tanamdeboba. 20 unda gavitvaliswinot, rom SerCevaSi ar iyo moxvedrili etnikurad an religiurad dayofili soflebi. 52

54 avtoritetuli elitis statusis institucionalizaciis tradicia ufro SenarCunebulia azerbaijanul da qistur soflebsi 21. azerbaijanul soflebsi arsebobs arsakalebis tradiciuli instituti. Tumca, am institutis arsebuli samartlebrivi sistemis paralelur sistemad ganxilva ar SeiZleba. ufro metad is SeiZleba moviazrot, rogorc gamasualebeli rgoli sofelsa da oficialur xelisuflebas Soris. zogiert adgilas 2-3 weliwadsi ertxel sofeli ircevs ramdenime arsakals da gadascems mat soflis aqtualuri problemis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebebis mirebis da soflis saxelit xelisuflebastan urtiertobis uflebamosilebas. sxvagan arsakalebis arceva ar xdeba da mati statusi ufro nominaluria, vidre funqcionaluri. soflis elitebi garkveul funqcionalur rols asruleben. esaa - konfliqtebis dros Suamavloba da urtiertobebis dalageba. araformaluri elitis arsebobis miuxedavad, soflis resursebze da cxovrebaze ufro meti realuri gavlena aqvt Tanamdebobrivi statusis mqone pirebs, rwmunebuls da a.s. is sakitxebi, romlebic soflis gare urtiertobebs exeba, mat mier regulirdeba. statusuri utanasworobis arsebobis miuxedavad, soflis socialur struqturasi vertikaluri dayofa gamoixateba ara imdenad socialur distanciasi, aramed orsriani, ordoniani diskursis arsebobasi. Tu naxevrad savse da naxevrad carieli Wiqis metaforas movisveliebt, savaraudoa, rom soflis rwmunebulis ofissi Catarebulma saubarma soflis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, naxevrad savse Wiqis STabeWdileba datovos, xolo soflis birjaze Catarebulma saubarma naxevrad carielis. es vitareba SesabamisobaSia sab- 21 premodernuli sazogadoebistvis damaxasiatebeli tradiciuli normatiuli sistemebis elementebi, romlebic garkveul situaciebsi samartlebriv sistemas anacvleben, SemorCenilia mxolod mtis soflebsi: mag. mamasaxlisis instituti. 53

55 WoTa drois danatovartan - sajaro da arasajaro diskursebis dapirispirebulobastan. oficialuri sajaro sivrce gankutvnilia pozitiuri SefasebebisTvis, saxelisuflebo propagandistvis, xolo kuluaruli, privatuli saubrebi - kritikuli ganwyobebistvis. amdenad, soflis birja ufro privatuli sferos nawilad warmocindeba, da ufro metad soflis azrs gamoxatavs, xolo rwmunebuli oficialuri versiis matarebelia. xelisuflebastan siaxlove, samsaxuris xelmisawvdomoba, korufciul garigebebsi monawileobis SesaZlebloba da "privilegiebis" mopovebis sxva formebi zogiert individs uketes mdgomareobasi ayenebs. dapirispireba privilegirebul umciresobastan zogiert sofelsi sakmaod mzafrad igrznoba, gararibebuli mosaxleoba Tavs Cagrulad da uuflebod miicnevs. es uufleboba politikur xasiats atarebs da demokratiuli uflebebis obieqturi instituciuri sisustitaa ganpirobebuli. miuxedavad imisa, rom statusuri, Tanamdebobrivi da ekonomikuri utanasworoba soflebsi arsebobs, sofeli ar aris segregirebuli stratebad, romlebic ZiriTadad Tavis SigniT axerxeben TanamSromlobas. soflad koleqtiuri, jgufuri interesebi nakleb rols TamaSobs, da, Sesabamisad, TiTqmis ar daikvirveba institucionalizebuli jgufuri sakutreba. soflad drodadro Cndeba qvemodan inicirebuli araformaluri ekonomikuri gaertianebebi. magali- Tad, xdeba ramdenime individis Seamxanageba, mati resursebis (Sroma, miwa, teqnika, saxsrebi, sxva) akumulireba da ertoblivi biznesis wamowyeba. rogorc wesi, amgvari gaertianebebi viwroa (3-7 wevri), Sedgeba samegobro-sazmakaco wridan da aramdgradia - mosavlis er- Txel Tu orjer moyvanis Semdeg isleba. ufro mdgradi gaertianebebi isviatia. xsirad amgvari kooperacia aramdgradia ara Sida mouwesrigeblobis gamo, aramed imis gamo rom ekonomikur Sedegs ver arwevs. Tumca, gaertianebebis aramdgradobis jgufsida urtiertobeb- Tan dakavsirebuli faqtorebic Zlieria. amgvari gaer- Tianebebis SigniT rtulia Tanxmobis mirweva, gansa- 54

56 kutrebit mogebis samartliani ganawilebis principebis Taobaze. gare aqtorebis iniciativit da mxardawerit soflad aseve drodadro iqmneba kooperativebi da asociaciebi. rogorc wesi, aseti kooperireba waxalisebulia misi wevrebistvis garkveuli resursebis miwodebit: mcire granti, marali xarisxis satesle masala da sxva. amgvari kooperaciac sakmaod aramdgradia da xsirad, sruldeba miwodebuli resursis atvisebis Semdeg. saqartvelos soflebsi araekonomikuri araformaluri tipis asociaciebidan yvelaze metad gavrcelebulia mrevli. formaluri gaertianebebis Camoyalibeba xdeba mxolod im SemTxvevbSi, Tuki organizacia mimartulia gare resursebis (grantebis) mozidvaze. am SemTxvevaSi xdeba misi formalizeba (iuridiuli statusit Camoyalibeba). Tumca, soflebsi formaluri asociaciebis wevrobis SemTxvevebi Zalze cotaa. sivrce saxelmwifosa da ojaxs Soris, romelsac dasavletis qveynebsi samoqalaqo sazogadoebis organizaciebi avsebs, saqartvelos soflebsi faqtobrivad carielia. Mmag. msobelta gaertianebebis arsebobas sofelsi gamokitxulta mxolod 33.8% adasturebs da es masin, rodesac saxelmwifo uwyebebi ramdenime wlis ganmavlobasi atarebdnen skolebsi sameurveo sabwoebis Seqmnisken mimartul RonisZiebebs soflis saerto sikete, resursebis agregireba imis gamo, rom postsabwota gardaqmnebis sawyis etapze kolmeurneobebisa da sabwota meurneobebis qoneba ar gardaqmnila Temis saerto sakutrebad, xolo drevandeli kanonmdebloba ar itvaliswinebs soflisa da Temis sakutrebis cnebas, sofels saerto resursi praqtikulad ar gaacnia. SemorCenili mexsiereba im miwebis Sesaxeb, romlebitac sofeli sabwota dros sargeblobda, ganapirobebs soflis formalur da araformalur sazrvrebs. Tumca, am sakutrebit saerto sargeblobis araformaluri wesebi exeba mxolod sa- 55

57 Zovrebs iq, sadac es sazovrebi (an miwa, romelic sa- Zovrad gamoiyeneba) arsebobs. postsabwota reformebis processi igulisxmeboda, rom mas mere rac saxelmwifo "SeikumSeboda" da dakargavda kontrols cxovrebis yvela sferoze, mezo donis koleqtiur sivrces Sinameurneobasa da saxelmwifos Soris TviTmmarTveloba daikavebda. sofels, Tems, Tavad unda ganekarga bevri problema, romelic arc kerzo da arc saxelmwifo pasuxismgeblobis sferos arar miekutvneboda. nebismieri soflis vizualuri monaxuleba da mosaxleobastan gasaubreba adasturebs, rom es mcdeloba mtlianobasi warumatebeli armocnda. askaraa, rom ojaxis pasuxismgeblobisa da zrunvis sfero iyo da aris ezo Robis SigniT. is, rac WiSkris mirmaa, ufro metad aravisia, vidre koleqtiuri. ertjeradi RonisZiebebi da Zalisxmeva, romelic xan gzis mowesrigebas xmardeba, xan soflis birjistvis gadaxuruli pavilionis mowyobas, mdgomareobas arsebitad ver cvlis. soflis "upatronoba" pirvel rigsi gamoixateba soflis doneze gadawyvetilebata mirebis institutis ararsebobasi. arc formalur da arc araformalur doneze ar arsebobs sistema, romelic soflad pirdapiri an warmomadgenlobiti demokratiis, an Tundac elituri mmartvelobis institutebs Seqmnida. sofel- Tan dakavsirebuli gadawyvetilebebi raionis doneze arsebuli mmartvelobis da mis mier danisnuli rwmunebulis prerogativaa. soflebsi ar aris saerto Sexvedrebis CatarebisTvis gankutvnili Senoba da arc amgvari Sexvedrebis Catarebis regularuli praqtika. im soflebsi, sadac arsebobs sabwota droidan SemorCenili klubebi, es Senobebi ar gamoiyeneba qvevidan wamosuli iniciativebistvis da SexvedrebisTvis; isini kvlavac "oficialuri sajaro sivrcis" danamats warmoadgens. gamokitxul respondentta mxolod 4.6% miutitebs, rom soflis mosaxleoba xsirad ikribeba klubebsi. 56

58 soflis mosaxleoba xsirad saubrobs adamianebis ertmanetisgan gaucxoebaze, rac matsi sabwota drois nostalgias iwvevs. gamokitxuli respondentebis mxolod 13.3% Tvlis, rom aqtiuradaa CarTuli soflis cxovrebasi. fokus-jgufebis respondentebi saubroben imaze, rom adamianebi sul ufro metad iketebian sakutari ojaxis da natesavebis viwro wresi da interess kargaven soflis socialuri cxovrebis mimart. miuxedavad am instituciuri sicarielisa, soflis mosaxleoba drodadro axerxebs saerto saqmis ke- Tebas: ertobliv fizikur Sromas, fulis Segrovebas, protestis gamoxatvas da sxva. amgvari aqtivoba SesaZloa modiodes qvemodan an rwmunebulis mier iyos inicirebuli.mmiuxedavad imisa, rom monawileoba aset saqmeebsi savaldebulo ar aris, massi CarTulia soflis mcxovrebta umravlesoba. saerto saqmis ketebisas ojaxebis gansxvavebuli materialuri mdgomareoba gadaulaxav dabrkolebebs ar qmnis. xsiria SemTxvevebi, rodesac SedarebiT mdidari ojaxebi soflis saerto saqmeebsi progresuli gadasaxadis principis mixedvit monawileoben. ufro mdidari ufro met finansur pasuxismgeblobas irebs, rodesac xdeba soflis resursebis agregireba gawirvebasi Cavardnili adamianebis dasaxmareblad an soflis saerto problemebis mosagvareblad. gamokitxul respondentta 55.7% afiqsirebs, rom Tanasoflelebi axerxeben sxvadasxva azris Sejerebas da ertoblivad moqmedebas soflis saerto problemebis gadasawrelad; daaxloebit 70% miutitebs, rom umravlesoba Zalisxmevas ar isurebs, rodesac soflis saerto saqmea mosagvarebeli da Tanasoflelebi axerxeben fuladi da SromiTi resursis agregirebas problemebis gadasawyvetad. garda amisa, mosaxleoba axerxebs organizebas da ertobliv moqmedebas masin, rodesac soflis interesebs safrtxe emuqreba. Tvisebrivi kvlevis processi ariwera ramodenime SemTxveva, rodesac sofelma moaxerxa ertoblivi radikaluri protestis organizeba 57

59 soflis sazovrebis gasxvisebis winaarmdeg, rasac Sedegad mohyva investoris dasineba da gagdeba. rogoria damokidebuleba im adamianebis mimart, romlebic xsirad avlenen oportunistul qcevas, masin rodesac saerto saqmea gasaketebeli? amgvari adamianebis mimart mkacri sanqciebi isviatia, Tumca arsebuli repertuari sakmaod farto: dacinvit stigmatizaciidan saerto sakutrebit sargeblobis xelisseslamde: aset adamianebs ufro xsirad iumorit vekidebit, sufrastan yvelaze patara Wiqas vudgamt: Sen xom yvelaze naklebi SegiZlia (kaxetis mcxovrebi). dasavlet saqartvelos ert-erti regionsi ixseneben SemTxvevas, rodesac sofeli xels uslida Tanasoflels esargebla im xidit, romlis ardgenasi man SromiTi monawileoba ar miiro. miuxedavad imisa, rom soflis mosaxleoba, gansakutrebit ki axalgazrdoba, didwilad soflis garet ezebs dasaqmebasa da Semosavlebs, amgvari qceva didiwilad ekonomikuri mizezebitaa ganpirobebuli, da ara socialuri Sekrulobis sisustit. rodesac ekonomikuri faqtori gamoricxulia, migraciuli ganwyoba soflebsi ar dominirebs. gamokitxulta 81.7% amjobinebda sakutar sofelsi darcenas, Tuki arsebobistvis sakmarisi Tanxa eqneboda. 58

60 Tavi 4. soflis socialuri kapitali zemot arwerili iyo saqartvelos soflebsi dakvirvebadi socialuri TanamSromlobis gansxvavebuli praqtikebi da sakutrebis arsebuli formebi. Fformebis mravalferovnebita da intensivobit, ufro metad, xasiatdeba kerzo sakutrebastan dakavsirebuli qseluri urtiertobebi, romlebic istoriulad Camoyalibebuli araformaluri, normebitacaa gamyarebuli. daikvirveba, agretve, soflis saerto siketis Seqmnaze orientirebuli qcevis praqtika, inkluziuri jgufis principit resursebis agregireba. Tumca, arc am tipis qcevis institucionalizebuli meqanizmebi arsebobs da arc soflis saerto sakutrebis institutia ganmtkicebuli samartlebrivad. rac Seexeba, TanamSromlobas jgufebs SigniT, aq eqskuziurobis kriteriumebi da jgufuri sakutrebiti urtiertobebis formebi sakmaod arastabiluria, xolo mdgradi urtiertobebis Camoyalibeba - isviati. mocemuli Tavi ufro sirrmiseulad aanalizebs am socialuri urtiertobebs sxvadasxva tipis faqtorebtan mimartebis gzit. Cveni mizania vupasuxot Semdeg kitxvas: ramdenadaa SesaZlebeli socialuri TanamSromlobis arsebuli formebi ganvixilot rogorc socialuri kapitalis manifestacia? SeiZleba Tu ara imis mtkiceba, rom sazogadoebasi xdeba gansxvavebuli tipis resursebis ertmanetsi gadadineba da "urtiertrezonireba", rac socialuri "kapitalis" arsebobis ni- Sani iqneboda? Ggarda amisa, Semdgomi analizis mizania socialuri kapitalis Semadgeneli elementebisa da misi struqturis daxasiateba; soflebis SedarebiTi analizis gzit im faqtorebis gamovlena, romlebic ukav- Sirdeba socialuri kapitalis sizlieresa da sisustes. analizi eyrdnoba 20 soflis rezidenti 600 respondentis gamokitxvis Sedegebis statistikur analizs (TiTo soflidan 30 respondenti). 59

61 4.1. soflebis klasterizacia mati Sekrulobis indeqsisa da individualuri simdidris mixedvit gamokitxuli respondentebis umravlesoba miu- TiTebs, rom mati sofeli avlens mobilizaciis da koleqtiuri qcevis unars masin, rodesac soflis saerto saqmea gasaketebeli,mmagalitad, rodesac SesakeTebelia dazianebuli obieqti, romlitac mteli sofeli sargeblobs. K Temis unari miiros ertoblivi gadawyvetileba da koleqtiurad imoqmedos misi sakmaod Zlieri maxasiatebeli armocnda. kerzod, raodenobrivi monacemebis faqtorulma analizma gamoavlina, rom koleqtiuri gadawyvetilebebis mirebis da koleqtiuri moqmedebis unartan dakavsirebuli cvladebi gaertianda ert Zlier faqtorsi, romelsac "soflis Sekrulobis faqtori" vuwodet. soflis Sekrulobis faqtori asaxavs soflis Semdeg maxasiateblebs: 1. ramdenad gamoxatavs soflis mosaxleoba survils, miiros monawileoba soflis saerto saqmis mogvarebasi. (ix. danarti 1. kitxva A7) 2. ramdenad axerxebs sofeli konkretul problemastan dakavsirebuli azrta sxvdasxvaobis dazlevas da ertsulovnad moqmedebas. (ix.danarti 1. kitxva A8) 3. ramdenad xsirad axerxebs mosaxleoba soflis saerto problemis Sesaxeb saerto xedvis gamomu- Savebas (ix. danarti 1. kitxva B2). 4. ramdenad aqtiurad monawileobis soflis mosaxleoba sofelsi dazianebuli obieqtebis SekeTebaSi (ix. danarti 1. kitxva A 12). 5. ramdenad monawileobs soflis mosaxleoba soflis saerto dazianebuli obieqtebis SesakeTeblad sawiro Tanxebis SegrovebaSi (ix. danarti 1. kitxva A 13) kvlevis Sedegebis Tanaxmad, Tu sofeli ucvenebs maral macvenebels ert erteulsi, is maral macveneblebs ucvenebs danarcen erteulebsic. 60

62 aseve armocnda, rom soflis Sekrulobis xarisxi yvelaze metad dakavsirebulia ekonomikuri samar- Tlianobis gancdastan. kerzod, sofeli ufro metadaa Sekruli, Tu misi mcxovreblebi miicneven, rom simdidris mopoveba ZiriTadad individualur Zalisxmevazea damokidebuli: SedarebiT SeZlebulebi ufro mets Sromoben da uketesad ureben alros cxovrebas, Raribebi ki ufro zarmacebi arian. Sekrulobis macvenebeli dabalia im soflebsi, romlebsic ufro meti respondenti miicnevs, rom SeZlebuli ojaxebi Tavis ekonomikur statuss sxvadasxva gzit mopovebuli privilegiebit arweven. amgvar soflebsi saerto saqmistvis warmatebuli TanamSromlobis SemTxvevebi naklebia. ekonomikuri samartlianobis gancdasa da socialuri Sekrulobis faqtors Soris kavsiri imdenad Zlieria, rom mati ert faqtorsi integrireba gaxda SesaZlebeli. am faqtors SemdgomSi "Sekruloba +samartlianoba" vuwodebt. qvemot moyvanil cxrilsi mocemulia Cvens zemot arwerili faqtoris Semadgeneli elementebi da Sesabamisi koeficientebi cxrili 1. cvladi: Ffaqtoruli wonebi. Ppirsonis korelaciis koeficientebi (R) soflis saerto saqmesi monawileobis survili 0.79 azrta sxvadsxvaobis dazlevis 0.72 unari saerto xedvis gamomusavebis 0.54 sixsire dazianebuli obieqtis SekeTebaSi 0.88 ufaso monawileoba dazianebuli obieqtis Sesake Teblad finansuri resursis Segrovebis unari samartliani konkurenciis

63 gancda (ekonomikuri samar- Tlianoba) miuxedavad Sekrulobasa da ekonomikur samar- Tlianobas (TamaSis wess) Soris am mwidro kavsirisa, Sekruloba ar armocnda pirdapir kavsirsi individebis ekonomikur simdidrestan. samagierod, kvlevam acvena, rom isini ertoblivad sofelta Soris msgavsebisa da gansxvavebulobis did nawils xsnian. soflis mcxovrebta ekonomikuri mdgomareobis Sesafaseblad kvlevasi gamoyenebul iqna e.w. individis simdidris indeqsi, romelic Semdegi cvladebis gamoyenebit aigo: 1. miwis fartobi, romelsac flobs soflis mkvidri 2. ojaxis mflobelobasi arsebuli msxvilfexa saqonlis raodenoba 3. ojaxis mflobelobasi arsebuli wvrilfexa saqonlis raodenoba 4. ojaxis fuladi Semosavlebi mimdinare momentistvis. individis simdidris indeqssi ar iyo gatvaliswinebuli is materialuri simdidre (mag. sacxovrebeli saxli), romelic komunisturi epoqis memkvidreobaa da amjamad bazarze didi likvidurobit ar gamoirceva. amgvari aqtivebis indeqssi CarTviT ver mivirebdit surats, romelic asaxavda soflis mcxovrebta mimdinare ekonomikur mdgomareobas. garda amisa, imis gamo, rom ojaxis fuladi Semosavlebis didi nawili (mad. socialuri daxmareba, pensiebi) ar iwarmoeba soflis ekonomikis farglebsi, simdidris indeqsi ar unda gavigot, rogorc soflis Sida produqtis eqvivalenti; is Sida warmoebis da garedan Semodinebuli resursebis kompozitia. Sekrulobis faqtorisa da simdidris indeqsis ertoblivi gamoyeneba efeqturi meqanizmi armocnda soflebis reprezentator jgufta Soris sxvaobebis da msgavsebis dasadgenad.kkvlevis processi ganxorcielda raodenobrivi monacemebis sasualo macveneblebis 62

64 SedarebiTi analizi 22 organzomilebian velsi, sadac erti RerZi ukavsirdeba socialuri Sekrulobis+ ganzomilebas, meore RerZi ki individis simdidris ganzomilebas. analizma acvena, rom es ori faqtori (soflis Sekrulobis+ indeqsi da individebis simdidris indeqsi) ertoblivad kargad arwers gamosakvlev vels. kerzod, mocemuli ori faqtori xsnis individebisa da soflebis variaciis maral procents. kvlevis SerCevaSi Sesuli 20 soflis monacemebis statistikuri analizis Sedegad gamovlinda soflebis sami ZiriTadi klasteri: grafiki 1. klasterebis saxelebi, romlebic SemdgomSi iqneba gamoyenebuli, Semdegia: I - marcxena klasteri; II - marjvena zeda; III - marjvena qveda. 22 Anova table 63

65 mocemuli sami klasteridan pirveli klasteri yvelaze didia: massi Sedis 12 sofeli. am klasteris SigniT daikvirveba wrfivi damokidebuleba RerZul cvladebs Soris korelaciis marali koeficientit: R = es damokidebuleba calsaxad mianisnebs imaze, rom soflis Sekrulobasa da individebis qonebriv mdgomareobas Soris arsebobs Zlieri "rezonireba". Tumca, es urtiertdamokidebuleba aris erterti, da ara ertaderti faqtori, romelic ganapirobebs soflis adgilmdebarobas mocemul sibrtyeze. soflebis klasterizaciis analizi sxva faqtorebis CarTvasac moitxovs, romlebic qvemot ufro dawvrilebitaa arwerili. soflebis klasterizacia SesaZloa ar asaxavdes yvela faqtors, romelic soflebis mravalferovnebas gansazrvravs. soflebis SerCeva ar aris reprezentatuli soflebis yvelanairi tipistvis, romlebic saqar- TveloSi arsebobs. yvelaze naklebad SerCevaSi iyo warmodgenili maralmtiani soflebi, aseve is soflebi, romlebic mkvetrad dacarielda da mosaxleobisgan daicala. magalitad, ori sofeli, romelic sami klasteridan arc ertsi ar moxvda, Tavisi gansxvavebulobis asaxsnelad moitxovs iseti faqtorebis Semotanas, rogorebicaa soflis adgilmdebareoba an istoria. sofeli 15, romelic Sekrulobis uarresad dabali xarisxit gamoirceva,sakurorto zonasia, Wreli mosaxleobit, nawili saxlebisa qalaquri blokuri tipisaa, amdenad is meqanizmebi, romlebic sxva soflebs kravs, iq naklebad igrznoba. mas sxva soflebisgan gansxvavebuli istoria aqvs.aam sofel- Si xdeboda sxvadasxva migraciuli nakadebis (mag. yofili patimrebi) arreva. mkvidri mosaxleoba sofelsi, faqtobrivad, ar arsebobs. sofeli 8, piriqit, uarresad Sekrulia, magram amave dros Zalian Raribi, ramac, rogorc Cans, ganapiroba misi amovardna saerto logikidan. es sofeli mtavari gzebisgan mosorebit mdebareobs, rac xels uwyobs Sekrulobas, magram ekonomikurad araxelsayrelia. sapirispirod, zogiert faqtors, romelic kvlevis sawyis etapze mnisvnelovnad gamoiyureboda, mocemul sibrtyeze soflis ganlagebaze seriozuli gavle- 64

66 na ar mouxdenia. ase, bevri eqspertisa da sakutari dakvirvebebis safuzvelze Camoyalibebuli iyo mosazreba, rom soflebs Soris sxvaobas didwilad etnikuri da religiuri faqtorebi ganapirobebs. azerbaijanuli soflebi, qartuli soflebisgan gansxvavebit, ufro ierarqiulad gamoiyureba; mat yavt arsakalebi, rac socialuri elitis ufro met institucionalizacias nisnavs. religiuri Taviseburebebi aseve gansxvavebul socialur praqtikasi gamoixateba. muslimur soflebsi paraskevis locvebi qmnis TanasoflelTa regularuli TavSeyris praqtikas; iq aseve ufro meti mravalsviliani ojaxia, rac arsebitia naturaluri meurnoebis warmatebistvis. am dakvirvebebis gatvaliswinebit, soflebis SerCevaSi moeqca rogorc azerbaijanlebit dasaxlebuli, aseve qartuli muslimuri soflebi. rogorc armocnda, miuxedavad imisa rom sxvaoba qartul da araqartul soflebs Soris arsebobs, is bevrad naklebad arsebitia, vidre sxva faqtorebi. pirveli klasteri aertianebs rogorc qartul, aseve araqartul soflebs, da soflebis es orive tipi ertnairad monawileobs im wrfiv korelaciasi, romelic am klasteristvisaa damaxasiatebeli. Sekrulobisa da simdidris macveneblebi garkveuwilad xsnian respondentis ama Tu im gansxvavebul maxasiateblebs. ase, magalitad, ufro metad Sekruli soflebis tipiuri respondenti Tavisive SefasebiT ufro bednieria, vidre danarceni soflebis tipiuri mkvidri. respondentis bednierebis xarisxi soflis Sekrulobis faqtortan gacilebit ufro metad aris dakavsirebuli, vidre respondentis ekonomikur mdgomareobastan. igive tendencia daikvirveba migraciul ganwyobebtan dakavsirebit: soflidan wasvlis survili naklebad aqvt ara ufro SeZlebul respondentebs, aramed Sekruli soflebis mcxovreblebs. soflebis klasterizaciasa da soflis resursebs Soris kavsiris ufro TvalsaCinod warmodgenis- Tvis, sasargebloa soflis kerzo da saerto resursebi moviazrot imave organzomilebian sibrtyeze. vertika- 65

67 luri ganzomileba Seesabameba saerto siketes, xolo horizontalurad kerzo resursebisa da interesebis mqone individebia ganlagebuli. soflis Sekrulobis faqtori soflis vertikaluri ganzomilebis maxasiatebelia: rac ufro maralia soflis Sekrulobis macvenebeli, mit ufro Zlieria soflis mier saerto siketis Seqmnis potenciali. dajgufebebi SesaZloa am sibrtyeze ganlagebul wreebad warmovidginot. is, rom Ti- Toeuli soflis 30 respondenti amgvari wre armocnda, TavisTavad mianisnebs imaze, rom sofeli imavrdoulad jgufs warmoadgens (grafikze asaxuli wertilebi am wreebis centrebia). klasterizaciis mocemul modelze dayrdnobit, qvemot gaanalizebulia soflis socialuri kapitalis mimarteba mis adgilmdebareobastan mocemul sibrtyeze. rogorc armocnda, respondentis sami ganwyoba: ekonomikuri samartlianobis, ndobisa da reputaciis mimart ertoblivad kargi sizustit ganapirobebs mis adgilmdebareobas, rac gvazlevs SesaZleblobas gamoviyenot es ganwyobebi sxvadasxva resurssa da qcevas Soris kavsirebis dasadgenad saerto resursebi, Temis Sekrulobis ganzomileba rogorc kvlevis Sedegebi ucvenebs, gamokitxuli respondentebis 61.5% miicnevs, rom mati sofeli Sekrulia, respondentebis 38.5% - ki sakutar sofels Sekrul soflad ar Tvlis. (monacemebi datvlilia Sekrulobis faqtoris gatvaliswinebit). soflis Sekrulobis macveneblisa da soflis sxva maxasiateblebis urtiertmimartebis analizma gamoavlina Semdegi tendenciebi: rac ufro maralia soflis Sekrulobis macvenebeli, mit ufro metadaa savaraudo, rom TanasoflelTa kerzo resursebis (Sroma, fuli, informacia) agregirebit Seiqmneba saerto sike- Te. Sekrul sofels aqvs meti unari martos sakutari Tavi, meti ganwyoba ganavitaros soflis meurneoba, me- 66

68 ti daculoba garedan mosuli "privilegiebis" zemoqmedebisgan da hyavs ufro ertguli da bednieri mosaxleoba. amdenad, idealurad Sekruli sofeli, imavdroulad, warmoadgens pirdapiri demokratiis idealur tips. Sekruli soflis mcxovrebi ufro metadaa orientirebuli soflis meurneobaze, rogorc ekonomikis dargze da Tvlis, rom dauralavi SromiTa da ZalisxmeviT soflis meurneobasi dasaqmebul ojaxs SeuZlia ketildreobis mopoveba. amgvari ganwyoba, romelsac SeiZleba agraruli optimizmi vuwodot, Sekrulobis macvenebeltan ufro metadaa dakavsirebuli, vidre simdidris indeqstan. arsanisnavia, rom soflis Sekrulobis macvenebeltan statistikur kavsirsia swored simdidris samartliani ganawilebis gancda da ara TanasoflelTa Soris faqtobrivi ekonomikuri Tanasworoba. soflebis mcxovrebta Soris ekonomikur utanasworobasa da soflis Sekrulobis macvenebels Soris statistikuri kav- Siri ar gamovlinda. 23 es metyvelebs imaze, rom individebs Soris solidaroba masinac SeiZleba arsebobdes, rodesac zogi mdidaria, zogi ki - Raribi. Uufro mnisvnelovania, rom am sxvaobas iwvevdes individualuri unarebi da Zalisxmeva da ara privilegiebi. sofels Tavisi araformaluri meqanizmebi aqvs ekonomikur utanasworobasa da soflis Sekrulobas Soris balansis dasadgenad. magalitad, rodesac soflis saerto saqmistvis soflis Sida resursebis agregirebaa aucilebeli, sofelsi moqmedebs proporciulobis principi: visac ramdeni SeuZlia. am SemTxvevaSi soflis SeZlebuli ojaxebs ufro meti materialuri wvlili SeaqvT soflis saerto saqmesi. 23 ufro metic, ekonomikuri sitanabris (sxvaoba mdidrebsa da Raribebs Soris) kavsiri soflis danarcen aspeqtebtanac Zalze sustia. rogorc Cans, ekonomikuri sitanabre ar aris is ganzomileba, romelic gavlenas axdens socialur urtiertobebze soflis SigniT. 67

69 rogorc Cans, informaciis damalva, usamartlo privilegiebis mopovebis ert-ert formad ganixileba. marali Sekrulobis soflebsi mosaxleoba ufro xsirad ikribeba ertad soflis saerto problemebze samsjelod da mat mosagvareblad. amgvar Sekrebebze xdeba ekonomikuri informaciis swrafi gavrceleba. vinaidan soflis Sekruloba Seesabameba soflis unars awarmoos saerto resursebi, bunebrivia vivaraudot, rom is socialuri kapitalis Sesabamisi komponentis sizlieris indikatoria, da soflis Sekruloba mas- Si solidarobis arsebobaze miutitebs. ekonomikuri samartlianobis gancda kerzo resursebis agregirebisa da solidarobis gancdis zrdis xelsemwyob faqtorad gvevlineba. am SemTxvevaSi unda vacvenot, rom Sekruloba imavdroulad xels uwyobs politikuri da ekonomikuri, aseve kerzo da jgufuri resursebis Tavsebadobas ("rezonirebas"). soflis Sekruloba pozitiur kavsirsia soflis TviTmmarTvelobis kompetenciastan. Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom Sekruli soflebis respondentta naxevarze odnav mets, mainc, steitisturi ganwyoba aqvs ( soflis problemebis mogvarebas sofeli ver SeZlebs, xelisuflebam ufro meti ram unda airos Tavis Tavze ), Sekrul soflebsi gacilebit metia im respondentta xvedriti wili, romlebic Tvlian, rom sofelsi bevria iseti problema, romlis mogvarebasac TviTon soflis mosaxleoba SeZlebda, ufro meti TviTmmarTveloba rom iyos: cxrili 2. TviTmmarTvelobis dadebiti ganwyoba Sekruli soflebi 41.7% arasekruli soflebi 6.9% mimart garda amisa, Sekrul soflebsi Tanasoflelebi ufro xsirad msjeloben politikaze. 68

70 soflis Sekruloba pozitiurad aisaxeba kerzo da farto jgufuri resursebis Tavsebadobaze. ekonomikuri samartlianobis gancda, romelic Sekrulobas- Tan aris asocirebuli, qmnis individualur (simdidre) da jgufur (TviTmmarTveloba) resursebs Soris "rezonirebis" SesaZleblobas resursebis agregirebis processi. "iyavi mdidari, magram iyavi, aseve, soflis loialuri, rac gulisxmobs soflis mxares yofnas imat winaarmdeg, vinc masze ufro privilegirebulia" - ase SeiZleba itargmnos Tavsebadobis es norma. rac Seexeba Sekrulobisa da ekonomikuri warmatebis urtiertmimartebas, mat Soris kavsiri bevrad ufro rtuli armocnda. Sekrulobisa da individualuri simdidris wrfivi kavsiri mkafiod daikvirveba pirvel klastersi da SeiZleba navaraudevi iyos danarcen orsic, magram mtlianobasi ar SeiZleba itqvas, rom ufro Sekruli sofeli ufro mdidaric iqneba. am or cvlads Soris urtiertobasi ereva sxva faqtorebic, romlebsac aqvs moderaciuli efeqti. individebis simdidres, SekrulobasTan ertad, sxva faqtorebic ganapirobebs. Aam faqtorebidan zogierti soflis garetaa da, Sesabamisad, soflis socialur kapitaltan pirdapir ar aris dakavsirebuli, zogier- Ti faqtori ki socialuri kapitalis Semdgom ganxilul komponentebs warmoadgens ganzogadebuli ndoba Sekrulobis garda, ganzogadebuli interpersonaluri ndoba ("im adamianis mimart, visac kargad ar icnob, ndobit unda ganewyo manam, sanam rame cuds ar Caidens") soflebis klasterizaciis mnisvnelovani maxasiatebeli armocnda. ndobasa da Sekrulobas Soris susti pozitiuri kavsiri daikvirveba. kvlevis monacemebit, Sekruli soflebis tipiuri respondenti adamianebisadmi upirobo ndobis odnav ufro maral xarisxs avlens. garda amisa, Tvlis, rom mis sofelsi adamianebi ufro metad 69

71 endobian ertmanets, vidre mistvis nacnob sxva soflebsi. aseve, ndobis arseboba kavsirsia farto (soflis donis) jgufuri TanamSromlobis pirobebsi gaziarebuli normebis dacvis albatobastan. ndoba pozitiurad korelirebs soflis unartan gadawonos gare zegavlenebi da Tavis wevrebs mostxovos satanado qceva. im soflebsi, romlebic soflis dauwereli kanonebis damrrvevebis mimart ufro mkacria, respondentebi ucnobi adamianebis mimart ndobis ufro maral xarisxs avlenen. soflis es unari - moitxovos loialoba Tavisi mcxovreblebisgan - SeiZleba "farto loialobis" nairsaxeobad warmovidginot. amdenad, ndobasa da far- To loialobas Soris pozitiuri kavsiri daikvirveba. miuxedavad amisa, ganzogadebuli ndoba soflis Sekrulobisgan da loialobisgan gansxvavebul faqtorad gamovlinda da TanamSromlobis sxva formebs daukavsirda, da ara Sekrulobis faqtorsi Semaval jgufur qcevas. 24 ndobis xarisxi mnisvnelovnad maralia ukve ganxilul organzomilebian sivrcesi ganlagebuli soflebis pirvel klastersi (48.9%; meore da mesame klasterebi: 16.7% da 13.3% Sesabamisad). amrigad, meore klasteri, romelic Sekrulobis marali macveneblit xasiatdeba, imavdroulad ndobis ukiduresad dabal macvenebels. mesame klastersi ndobis macvenebeli kidev ufro dabalia. 25 mtlianobasi, ndobis amgvari gadanawileba klasterebs Soris, mianisnebs imaze, rom ndobis variacia horizontaluri RerZis gaswvriv uf- 24 ndobis done kavsirsia soflis unartan gamoimusaos saerto azri (A8). Tumca, Sekrulobisgan gansxvavebit, ndoba indiferentulia ekonomikuri samartlianobis mimart (A 11). 25 meore da mesame klasterebi gansxvavebulad afaseben sakutar soflebs ndobis TvalsazrisiT: mesame klasteris respondentebis mxolod 8.9% miicnevs, rom mat sofelsi adamianebs Soris meti ndobaa vidre sxva soflebsi, xolo meore klastersi amgvari respondentebi %-s Seadgenen. 70

72 ro mnisvnelovania, vidre vertikaluri RerZis gaswvriv. klasterizacia gvicvenebs, rom iq, sadac ndoba maralia (pirveli klasteri), Sekruloba da simdidre ertmanettan mwidro kavsirsi imyofeba, xolo iq, sadac dabalia, ertnairi ekonomikuri mdgomareobis respondentebi SesaZloa radikalurad gansxvavdebodnen Sekrulobis TvalsazrisiT (meore da mesame klasterebi). zemot, soflebis arwerisas arinisna, rom sofels axasiatebs garkveuli ordonianoba - gansxvavebuloba imat Soris, vinc miicnevs rom Wiqa naxevrad savsea an Wiqa naxevrad carielia. es sxvaoba SesaZloa iyos SedarebiT rbili, an Zalian radikaluri. ase, meore da mesame klasterebis respondentebi radikalurad gansxvavdebian sakutari soflis ganvitarebis Sefasebisas: meore klasteris 66.7% miicnevs, rom sofeli win midis da vitardeba, masin rodesac mesame klasteris 74.4% sakutar sofelsi amgvar winsvlas ver xedavs. xedvebisa da molodinebis amgvari gansxvaveba unda aisaxebodes adamianebis damokidebulebaze sxva adamianebtan TanamSromlobis mimart. kerzod, mosalodnelia, rom individebi, romlebic ndobis dabal macvenebels avlenen, naklebad iqnebian ganwyobilni TanamSromlobisken, radgan am SemTxvevaSi zarals ufro metad elian, vidre mogebas. amdenad, ndobis dabali done unda ganapirobebdes, sxva faqtorebtan ertad, ertis nacvlad, ori klasteris warmoqmnas soflebis klasterizaciis sibrtyis marjvena nawilsi. ndobis xarisxis garda, pirvel klasters danar- Ceni orisgan ganasxvavebs sazovris ertoblivi gamoyenebis praqtika, geografiuli mdebareoba da Semosavlebis struqtura. a. sazovari, naxiri monacemebis statistikuri analizi gvicvenebs, rom TiTqmis yvela sofeli, romelsic naxiris rig-rigobit mwyemsvis dauwereli wesi da praqtika fartodaa gavrcelebuli, pirvel klastersi xvdeba (gamonaklisia 71

73 sofeli vaya, romelic meore klastersi armocnda). meore da mesame klasterebis soflebsi amgvari praqtika an ar arsebobs, an aramyaria (wesebi xsirad irrveva). Ggarda amisa, pirveli klasteris soflebis umravlesobasi arsebobs saerto sazovrit sargeblobis dauwereli wesi (mag. gadasaxadis gadaxda). meore da mesame klasterebis soflebis umravleobasi aseti praqtika ar aris, radgan mat sazovari ara aqvt. amdenad, soflebis klasterizacia SesabamisobaSia naxiris ertoblivi mwyemsvis da saerto sazovris faqtorebtan. pirvel klaster- Si naxiri da sazovari yoveldriuri cxovrebis mnisvnelovani komponentia, meore da mesame klastersi ki TanamSromlobis es praqtika TiTqmis ar aris. naxiris rigrigobit mwyemsva, iseve rogorc samzimarsi misvlisas fulis mitana, statistikurad met kav- SirSia simdidris horizontalur ganzomilebastan, vidre soflis SekrulobasTan. es qcevebi mimartulia ara saerto, aramed kerzo interesebis dakmayofilebaze. naxiri ar aris kerzo interesebis dakmayofilebaze mimartuli qcevis ertaderti saxeoba, romelic ndobis maral xarisxtan korelirebs. im soflebsi, sadac arsebobs sazovari, aseve ufro xsiria araformaluri kooperativebis Seqmna. Aamgvari araformaluri gaertianebebi mosavlis ertobliv moyvana-gasarebazea orientirebuli da praqtikulad qvemodan inicirebuli araformaluri gaertianebebis ertaderti saxeobaa, romelic soflad daikvirveba. martalia, amgvari gaertianebebis Seqmna eyrdnoba viwro jgufuri loialobis princips, magram es loialoba ndobastan da qselur urtiertobebtan mwidro kavsirsi imyofeba. is Cndeba nacnobobisa da megobrobis socialuri gamocdilebidan, qseluri urtiertobebis SedarebiT mwidro "kvanzebidan". kooperirebisken ganwyobas avlenen e.w. "sazmakacoebi", romlebsac ertmanettan natesaoba an megobroba akavsirebt da warmatebuli komunikaciis xangrzlivi istoria aqvt. 72

74 b. soflis geografia, dasaxlebis tipi pirveli klasteri meore da mesame klasterebisgan aseve gansxvavdeba geografiulad. pirveli klasteris yvela sofeli (erti soflis garda) armosavlet saqartvelosia ganlagebuli. meore da mesame klasterebis soflebi, (aseve erti soflis garda), samegrelosa da gurias miekutvneba. is faqti, rom zogiert sofels aqvs adgili, sadac naxirs gamoazovebs, zogierts ki - ara, nawilobriv damokidebulia soflis adgilmdebareobaze da dasaxlebis tipze. saqartvelos teritoriaze daikvirveba ori tipis sofeli: e.w. xutoruli dasaxlebebi, sadac sacxovrebeli saxlebi da sasoflo-sameurneo danisnulebis miwebi ertadaa, da meore tipis dasaxlebebi, sadac sacxovrebeli saxlebi ertmanettan axlosaa ganlagebuli, sasoflo-sameurneo danisnulebis miwebi da sazovrebi ki soflidan mosorebulia. pirveli tipis soflebi ufro xsirad gvxvdeba dasavlet saqartvelosi, meore tipis soflebi ki armosavlet saqartvelosi. Tavad dasaxlebis tipis gansxvavebuloba armosavlet da dasavlet saqartvelosi bevri faqtorit SeiZleba iyos ganpirobebuli da kauzalobis jawvi Rrmad midiodes istoriasi. arsebobs mosazreba rom gasul saukuneebsi kaxetis soflebis xsiri darbevis gamo Crdilo-kavkasielTa mxridan, soflebsi saxlebi ertmanettan axlos iyo ganlagebuli koleqtiuri usafrtxoebis uzrunvelsayofad. unda vivaraudot, rom xutoruli tipis dasaxlebasi, saerto sargeblobis miwebis ararsebobis gamo, ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis sawiroeba SedarebiT dabalia, xolo Tanam- Sromlobis praqtikis dabali done interpersonaluri ndobis dabal donesic aisaxeba. g. individebis Semosavlebi rogorc zemot arwerili mimartebebi UaCvenebs, ndobis marali done ukavsirdeba saerto materialuri da aramaterialuri siketeebis moxmarebas. ndoba maralia iq, sadac arsebobs saerto sazovari, sadac soflis araformaluri wesebi da cxovrebis wesi daculia san- 73

75 qciebis (aseve araformaluri) ZaliT. ndobit mdidar mosaxleobasi ufro maralia "agraruli optimizmi", miwaze musaobis ganwyoba. empiriulad, marali ndobis pirobebsi unda velodet agraruli tipis kooperaciis ufro xsir SemTxvevebs. SeiZleba davaskvnat, rom marali ndoba uwyobs xels soflis ekonomikuri resursebis ufro efeqtur gamoyenebas, met TanamSromlobas soflis ekonomikis farglebsi misi qseluri horizontaluri urtiertobebis xelsewyobit. Tumca arsanisnavia, rom ndobis xarisxi ufro maralia iq, sadac SedarebiT dabalia simdidris macvenebeli - individualuri simdidris RerZis marcxena nawilsi. SedarebiT mdidari klasterebi, romlebic am RerZis gaswvriv marjvnivaa ganlagebuli, ndobis dabali macveneblebit xasiatdeba. es, erti SexedviT, ewinaarmdegeba im varauds, rom ndoba xels uwyobs individebis simdidris zrdas. amdenad, dabali ndobis simdidrestan asocireba damatebiti faqtorebis gavlenit unda aixsnebodes. ert-erti aseti faqtori, SesaZloa, situaciur xasiats atarebs. istoriulad kaxeti (pirveli klasteri, armosavlet saqartvelo) itvleboda agrarulad mdidar regionad, guriisgan gansxvavebit, sadac soflad yoveltvis siraribe sufevda. kaxetis soflebsi fuladi Semosavlis ZiriTadi wyaro yurzenia. ramdenime wlis win rusetis mxridan qartul Rvinoze dawesebuli embargo pirdapir aisaxa kaxetis soflebis ekonomikur mdgomareobaze da soflebis masobrivi gararibeba gamoiwvia. SeiZleba vivaraudod, kvleva rom embargos ganxorcielebamde Catarebuliyo, soflebis ori klasteri, romlebic axlosaa Sekrulobis macveneblebit, ufro axlos iqneboda ertmanettan simdidris macveneblebitac. meore, da ufro mnisvnelovani faqtori, romelic arrvevs pozitiur statistikur kavsirs ndobasa da simdidres Soris, aris is, rom soflis mosaxleobis Semosavlebis didi nawili soflis meurneobastan ar aris dakavsirebuli, an, yovel SemTxvevaSi, ar sawiroebs ag- 74

76 rarul sakitxebze kooperirebas. unda gavitvaliswinot, rom horizontaluri RerZi, simdidris indeqsi, warmoadgens kompozits, romlis mxolod erti nawili iwarmoeba soflis Sida resursebit. Tu soflis Semosavlebi mis garet arsebuli wyaroebidan momdinareobs, ndobis da soflis Sekrulobis faqtorebis mnisvneloba simdidris Seqmnis processi klebulobs. martlac, Semosavlebis struqturit samive klasteri ertmanetisgan gansxvavdeba. pirveli klasteri Zlieradaa damokidebuli agraruli produqciis warmoebaze, Tumca ki am produqciis didi wili iwarmoeba moxmarebistvis, da ara gasarebistvis. meore klasteris soflebsi aseve maralia damokidebuleba agrarul warmoebaze, magram aq produqciis didi wili bazarze gasayidad iwarmoeba, ritac fuladi Semosavlebi iqmneba. mesame klastersi, sadac ndobac da Sekrulobac yvelaze dabalia, xolo ekonomikuri simdidre disproporciulad marali Sekrulobisa da ndobis macveneblebtan SedarebiT, soflis garet arsebuli wyaroebidan (sezonuri samusaoebi) mirebuli Semosavlebis wili ufro maralia sxva klasterebtan SedarebiT. SeiZleba itqvas, rom ndoba mocemul kvlevasi warmocinda ara rogorc intensiuri ekonomikuri Tanam- Sromlobis sawindari, aramed rogorc misi Sedegi. iq, sadac arsebobs saerto resursit ertoblivi sargeblobis sawiroeba (sazovris ertoblivi gamoyeneba), ndoba izrdeba. sasoflo produqciis ufro individualizebuli warmoeba, Tuki is amgvar TanamSromlobas ar sawiroebs, ndobis zrdas ar iwvevs. xolo gare resursebis mopovebaze mimartuli aqtiobebi uwyobs xels ara ndobis, aramed, rogorc Semdeg qvetavsi iqneba arwerili, kargi reputaciis mopovebis survils. 75

77 4.4. jgufuri loialoba, reputacia respondentebis umravlesobas miacnia, rom warmatebis misarwevad adamians kargi reputacia swirdeba. am ganwyobis sizliere Tu sisuste mnisvnelovnad gansxvavebulia klasterebs Soris. mas aqvs pozitiuri kavsiri respondentebis iset jgufur qcevastan, romelic mimartulia asociaciebis Seqmnaze, gare wyaroebidan resursebis mopovebaze, saxelmwifostan protestisa Tu peticiis gzit urtiertobaze. reputaciuli ganwyoba socialuri kapitalis im elements warmoadgens, romelic xels uwyobs jgufuri loialobis warmoqmnas gare samyarostan urtiertobata konteqstsi. rogorc kvlevis modelidan momdinareobs, imisatvis, rom soflis socialurma kapitalma srulyofilad ifunqcioniros, soflis SekrulobasTan da ganzogadoebul ndobastan ertad mas swirdeba mesame komponeneti - jgufuri loialoba. Tuki jgufuri loialoba Zlieria, is qmnis jgufur mikutvnebulobas da jgufis ertobliv sakutrebas, aadvilebs metnaklebad stabiluri ekonomikuri kooperirebis ganxorcielebas SedarebiT danawevrebul interesta konteqstsi. ganzogadoebuli ndobisgan gansxvavebit, romelic potenciur partniorebs aranair winapirobebs ar uyenebs, loialoba SeiZleba ganpirobebul ndobad warmovidginot: is xels uwyobs TanamSromlobas iset adamianebs Soris, visi sandooba ganpirobebulia garkveuli interesebisa an identobebis TanxvedriT. masin, rodesac ndoba ar gulisxmobs winaswar nacnobobas, urtiertobebis istorias da mat Semdgom xangrzlivobas, loialoba aris socialuri resursi, romlis Seqmna drosa da ganmeorebadi urtiertobebis gamocdilebas sawiroebs. iseve rogorc jgufuri sakutreba, is stabiluria da gaziarebuli. swored, amasi emsgavseba loialoba individis reputaciul maxasiatebels. loialoba did rols ar TamaSobs soflis SigniT mimartul qcevebsi, is ar iwvevs mosaxleobis jgufur danawevrebas. soflad ar arsebobs iseti latenturi interesta konfliqtebi, romlebic soflis SigniT mosaxleo- 76

78 bis dajgufebebad danawevrebistvis racionalur ekonomikur stimuls Seqmnida. sofeli ar iyofa stratebad, massi ar SeimCneva segregacia, romelsac jgufuri mikutvnebuloba warmoqmnida.aar daikvirveba, agretve, mdgradi ekonomikuri kooperireba da institucionalizebuli interes- Ta konfliqti. individebi icenen loialobas sakutari ojaxis, sazmakacos da soflis mimart, magram individualuri Tu jgufuri konfliqtebi soflad racionalurad ar gadaizrdeba damatebuli Rirebulebis mopovebis mcdelobasi. sofeli gare samyarosgan damoukideblad rom arsebuliyo, misi integraciistvis Sekruloba da ndoba sakmarisi armocndeboda. soflis loialoba am orisgan warmoebul Sedegs Seadgenda. miuxedavad amisa, soflad dajgufebebi da dapirispirebebic ki daikvirveba. 26 ertic da meorec ukav- Sirdeba ara soflis SigniT arsebul winaarmdegobebs, aramed gare samyarostan urtiertobebis sakitxebs. soflis siraribe da Sida resursebis simwire gansakutrebulad mnisvnelovans xdis soflis garet arsebuli resursebis ufro advilad mozidvis motxovnilebas. gare resursebis xelmisawvdomoba ki kargi reputaciis arsebobas moitxovs. is, Tu ramdenad mnisvnelovnad miicneva warmatebis misarwevad wesieri adamianis saxeli da kargi reputacia, mkvetrad ganasxvavebs pirvel klasters meore da mesame klasterebisgan. Tuki pirvel klastersi 43% miicnevs, rom warmatebas cudi reputaciis adamianebic axerxeben, meore da mesame klasterebsi amgvari respondentebi praqtikulad ar arian: respondentta 91% meoresi da 89.5% mesamesi Tvlian, rom "warmatebis misarwevad drevandel 26 konfliqtebis gamomwvevi gare zegavlenebisgan arsanisnavia politikuri gavlena. igi resursis ert-ert iset saxeobas warmoadgens, romelic iwvevs mosaxleobis polarizebas. respondentebis partiuli preferencia an afiliacia Seswavlil faqtorta Soris yvelaze metad ganapirobebs socialur distancias (8.8%) da konfliqtebs (2.3), Tumca, rogorc monacemebi ucvenebs, respondentta udidesi nawili (79.5%) mainc miicnevs, rom urtiertoba sxvadasxva partiis mxardamwerebs Soris soflis mcxovrebta urtiertobebsi problemebs ar qmnis. 77

79 situaciasi wesieri adamianis saxeli da kargi reputacia aucilebelia". es monacemebi cxadyofs, rom ndoba da reputacia, sxvadasxva klasterebsi gadanawilda. pirveli klasteri xasiatdeba SedarebiT marali ndobit da skeptikuri damokidebulebit reputaciis mnisvnelobis mimart, xolo meore da mesame klasterebis respondentebi ar endobian ucnob adamianebs, samagierod karg reputacias did mnisvnelobas aniweben. Tuki reputaciis dafaseba maralia iq, sadac metia gare resursebis mopovebisken swrafva, is xels unda uwyobdes am resursebis mopovebaze orinetirebul jgufur qcevasac. gare resursebis wyaro SeiZleba iyos bazari, saxelmwifo da saertasoriso donori organizaciebi. Sesabamisad, soflebsi SeiZleba Seiqmnas kooperativebi, satemo organizaciebi da asociaciebi. formaluri organizaciebis dasaxelebis mcire sixsire sakvlev masivsi 27 ar gvazlevs SesaZleblobas rom sruli darwmunebulobit gamovavlinot mimarteba soflebis klasterebsa da amgvari organizaciebis six- Sires Soris. miuxedavad amisa, monacemebi miutitebs im tendenciaze, rom kargi reputaciistvis ufro meti mnisvnelobis miniweba sajaro gaertianebebisa da gare resursebis mopovebaze mimartuli organizaciebis SeqmnasTan pozitiurad aris dakavsirebuli. amgvari asociaciebis didi umravlesoba meore da mesame klasterebsia moqceuli. 27 gamokitxuli respondentebis mxolod 18.2% miutitebs, rom mat sofelsi umusavia arasamtavrobo organizacias, romelsac saerta- Soriso donori organizaciebi uweren mxars. dabali sixsire metnaklebad damaxasiatebelia saqartvelosi arsebuli mdgomareobis- Tvis; ufro metic, Tvisebrivi kvlevis Sedegebidan gamomdinare Ser- CevaSi ramdenime sofeli moxvda swored imis gamo, rom iq iyo formaluri organizacia, romelsac hqonda saertasoriso organizacieb- Tan urtiertobis gamocdileba.aamdenad, Tu Catardeboda absoluturad reprezentatuli kvleva saqartvelos masstabit, monacemi ufro dabali iqneboda. 78

80 gare resursebis mopovebaze orientirebuli sofeli, aseve, ufro ganwyobilia ibrzolos sakutari interesebistvis saxelmwifos pirispir. kerzod, is soflebi, romlebsac aqvt xelisuflebis mimart ertoblivad protestis gamoxatvis, an xelisuflebisadmi peticiit mimartvis praqtika, aseve meore da mesame klasterebsia moqceuli. respondentebis mtliani masivis analizi acvenebs, rom arsebobs faqtori, romelic reputaciis mnisvnelobis xazgasmas respondentis ramdenime sxva maxasiatebeltan akavsirebs. sofelsi msobelta gaertianebis arseboba, sportuli samoyvarulo klubis funqcionireba, xelisuflebis mimart protestis gamoxatva da iseti organizaciisa Tu asociaciis arseboba, romelsac ucxoelebi exmarebian, am faqtortan pozitiur kav- SirSi gvevlineba. am faqtortan (sust) ukukavsirs acvenebs soflis SekrulobasTan da ndobastan asocirebuli TiTqmis yvela maxasiatebeli. rogorc Cans, formaluri organizaciebis Seqmnis mimart pozitiurad ganwyobili respondentebi avlenen orientacias, romelic mimartulia soflis garet, da ara soflis SigniT. amdenad, Cven vxedavt, rom arsebobs gavlenebi, tendenciebi, romlebic ndobasa da reputacias, rogorc TanamSromlobis ganmapirobebel faqtorebs, ertmanets upirispirebs. rogorc ndoba, aseve reputacia, socialuri kapitalis elementebs warmoadgens. mianisnebs Tu ara amgvari tendenciis arseboba imaze, rom socialuri kapitali soflad naklulia, anu misi erti elementi SesaZloa meore elementtan ar "rezonirebdes", da ufro metic, asustebdes kidec mas? qvisis saatis models Tu gavixsenebt, SeiZleba itqvas, rom ndoba am qvisis saatis qveda nawilsi funqcionirebs, xolo reputacia mis qveda da zeda nawilebs Soris viwro yels afartoebs. rogorc reputacia, aseve sajaro/formaluri gaertianebebi, qvisis saa- Tis qveda da zeda nawilis dakavsirebas uwyobs xels. Nndoba ki xels uwyobs gawirvebasi myof Tanasoflelebs moagvaron Tavisi problemebi da 79

81 ertmanettan mxarsi dgomit gadalaxon sirtuleebi. reputacia warmatebisken orientirebul qcevas ukavsirdeba, warmateba ki soflisadmi gare samyarosgan momdinareobs, qvisis saatis zeda nawilsi moipoveba. Sekruloba, iseve rogorc ndoba, qvisis saatis qveda nawilsi funqcionirebs, da am sivrces zeda nawilisgan avtonomias aniwebs. qvisis saatis fenomens qmnian swored is gavlenebi, romlebic, agretve, iwveven garkveul dazabulobas reputacias, ndobasa da Sekrulobas Soris. isini adamians Tavisi soflisadmi loialurobisgan gantavisuflebisken da avtonomiurobisken ubizgeben. individi, romelsac qvi- Sis saatis viwro yeltan aqvs saqme, qvisis saatis zeda da qveda nawilebtan mimartebasi yoveltvis dadgeba Semdegi kitxvis winase: vis mimart unda iyos loialuri da vis TvalSi unda hqondes kargi reputacia?aam individze yoveltvis imoqmedebs is ZalTa balansi, romelic qvisis saatis or nawils Soris arsebobs. es ZalTa balansi mas ori sapirispiro mimartulebit - soflisken Tu soflis garet - orientacias Soris arcevanis gaketebas karnaxobs. adamiani, romelic zrunavs karg reputaciaze da sjera, rom sajaro imiji, simboluri kapitali, romelsac is reputaciis mesveobit izens, individualuri warmatebis momtania, ufro iolad Sedis gansajaroebul da/an formalizebul gaertianebebsi. amdenad, kargi reputaciis dafasebis marali done, romelic mtlianobasi sakvlev masivs axasiatebs (miuxedavad klasterebs Soris gansxvavebebisa, sasualo respondenti reputacias did mnisvnelobas ani- Webs), soflad sajaro/formalizebuli asociaciebis Sesaqmnelad kargi sawindari unda yofiliyo. amgvari asociaciebis/gaertianebebis simcire, amdenad, ara soflis, aramed misgan damoukideblad arsebuli vitarebis Sedegia. am vi- Tarebisa da gare faqtorebis analizi mocemuli iqneba Semdeg TavSi, romelic soflad arsebuli gaertianebebis instituciur analizs miezrvneba. 80

82 Tavi 5. soflad arsebuli gaertianebebi: instituciuri analizi socialuri wesrigis instituciuri stabiloba, institutebisa da socialuri kapitalis garda, moitxovs organizaciebis arsebobas. organizacia aertianebs garkveul jgufs da koordinirebas uwevs mis moqmedebas. organizaciebi SeiZleba daiyos or tipad: mxardamwerta (adherent) organizacia, romelic TviTwarmoqmnadia da mxolod mis wevrta iniciativas efuzneba; da kontraqtuli organizacia, romelictavis wesebs, wevrta dainteresebulobis garda, gare sanqciebis mesveobitac amyarebs. (North, 2009, gv.15-16). pirveli SesaZloa araformalizebuli saxit arsebobdes, vinaidan misi mdgradoba sanqciebs ar moitxovs. meore sawiroebs artikulirebul wesebs, formalizebas, romlis mesveobitac SesaZlebelia mesame mxare, gare aqtori, iyos CarTuli sanqciebis gzit organizaciis stabilobis uzrunvelyofasi. kontraqtuli organizacia, rogoric ar unda iyos misi misia: mogebis mireba, servisis miwodeba Tu saerto siketis Seqmna, warmoadgens jgufuri sakutrebis formas. organizaciis wevrebi unda icendnen loialobas mis mimart, da mas unda gaacndes sakutreba, rogorc materialuri, aseve simboluri kapitalis saxit (mag. brendi). aseve, organizacias swirdeba xelmzrvaneli/xelmzrvanelebi, romlebsac swidebat kargi reputacia warmomadgenlobis/menejmentis gansaxorcieleblad. amdenad, organizacia ganicdis igive sapirispiro tendenciebis gavlenas, romlebic artuleben soflad jgufuri sakutrebis damkvidrebas (ix. qvetavi 4.4.). rogorc kvlevam acvena, soflad organizaciebi fartod gavrcelebuli ar aris. daikvirveba iniciativebi, romlebic mimartulia metwilad moklevadian kooperirebaze da garedan inicirebuli formaluri gaer- Tianebebi, romlebsac, agretve, aklia stabiluroba. amgvari gaertianebebi SesaZloa ganvixilot rogorc nebayoflobit Seqmnili organizaciebis prototipebi da 81

83 gavaanalizot is tendenciebi, romlebic mat stabilobas uslis xels araformaluri kooperacia mogebaze orientirebuli araformaluri kooperirebis analizi acvenebs, rom amgvari TanamSromlobis sirtuleebi ufro metad ukavsirdeba instituciur problemebs ("viwro yelis" fenomeni) da racionaluri dainteresebis sisustes, vidre socialuri kapitalis naklebobas. rogorc itqva, mogebaze orientirebuli ekonomikuri kooperireba xdeba viwro jgufebsi, romlebic Sekrulia araformaluri urtiertobebit, "sazmakacoeb- Si". amgvari gaertianebebi xsiri ar aris. kvlevam ucvena, rom mosaxleobis damokidebuleba ekonomikuri kooperirebis mimart sakmaod skeptikuria. gamokitxulta mxolod 30.7% Tvlis, rom warmoebis processi ojaxebis gaertianebam SesaZloa dadebiti Sedegi gamoiros. rogorc adgilobrivebi xsirad miicneven, formalizebul ekonomikasi CarTva soflis kooperativebis- Tvis racionalurad momgebiani ar aris. masinac ki, rodesac kooperativi iqmneba rogorc ufro farto da formalizebuli organizacia (mag. donorebis daxmarebit kartofilis moyvanaze orientirebuli kooperativebi samcxe-javaxetsi), isini ormagi standartit funqcionirebs: donorebistvis qaraldze formalurad arseboben, magram realurad produqcias "TeTr" buralteriasi ar atareben. TviTiniciativiT Seqmnili, ramdenime ojaxisgan Semdgari gaertianeba, ertgvari daxuruli sistemaa, romelic ar miiswrafvis gafartoebisken da axali wevrebis inkorporaciisken. amgvar mciremasstabian gaer- TianebebSi TamaSis wesebi eqspliciturad artikulirebuli ar aris. swored amis gamo, axali wevrebis inkluziistvis gaertianeba daxurulia: Cven Cveneburi urtiertgageba gvaqvs, axali xalxi amas ver gaigebs da ver agvyveba (ert-erti gaertianebis wevri). 82

84 araformalur urtiertobebze damyarebuli jgufebi, romlebic zedmet sajaroobas eridebian, ganicdian mdgradi funqcionirebistvis aucilebeli "TamaSis wesebis" institucionalizaciis problemas.wesebis gaurkvevloba pirvel rigsi exeba ori resursis gadanawilebas: gadawyvetilebebis mirebasi Tanamonawileoba da mogebis gadanawileba. normatiulad, amgvari ekonomikuri kooperirebistvis sawiro samartlianobis principi soflebsi gacnobierebulia. masin, roca saerto siketis formirebas Seesabameboda agregireba, principit "vis ramdeni SeuZlia", xolo individualuri ekonomikuri interesebi eqvemdebareboda gacvlas, sitanabris principze dayrdnobit (rasac gavcem imdenive damibrundeba), ekonomikur kooperirebas swirdeba warmoebuli damatebuli Rirebulebis proporciuli gadanawileba (mogebis wili unda Seesabamebodas Senatanis odenobas). es principi ariarebulia, rogorc samartliani, magram misi praqtikuli ganxorcieleba ekonomikur jgufebsi bevr sirtules awydeba. mogebis gadanawilebis sawiroeba, romelic imavdroulad jgufis "eqskluziurobis" maxasiatebels qmnis, mkvetrad ganasxvavebs amgvar kooperacias ndobaze dafuznebuli horizontaluri TanamSromlobisgan, romelic ar gulisxmobs mogebis mirebas da mxolod TanasoflelTa resursebis akumulirebazea mimartuli (riskebis dazrveva). amgvari TanamSromlobis SemTxvevaSi TamaSi imdenad martivia, rom procedurac TavisTavad igulisxmeba (mag. latariis TamaSi), xolo kooperirebis processi sirtuleebi ar Cndeba. gamokitxul respondentta 37.4% adasturebs, rom mat sofelsi latariis TamaSi fartod gavrcelebuli praqtikaa. Aam rigis amocanas miekutvneba, agretve, naxiris koleqtiuri movla, romelic Temis masstabit ekonomikuri kooperirebis ert-erti yvelaze warmatebuli praqtikaa. samar- Tliani TamaSis wesi eyrdnoba proporciulobis martiv princips: saqonlis patronis mier menaxiristvis gadasaxdeli Tanxa proporciulia naxirsi misi Zroxe- 83

85 bis raodenobisa. Aam principze dayrdnobit, agretve, advilia oportunistuli qcevis gakontrolebac. Ewesebis damrrvevta (e.w. free rider) anonimurad darcena da sxvebis xarjze gamozroma, faqtobrivad, SeuZlebelia. gansxvavebit am martivi wesebisgan, mogebaze orientirebuli kooperireba ufro kompleqsuri gadawyvetilebebis mirebasa (mag. produqtis ertoblivi warmoeba da gasareba), da ufro rtulad Sesafasebel da gansxvavebul qonebriv Senatans (teqnika, miwa, fuli, Sroma, codna)sawiroebs. eqsplicituri wesebis garese, wilobrivi Tanafardobis dadgena am mravalferovan resursebs Soris metad rtulia. es ar azlevs mat mkafio SeTanxmebis mirwevisa da oportunistebis dasjis SesaZleblobas. utanxmoebis SemTxvevaSi xsiria kooperativis dasla da TanamSromlobis Sewyveta. ZiriTadi sirtule, romelic wilobriv Senatanebs exeba, mdgomareobs resursebis ormag xasiatsi. zogierti resursi (pirvel rigsi Sroma) soflistvis "Sidaa", xolo sxva - magalitad, conda an krediti - gare. Sesabamisad, es resursebi sxvadasxva wesit funqcionirebs: Sroma sitanabris, xolo codna - warmatebis (damatebuli Rirebulebis) principit. Tuki mogeba gadanawilda gaweuli Sromis Sesabamisad, ukmayofilo rceba is, vinc meti codna an krediti uzrunvelyo; Tuki mogebis meti wili xvdeba imat, vinc miicnevs rom warmatebistvis sawiro codna an krediti mozida, ganawyendeba is, vinc meti imusava. wesebis orazrovani buneba xels uslis, aseve, gadawyvetilebebis mirebis process. Sida wesebze dafuznebuli procedura mimartulia msjelobaze, yvela azris gatvaliswinebaze da konsesualur mmartvelobaze. is, faqtobrivad, pirdapiri demokratiis formaa. gare warmatebaze mimartuli, instrumentuli aqtivoba ki moitxovs pirvel rigsi kvalifikaciis gatvaliswinebas da efuzneba reputaciis faqtors, romelic, nawilobriv mainc, gare samyaros mier iqmneba da zogjer saerto azris sapirispirodac moqmedebs. warmatebistvis sawiro kvalifika- 84

86 ciis Sesaxeb ertiani warmodgenebis ararseboba qmnis viwro yels Sida da gare wesebs Soris. TamaSis wesebis gaurkvevlobisa da kooperaciis aramdgradobis gamo glexebi ufro xsirad, orientacias ireben moklevadian proeqtebze. mat yvelastvis misarebi TamaSis wesebis SemuSavebis imedi ar aqvt ma- Sinac ki, rodesac kooperireba racionalurad miacniat: zogs miwa ar yofnis, zogs traqtori aqvs, zogs naklebi resursi aqvs, magram meti codna aqvs (kaxetis soflis mcxovrebi). moklevadiani proeqtebtan dakavsirebuli riskebis martva gacilebit martivia: gvircevnia ertwliani memcenareobis dargsi vi- TanamSromloT. Tu TanamSromloba ar gamova, dasla advilia. ertad rom Cayaro venaxi, didi riskia. mere didi xani unda iyot ertad. zogs Zviriani sasuqi moundeba, zogs iafiani. zogs adre Sewamvla miacnia sworad, zogs ufro gvian. (kaxetis soflis mcxovrebi). raodenobrivi kvlevis Sedegebic garkveulwilad adasturebs Tvisebrivi kvlevis etapze mirebul dakvirvevebs. respondentta didi nawili (28.8%) miicnevs, rom mdgrad kooperirirebas xels uslis swored TamaSis wesebtan dakavsirebuli sirtuleebi. mati azrit adamianebs gauwirdebat iseti sistemis SemuSaveba, romelsic SesaZlebelia ertoblivi da samartliani gadawyvetilebebis mireba. Aadamianebs Soris undoblobas kooperirebistvis xelissemslel mizezad mxolod 3.3% miicnevs. rac Seexeba, kolmeurneobebtan dakavsirebul uaryofit istoriul mexsierebas, kvleva ucvenebs, rom am faqtors xsirad gazviadebul mnisvnelobas aniweben. kooperirebistvis xelissemslel mizezad mas respondentebis mxolod 8.4% moixseniebs. respondentebis yvelaze didi nawili saertod ver asaxelebs specifiur mizezs, romelic xels uslis ufro intensiur kooperirebas soflad: yvelas TavisTvis urcevnia (39.1%). gadawyvetilebebis mirebisa da mogebis gadanawilebis wesebis ararseboba, da, Sesabamisad, TanamSromlo- 85

87 bis moklevadiani orientacia, miutitebs imaze, rom arsebobs jgufuri sakutrebis instituciuri Camoyalibebis uunaroba formaluri gaertianebebi rodesac soflad iqmneba SedarebiT farto gaertianeba, romelsac unda hqondes artikulirebuli TamaSis wesebi da struqtura, es, rogorc wesi, xdeba gare aqtorebis zemoqmedebit. amgvari gaertianeba SesaZloa waaxalisos an daafinansos kidec saertasoriso donorma organizaciam (mag. rzis mwarmoebelta asociacia), mmartvelobis organoebma (msobelta gaertianeba), grantebis gamcemma (arasamtavrobo organizacia), partiam (partiis adgilobrivi ganyofileba). kvlevis miznebidan gamomdinare, qvemot ganxiluli iqneba sami tipis formalizebuli organizacia, romlebic saertasoriso donori organizaciebis mieraa mxardawerili saqartvelos soflebsi. esenia: satemo organizaciebi, sasoflo-sameurneo produqtis mwarmoebelta asociaciebi da produqtis mwarmoebelta kooperativebi. satemo organizaciebis ganvitarebis programebis mizania Temis gazliereba koleqtiuri qcevis warmatebuli, grzelvadiani modelebis Camoyalibebis gzit. Tu kvlevis Teoriul models movixmobt, satemo organizaciebis mizania soflistvis saerto siketis, saerto sakutrebis warmoeba. sasoflo-sameurneo produqtis mwarmoebelta asociaciebis mizania wevrta resursebis akumulirebis gzit moxdes iseti servisebis an saqonlis SeZena, romelta mopoveba calkeuli wevrebis resursebit SeuZlebelia da, Sesabamisad, transaqciuli fasebis Semcireba. ZiriTadad, asociaciebi moqmedeben arasamtavrobo, mogebaze araorientirebuli organizaciis principit. isev kvlevistvis SemuSavebuli Teoriuli modelis Sesabamisad, asociacia SeiZleba moviazrot, rogorc jgufuri sakutrebis forma. 86

88 sasoflo-sameurneo kooperativebis mizania resursebis agregireba produqciis warmoebis processi. kooperativebi funqcionireben, rogorc mogebaze orientirebuli organizaciebi. kvlevis Teoriul modelsi kooperativebis funqcias warmoadgens kerzo resursebis zrda. mati saqmianobis ciklis bolo etapia mogebis ganawileba wevrebs Soris. rogorc saertasoriso donori organizaciebis mier ganxorcielebuli proeqtebis analizi ucvenebs, amgvari organizaciebistvis damaxasiatebeli zogadi problemaa mati aramdgradoba. organizaciebis umravlesoba met-naklebi warmatebit axorcielebs proeqts, romelic grantitaa uzrunvelyofili. Aam resursis amowurvis Semdeg ki wyvets funqcionirebas. rogorc saertasoriso organizaciebis adgilobrivi koordinatorebi miutiteben, am tipis organizaciebsi xdeba miznis Canacvleba sasualebit. granti, romelic Cafiqrebulia, rogorc pirveli bizgi organizaciis Semdgomi musaobistvis, xdeba organizaciis mizani. am tipis organizaciebi gadaiqca grantis gadamamusavebel sawarmoebad (saertasoriso donori organizaciis adgilobrivi koordinatori). organizaciebi soflis mosaxleobis didi nawilis interesis mirma rceba. isini ver avsebs saxelmwifo da kerzo sferos Soris arsebul cariel sivrces. Mmosaxleobis CarTuloba, rogorc mizani, miurweveli rceba. mosaxleobis damokidebuleba saertasoriso donori organizaciebis mier mxardawerili organizaciebis mimart dadebitia (91.7%), magram es ar gulisxmobs amgvar organizaciebtan TanamSromlobis da mat saqmianobasi monawileobis survils. gamokitxuli respondentebis 18.2%-ma miutita, rom mat sofelsi arsebobs saertasoriso donori organizaciis xelsewyobit dafuznebuli organizacia, Tumca organizaciebsi wevrobis macvenebeli Zalze dabalia. im soflebsi, sadac saertasoriso donori organizaciebis aqtiobaze miuti- Teben, gamokitxulta mxolod 4.6%-ia satemo organizaciebis an asociaciebis wevri. xsirad, im soflebsi, sa- 87

89 dac aseti organizaciebi aris, respondentebma ar ician misi arsebobis Sesaxeb. miuxedavad imisa, rom saertasoriso donori organizaciebi, rogorc wesi, zrunaven organizaciis "qvevidan zevit" Seqmnaze, mis dafuznebaze soflis TviTiniciativaze, dainteresebaze da mdgradobis uzrunvelyofaze, mat mier mxardawerili organizaciebis funqcionirebis logika, nawilobriv mainc, soflis socialuri kapitalis sapirispiro mimartulebit moqmedebs. es gamowveulia imit, rom amgvari jgufebi mimartulia soflis garet arsebuli resursebis mopovebaze, da, amdenad, CarTulia im urtiertobebsi, romlebic soflis gavlenis mirma mdebareobs. qvisis saatis modelis mosveliebit, SeiZleba itqvas, rom amgvari organizaciebi qvisis saatis viwro yelis xafangsi xvdeba. Aamis gamo, mat uwevs qvisis saatis orive nawilistvis damaxasia- Tebeli standartebis gatvaliswineba. Ees standartebi ki xsirad ar emtxveva, zog SemTxvevaSi - ki ewinaarmdegeba kidec ertmanets. formaluri organizaciebis inicireba xdeba sofelsi arsebuli socialuri kapitalis safuzvelze. Semdeg ki ver xerxdeba iseti eqsplicituri TamaSis wesebis Camoyalibeba, romlebic misarebi iqneboda qvi- Sis saatis orive nawilistvis. Tu instituciur midgomas movisveliebt, TamaSebis warmatebuli paternebi grzelvadian perspeqtivasi gardaiqmneba institutebad (institutebi gagebuli, rogorc TamaSis eqsplicituri wesebi). Catarebuli kvleva gvicvenebs, rom saqartvelos soflebsi SedarebiT mdgradi da grzelvadiani TamaSebis warmatebuli paternebi formaluri organizaciebis SemTxevevaSi TiTqmis ar daikvirveba 28. arsebobs ramdenime gare faqtori, romelic formaluri gaertianebebis funqcionirebas aferxebs. esenia: garkveuli asimetria gare aqtorebis mier mxardawerili organizaciebis formaluri wesebsa da soflad moqmed 28 warmatebuls vuwodebt TamaSs, romlis dros xdeba qvisis saatis zeda da qveda nawilsi arsebuli veqtorebis SesabamisobaSi, rezonirebis mdgomareobasi moyvana 88

90 araformalur normebs Soris; gare resursis eqskluziuri xasiati; instituciuri garemos arastabiluroba. am faqtortagan TiToeuli sxvadasxva wonit monawileobs Cvens mier zemot arwerili sami tipis formaluri gaertianebebis warumateblobasi. qvemot Cven ganvixilavt rogor aisaxeba am faqtorebis moqmedeba satemo organizaciebis, sasoflo-sameurneo produqtis mwarmoebelta asociaciebisa da kooperativebis funqcionirebaze. a. satemo organizaciebi soflad qvemodan wamosuli iniciativit formaluri satemo organizaciebis (asociaciebis) Seqmnis procesi ar daikvirveba. rogorc zemot arvnisnet, soflis SigniT arsebuli resursebis mobilizacias gawirvebasi Cavardnili Tanasoflelis mimart solidarobis gamosaxatad an soflis saerto siketis Sesaqmnelad sofeli araformaluri wesebis mesveobit axerxebs. formaluri organizaciebis Camoyalibeba xdeba saertasoriso donorebis mxardawerit. rogorc wesi, saertasoriso donori organizacia Sedis sofelsi sagranto winadadebit, romlis mizania soflis saerto siketis (mag. gza, xidi, da a.s) Sesaqmnelad dafinansebis didi nawilis (daaxloebit, 60-80%) mireba. Pproeqti gulisxmobs soflis finansur an SromiT monawileobas. soflis kreba irebs gadawyvetilebas soflis prioritetuli proeqtis Sesaxeb da ircevs aqtivs, romelsac aqvs urtiertoba gare damfinansebeltan. swored es aqtivi SeiZleba warmovidginot im meqanizmad, romelic am SemTxvevaSi qvisis saatis zeda da qveda nawils unda akavsirebdes. Tvisebrivi kvlevis etapze gamovlinda, rom amgvari scenari xsir SemTxvevaSi soflis Sekrulobis sawinaarmdegod moqmedebs: imis gamo, rom wvdoma da kontaqti gare resurstan aqvs e.w. aqtivs, Cndeba xolme undobloba mis mimart. mag. soflis mcxovreblebs ar sjerat, rom proeqti itxovs ufaso Sromas; Cndeba ewvi, rom aqtivi malavs gare resursis nawils. A 89

91 rogorc saertasoriso organizaciebis warmomadgenlebi miutiteben, Tu process Teoriulad warmovidgent or fazad: 1. urtiertoba donor organizaciasa da soflis aqtivs Soris; 2. urtiertoba soflis aqtivsa da sofels Soris, armocndeba, rom undoblobas- Tan dakavsirebuli problemebi, ZiriTadad, meore fazaze Cndeba. Rrmavdeba soflis im macxovrebelta mimart gaucxoebis procesi, romlebic saertasoriso donor organizaciastan ufro aqtiurad TanamSromloben. es procesi gansakutrebit mwvaved mimdinareobs, Tu arian adamianebi, romlebic Tavisi saqmianobistvis fulad anazraurebas ireben. Aam SemTxvevaSi, soflis saerto siketis Seqmnaze mimartuli resursis qvemodan agregirebis TamaSis wesi (visac ramdeni SeuZlia) winaarmdegobasi modis im TamaSis westan, romelic saerto saqmis ketebistvis xelfasis arebas gulisxmobs. rodesac sofelsi fulit Sedixar, ginda Tu ar ginda, axal priviligirebul fenas qmni, romelsac sofeli iucxoebs. mag. Cvenma organizaciam daafinansa saskolo asakis bavsvebistvis sxvadasxva mimartulebis wreebi. sofelsi vatarebt xolme bunebis dacvisddres. mosaxleoba nagavs agrovebs. aset RonisZiebebze modian is bavsvebi, msoblebi da maswavleblebi, romlebic Cvens mier dafinansebul wreebsi arian dasaqmebulebi. danarcenebi dganan, uyureben, qirqileben da Tvlian, rom es mati saqme ar aris." (donori organizaciis warmomadgeneli) sofeli ver axerxebs gamwirvaleobis da liderebis rotaciis warmatebuli sqemebis SemuSavebas. demokratiis wesi: kenwisyra umravlesobis gamosavlenad qartuli soflistvis damaxasiatebeli ar aris. rogorc Tvisebrivi kvlevis etapze gamovlinda, qartul sofelsi ertoblivi gadawyvetilebebis mirebis wesi ufro metad waagavs konsensusis da ara umravlesobis principit moqmedebas. Tumca, konsensusis gzit gadawyvetilebis mirebis wesebis artikulirebisa da kodificirebis met-naklebad Tanamedrove meqanizmebi soflad ar daikvirveba. 90

92 aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac sofeli axerxebs tradiciuli normebis gamoyenebas undoblobis gadasalaxavad. svanetidan Camosaxlebuli ekomigrantebit dasaxlebul sofelsi kvleviti jgufi waawyda situacias, romelic TvalsaCinod warmoacens zemot arweril faqtors asimetrias soflad moqmed araformalur wesebsa da donor organizaciebsi arsebul formalur wesebs Soris. soflis aqtivis wevri izulebuli gaxda «xatze daefica» imistvis, rom TanasoflelTa ndoba aredgina. Ees meqanizmi soflistvis ufro sando armocnda, vidre dokumenturi masalis warmodgena. amgvarad, rodesac resursi soflis saerto siketis Sesaqmnelad modis garedan, es qmnis garkveul dazabulobas soflis Sekrulobis faqtortan mimartebasi. sofels amgvari dazabulobis martvis formaluri, kodificirebuli wesebi ar aqvs. garda amisa, saqartvelosi arsebuli instituciuri garemo isetia, rom formaluri satemo organizaciebis Seqmnas racionaluri safuzveli ar aqvs. ker- Zod, kargad ar Cans, ra SeiZleba iyos formaluri sa- Temo organizaciis danisnuleba da funqcia. Tu satemo organizaciis ert-ert funqciad qvisis saatis qveda da zeda nawilis dakavsirebas warmovidgent 29, SeiZleba itqvas, rom instituciuri meqanizmebi, romelta mesveobit formaluri satemo organizaciebi SeZlebdnen am funqciis Sesrulebas, ar arsebobs. faqtobrivad, sa- Temo organizaciebi qvisis zeda nawilsi arsebul politikur da ekonomikur procesebtan paralelur samyarosi arsebobs: zecentralizebuli politikuri sistemis gamo, lokaluri politikuri procesi ar arsebobs. Sesabamisad, satemo organizaciebs am sferostan mimar- TebaSi socialuri funqcia ekargeba. rac Seexeba garedan ekonomikuri resursebis mozidvas soflis saerto siketis Sesaqmnelad, amgvari procesebi araformalur xasiats atarebs. soflis mimdebare teritoriebze moqmedi biznes-struqturebi, xsirad, sofels ertjerad, 29 rogorc cnobilia, bevr qveyanasi adgilobriv satemo organizaciebze funqciebis delegirebis procesi Zlierdeba 91

93 mciremasstabian daxmarebas (mag. samseneblo masalebit) araformalurad uweven xolme. Aam tipis urtiertobas formaluri satemo organizaciebis dafuzneba da monawileoba ar swirdeba. biznestan urtiertobisas formalur satemo organizaciis funqcia, SesaZloa, gaizardos, Tu iarsebebs biznessa da arasamtavrobo seqtors Soris formaluri urtiertobis wamaxalisebeli garemo (mag. sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi). b. sasoflo-sameurneo produqtis mwarmoebelta asociaciebi. rogorc ukve arinisna, asociaciis mizania transaqciuli xarjebis Semcireba resursebis akumulirebisa da jgufuri sakutrebis Seqmnis gzit. Tavisi arsidan gamomdinare, sasoflo-sameurneo asociaciebis warmatebuli funqcionireba SesaZlebelia moviazrot mxolod grzelvadian perspeqtivasi. magalitad, asociaciis mnisvnelovani jgufuri sakutreba: asociaciis simboluri kapitali anu asociaciis reputacia SeiZleba Camoyalibdes mxolod grzelvadian perspeqtivasi; resursebis akumulireba wevrebistvis SedarebiT ZviradRirebuli servisebis gawevis miznitac grzelvadian perspeqtivas gulisxmobs. instituciuri garemo, romelsic moqmedeba uxdeba sasoflo-sameurneo produqtis mwarmoebel asociaciebs, grzelvadiani moqmedebistvis xelsayrel pirobebs ver qmnis. kerzod, soflis meurneobasi riskebis dazrvevis sistema ar musaobs. amis gamo, ekonomikuri aqtorebi orientirebulni arian moklevadian racionalobaze. Mmag. glexistvis ufro racionaluria rzisgan daamzados yveli da bazarze gayidos, vidre orientacia airos rzis produqtis mwarmoebelta asociacias- Tan TanamSromlobaze, sadac TanamSromlobis sargebeli SedarebiT grzelvadiania da asociaciis stabilurobas gulisxmobs. moklevadian, ertjerad transaqciebze orientirebul biznes garemosi asociaciis simboluri kapitali - reputaciis saxit, faseulobas ver izens. Amisi 92

94 konvertacia mnisvnelovan ekonomikur warmatebasi ar xdeba. ufro xelsayrel vitarebasi ki, swored, jgufuri sakutreba - asociaciis simboluri kapitalis saxit aris ert-erti meqanizmi, romlis mesveobit jgufis SigniT arsebuli socialuri kapitali damatebul Rirebulebas awarmoebs. am tipis faseuli jgufuri sakutrebis arseboba, jgufis SigniT eqsplicituri TamaSis wesebis generirebis stimulatoric ki SeiZleba gaxdes. Tvisebrivi analizi sasualebas gvazlevs dakvirvebis empiriuli monacemebi ganvixilot zemot arwerili CarCoSi. sanam usualod kvlevis monacemebs warmovadgent, SemovitanT sakontraqto urtiertobebis faqtors. sakontraqto urtiertobebis sferosi arsebuli vitareba aris ert-erti magaliti imisa, Tu rogor uslis xels instituciur garemosi arsebuli araprognozirebadoba asociaciebis funqcionirebas. met-naklebad idealur situaciasi sakontraqto urtiertobebi aris swored iseti faqtori, romelic ertmanettan akavsirebs jgufur sakutrebas - simbolur kapitalsa da ekonomikur warmatebas, rogorc am tipis kapitalis dividents. 30 Teoriul literaturasi kargadaa arwerili meqanizmi, romelic amcirebs ekonomikuri transaqciis xarjebs, Tu transaqcia damyarebulia biznes-partniorebs Soris ndobasa da mat reputaciaze. kerzod, Tu mxareebs SeuZliaT gaaformon srulyofili kontraqti, masin mat Soris ndobis anu socialuri kapitalistvis adgili arar rceba. es kategoriebi funqcias kargavs, radgan kontraqtsi TanamSromlobis yvela SesaZlo problema detaluradaa gawerili, TiToeul mxares SeuZlia monitoringi gauwios meore mxaris yovel qmedebas, mesame mxares SeuZlia Caerios sawiroebis SemTxvevaSi da daados damrrvevs gare sanqcia. 30 sakontraqto urtiertoba ganixileba, rogorc simboluri kapitalisa da ekonomikuri dividentis damakavsirebeli ert-erti da ara ertaderti faqtori. 93

95 rac ufro srulyofilia kontraqti, mit naklebia ekonomikuri arcevanis riski; ufro advilia partnioris SesaZlo oportunistuli qcevis gakontroleba, magram amave dros oportunistuli qcevis monitoringi da arkveta damatebit xarjebtanaa dakavsirebuli. amitom, realuri kontraqtebis umravlesoba ar aris srulyofili da oportunistuli qcevis riskis Semcireba xdeba sando biznes-partniorebis arcevis gzit. amdenad, investicia jgufis simbolur kapitalsi - reputaciasi racionaluria, radgan kontraqtis mopovebis albatobas zrdis. aris Tu ara es meqanizmi relevanturi im instituciuri garemostvis, romlis monawilea mocemuli kvlevis aqtori sasoflo-sameurneo produqtis mwarmoebeli asociacia? rogorc kvlevis monacemebi ucvenebs, sasoflosameurneo produqtis mwarmobelta asociaciebis samoqmedo arealsi mati potenciuri biznes-partniorebi moklevadian racionalobaze arian orientirebulni. Eekonomikuri aqtorebis politika orientirebulia bazarze arsebul moklevadian trendebze da ara ertmanettan grzelvadiani biznes-partniorobis awyobaze. orientacia reputaciul faqtorze ar xdeba. mag. rzis mwarmoebeli asociaciis warmomadgenlebi miutiteben, rom Tu bazarze rzis fxvnili iafdeba, rzis produqtebis mwarmoebeli qarxnebi arrveven mattan winaswar dadebul SeTanxmebebs da produqts rzis fxvnilisgan amzadeben. rogorc irkveva, amgvari urtiertobebi ZiriTadad zepiri SeTanxmebebis xasiats atarebs da Zalze isviatad formdeba, rogorc formaluri biznes kontraqti, romlis Seusruleblobis SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebeli iqneboda sasamartlo dava. xsirad, amgvar SeTanxmebeb- Si monawileoben saertasoriso donori organizaciebis warmomadgenelebi, romlebic cdiloben sasoflo-samerneo produqciis mwarmoebeli asociaciebis dakavsirebas biznes-partniorebtan. sainteresoa, rom saertasoriso organizaciebis warmomadgenlebic ar itxoven mkacrad sakontraqto urtiertobebis formalurad gaformebas: 94

96 mattvis rom kontraqtebis formalurad gaformeba mogvetxova, saertod uars ityodnen CvenTan TanamSromlobaze, isedac Zlivs davitanxmet (ert-erti arasamtavrobo organizaciis warmomadgeneli). 31 sasoflo-sameurneo produqtis mwarmoebeli asociaciis mier jgufur sakutrebasi - simbolur kapitalsi investireba azrs kargavs im garemosi, sadac sakontraqto urtiertobebi da grzelvadiani biznes-partnioroba seriozulad ar ganixileba. amdenad, ver iqmneba jgufuri sakutrebis mnisvnelovani forma simboluri kapitali, romelsac SeuZlia jgufis wevrebis- Tvis damatebuli Rirebuleba awarmoos. 32 g. sasoflo-sameurneo kooperativebi rogorc ukve arinisna, formaluri sasoflo-sameurneo kooperativis Seqmnis idea da Tavdapirveli resursebi modis garedan saertasoriso donori organizaciisgan. imis gamo, rom ekonomikuri kapitalis, ekonomikuri resursebis kritikuli moculobaa sawiro imistvis, rom kooperacia adamianebs Soris racionaluri iyos, kooperativebsi ertiandebian soflis iseti ojaxebi, romlebsac es resursebi gaacniat. erti heqtari miwit da erti ZroxiT gasayid produqts ver awarmoeb (ert-erti kooperativis organizatori). garda amisa, sofelsi siraribe garkveuli reputaciuli faqtoria : 31 Tavis mxriv, didi kompaniebis xelmzrvanelebic miutiteben wvrili glexuri meurneobebis mxridan kontraqtebis Seusruleblobaze. produqciis wvrili mwarmoeblebi orientirebulni arian moklevadian racionalobaze da grzelvadiani, stabiluri biznes-urtiertobebis sargeblianobas ver acnobiereben. Pproduqciis wvril mwarmoeblebtan gaformebuli fiucersuli kontraqtebi cudad musaobs. xsiria SemTxvevebi, rodesac bazarze arsebuli ufro xelsayreli fasebis gamo kontraqtebi irrveva da kontraqtit gatvaliswinebul fassi kompania produqciis Sesyidvas ver axerxebs. 32 jgufis simboluri kapitali SeiZleba Semdgom brendis formirebis kargi winapiroba gaxdes. 95

97 Tavis nakvets ver uvlis da kooperativsi ra unda gaaketos? (kooperativis wevri) rogorc wesi, kooperativebsi ertiandeba maqsimum 8-12 ojaxi. ufro did ertobebs koordinireba uwirt da male islebian. kooperativebad gaertianebis ZiriTadi motivacia, donori organziaciisgan materialuri daxmarebis mirebis survilia. kooperativis wevrebma SeiZleba airon ijarit miwa da daiwyon produqtis ertoblivi warmoeba. rogorc wesi, kooperativis wevrebi agrzeleben kerzo meurneobis warmoebasac. Emag. samcxe-javaxetis regionsi kartofilis axali jisis satesle masalis nawils Tesaven kooperativis mier ijarit arebul miwebze, nawils ki sakutar miwis nakvetebze. rogorc Cans, amgvari diversifikacia riskebis dazrvevis Taviseburi formaa. sakutrebiti urtiertobebi kooperativebsi sakmaod gaurkvevelia. Seswavlil SemTxvevebSi kooperativebs saerto sakutreba ar gaacndat. sawesdebo fondebi gamoyenebuli iyo ertjeradi SenaZenebisTvis (mag. kartofilis Teslis Sesyidva). eqspertta nawilis azrit, is faqti, rom kooperativebs saerto sakutreba ar aqvt, xels uslis jgufsida funqciuri urtiertobebis Camoyalibebas. Camoyalibebuli kooperativebis mdgradobis Sesaxeb statistikuri informacia ar arsebobs. saertasoriso organizaciebis programebi sakmaod xanmoklea da isini ver axorcieleben efeqtur grzelvadian monitorings mdgradobis macveneblebis gamosavlenad. eqspertta nawilis azrit, laparaki imaze, warmatebulia Tu ara sasoflo-sameurneo kooperativebis praqtika saqartvelosi, saertod azrs moklebulia: kooperativebi, rogorc samar- Tlebrivi subieqtebi, faqtobrivad, ar funqcionireben. Aaraxelsayreli sagadasaxado rejimis gamo, Kekonomikur transaqciebsi monawileebad kooperativis nacvlad misi calkeuli wevrebi gamodian. Kkooperativi, rogorc samartlebrivi subieqti mxolod qaraldze arsebobs. rogorc Tvisebrivma kvlevam ucvena, kooperativebis daslis macvenebeli funqcionirebis pirvel etapebze sakmaod maralia. 96

98 kooperativis funqcionireba, gadawyvetilebebis mireba da mogebis ganawileba dafuznebulia proporciulobis principze. Tumca, sirtule Cndeba iq, sadac sawiroa Tavisi bunebit mravalferovan resursebs Soris Tanafardobis dadgena. Kkooperativis wevrebi gaertianebis momentsi floben gansxvavebul resursebs (materialuri resursi, codna, da a.s). am resursebis RirebulebiTi Tanafardobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba ver xerxdeba. Sesabamisad, kooperativebsi ver musaobs proporciuloba, rogorc Zalauflebisa da ekonomikuri resursebis samartliani ganawilebis principi. Arogorc ukve arinisna, am problemas awydeba rogorc formalizebuli, aseve araformaluri gaertianebebi. Cvens mier Seswavlili kooperirebis SemTxvevebidan, SedarebiT mdgradi armocnda kooperativi, romelsic wevrebi daaxloebit ertnairi moculobis resursebs flobdnen (igulisxmeba, rogorc materialuri resursebi, aseve codna). xdeba Tu ara SedarebiT ufro mdgrad kooperativebsi institutebis eqspliciturad artikulirebuli TamaSis wesebis formireba? kvleva ucvenebs, rom kooperativis wevrebis urtiertobis maregulirebeli formaluri wesebi arsebobs mxolod dokumentebsi. realurad, urtiertoba kooperativis wevrebs Soris regulirdeba araformaluri wesebit. yvelaze mdgrad kooperativebsic ki ar daikvirveba TamaSis wesebis eqpsliciturad artikulirebis mcdeloba. Cvens mier mititebul warmatebul paternsi urtiertndobis, urtiertgagebis xarisxi ma- Ralia, magram ar xdeba urtiertobis TavisTavad nagulisxmevi (Taken for granted) konteqstis ufro gasageb normebad Camoyalibeba. AaseT vitarebas aqvs erti uaryofiti Sedegi: amgvari ertoba sofelsi daxurul sistemad yalibdeba da mas ar aqvs gafartoebis, soflis macxovrebeltagan axali wevrebis mirebis procedura. axali wevrebis mireba safrtxes Seuqmnis «TavisTavad nagulisxmevi» normebis myife garemos. 97

99 kooperativis amgvari Caketiloba, garkveulwilad, iwvevs kooperativis wevrebis distancirebas danarceni soflisgan. axerxeben Tu ara met-naklebad mdgradi kooperativebi ekonomikuri efeqtis mirwevas? rogorc kvlevis Sedegebi ucvenebs, kooperativebis ekonomikuri zrdis masstabebi sakmaod SezRudulia. resursebis agregirebis gzit isini axerxeben gadawyviton mciremasstabiani teqnikuri amocanebi (mag. minisarwyavi sistema), Semoitanon axali ideebi marketingis mimartulebit (mag. kartofilis SefuTva). fartomasstabian ekonomikasi CasarTavad, kooperativebs esawiroebat qvisis saatis zeda nawilsi arsebul resursebze (sakredito resursi, Know-How da a.s) xelmisawvdomoba. kooperativis wevrebi sifrtxilit da garkveuli undoblobit ekidebian qvisis saatis zeda nawiltan urtiertobas. aset damokidebulebas gansazrvravs is faqti, rom soflis meurneobasi dazrvevis aranairi sistema ar musaobs. Ggarda amisa, damokidebuleba makrodonis institutebis mimart problematuria: mat ufro xsirad potenciur safrtxed ariqvamen, vidre potenciur mokavsireebad. aseti damokidebuleba Tavis mxriv, xels uwyobs imas, rom kooperativebi «CrdilSi» yofnas aniweben upiratesobas, rac Tavis mxriv, TamaSis eqsplicituri wesebis formirebis procesistvis wamaxalisebeli ar aris. saqartvelos soflebsi, ekonomikis mikro da makro doneebs Soris arsebuli sivrce faqtobrivad carielia. Mmezodonis servisis mimwodebeli organizaciebi, romlebsac kooperativi an soflis meurneobasi moqmedi sxva aqtori potenciur mokavsired ariqvamda makrodonis institutebtan urtiertobisas, mxolod gamonaklisis saxit arsebobs. Aamgvari organizaciebis arseboba sasoflo-sameurneo kooperativebistvis Seqmnida qvisis saatis zeda nawiltan damakavsirebel instituciur meqanizmebs. rogorc saertasoriso organizaciebis adgilobrivi warmomadgenlebi miutiteben, iq sadac saertasoriso organizaciam Seqmna servisis mimwodebeli adgilobrivi 98

100 centri, sasoflo-sameurneo kooperativebi mdgradobis da ganvitarebis uketes macveneblebs UaCvenebs. mocemuli qvetavis Sejamebis saxit SevecdebiT vupasuxot kitxvas: ris gamo ver qmnis sofeli mdgradi tipis gaertianebebs, romlebic mis ketildreobas Seuwyobda xels? es soflis socialuri kapitalis sisustis Sedegia Tu gare faqtorebis gavlena? rogorc kvlevam acvena, soflis socialuri kapitali qmnis SesaZleblobas sakontraqto urtiertobebis Sesaqmnelad, vinaidan is mkafiod akavsirebs ertmanettan resursebis garkveul tips, resursis Sesaqmnelad sawiro TanamSromlobis formasa da ganwyobas. yvelaze problematuria is TanamSromloba, romelic miznad isaxavs gare resursebis mozidvas, gare normebis gamoyenebasa da gare sanqciebze dafuznebas TanamSromlobis gasamyareblad. sofeli "susti mxarea" am gare urtiertobebis konteqstsi da misi socialuri kapitali, xsirad uzluria, mis sawinaarmdegod moqmedi gavlenebis gadalaxvisas. gamovlinda amgvari gare gavlenebis sami tipi: a. resursi, romelic sofelma SeiZleba saerto siketis Sesaqmnelad garedan mozidos, mas ergeba ara rogorc ufleba, aramed rogorc privilegia (granti an sacuqari). es faqtori asustebs soflis Sekrulobis gavlenas da zrdis privilegiebis faqtors mastan mimartebasi. b. reputacia, simboluri kapitali, romelic soflis gaertianebam SesaZloa moipovos, sakmarisad ar fasobs, vinaidan garemo arastabiluria, riskebi ar aris dazrveuli da stabiluri sakontraqto urtiertobebi ar aris damkvidrebuli; sxva sityvebit, bazari ar "bazrobs". g. agraruli ekonomika "ordoniania", misi formalizebuli zeda done naklebad xelsayrelia qveda doneze TamaSis wesebis dasalageblad. sagadasaxado inspeqcia, sasamartlo, banki da sxva dawesebulebebi, romlebtanac agrarul kooperativs SesaZloa hqondes urtiertoba, ver asrulebs "mesame mxaris" funqcias kooperativis Sida utanxmoebis SemTxvevaSi, sakontraqto urtiertobebis dacvasi. isini ufro ganixileba rogorc mxare, romelmac sakutari interesebidan gamomdinare, SesaZloa, kooperativs sirtuleebi Seuqmnas. amdenad, urtiertobebis formalizeba 99

101 kooperativistvis ufro metad riskis gazrdis faqtorad ariqmeba, vidre sakontraqto urtiertobebis dazrvevad. 100

102 Tavi 6. daskvnebi da rekomendaciebi Semdgomi reformebistvis 6.1. kvlevis Sedegebis mokle Sejameba socialuri kapitali, mocemul kvlevasi, modelirebuli iyo, rogorc sami ganwyobis: solidarobis, ndobisa da loialobis ertoba - anu vitareba, rodesac sazogadoebasi es sami elementi Zlieria da ertmanettan "rezonirebs". socialuri kapitalit mdidari sazogadoeba axerxebs stabilur instituciur funqcionirebas da ganvitarebas garedan gadametebuli dazalebis garese. Tuki socialuri kapitalis elementebi sustia an gare instituciuri zegavlenebi massi sapirispiro tendenciebs acens, sazogadoeba kargavs efeqturobas an izens "qvisis saatis" formas, romlis zeda da qveda nawils Soris Cndeba resursebis ierarqia, da ara mati gacvla. mocemuli modelis instrumentalizaciam soflad arsebuli ekonomikuri urtiertobebis, TanamSrolobis formebisa da ganwyobebis sakvlevad gamoavlina socialuri kapitalis am sami komponentis Sesatyvisi ganwyobebi, romlebsac Sekruloba, ndoba da reputacia ewoda. kvlevit gamovlenili urtiertobebi da socialuri kapitalis Semadgeneli elementebi SeiZleba grafikulad Semdegnairad warmovidginot: Sekruloba + ndoba reputacia 101

103 am sqemis vertikaluri ganzomileba Seesabameba soflis unars Seqmnas saerto sikete, gamoimusavos saerto azri, miiros gadawyvetilebebi da ganaxorcielos TviTmmarTveloba. rac ufro marla mdebareobs sofeli am ganzomilebasi, mit ufro metadaa is Sekruli. sqemis marcxena horizontaluri ganzomileba Seesabameba TanasoflelTa unars itanamsromlon kerzo interesebidan gamomdinare, awarmoon damatebuli Rirebuleba Sromis, informaciisa da sxva, mat gankargvasi arsebuli resursebis gacvlis gzit. rac ufro maralia sofelsi ganzogadebuli ndoba da rac ufro mkacrad isjebian isini, vinc soflis dauwerel wesebs pativs ar scems, mit ufro warmatebit TanamSromloben adamianebi ertmanettan. sqemis marjvena nawilsi gantavsebuli wre ucvenebs sofelsi iseti TanamSromlobis SesaZleblobas, romlis monawileebs aqvt saerto, gare resursebis mopovebaze mimartuli interesebi; am interesebis dakmayofileba damokidebulia partniorta mier valdebulebebis Sesrulebaze, da am valdebulebebisadmi loialobaze. rac ufro maralia gare resursebis mopovebisken swrafva, mit ufro met yuradrebas aqceven sofelsi kargi reputaciis, da, Sesabamisad, sando partnioris imijs. mocemuli sqema sasargebloa imistvis rata Tavi movuyarot kvlevis ZiriTad mignebebs da gavcet pasuxi kitxvebs: rogoria soflis socialuri urtiertobebi? ramdenad Zlieria sofelsi socialuri kapitali da ra aferxebs soflad ufro intensiur ekonomikur da politikur kooperirebas? 1. soflebi ertmanetisgan gansxvavdebian Sekrulobis macveneblebit da ertoblivi jgufuri moqmedebis unarit; 2. rac ufro metad sjerat soflis mcxovreblebs, rom ekonomikuri resursebistvis konkurencia samartliania da ojaxebis ketildreoba mative Sromis da unarebis Sedegia, da ara daumsaxurebeli privile- 102

104 giebis, mit ufro maralia soflis Sekrulobis macvenebeli; 3. soflis Sekruloba da individebis ketildreoba ertmanets wrfivad ukavsirdeba mesame faqtoris ndobis marali macveneblis arsebobis SemTxveva- Si; Tu sofelsi ndobis marali macvenebelia, soflis Sekruloba pirdapir aisaxeba misi mosaxleobis ketildreobaze; 4. adamianebis mimart ndoba gacilebit maralia iq, sadac sofels gaacnia saerto sazovari da soflis naxiris ertoblivad gamozovebis damkvidrebuli praqtika. saerto sakutrebis arseboba da misi ertoblivad gankargvis tradicia xels uwyobs TanasoflelTa Soris urtiertsasargeblo TanamSromlobasa da ucxo adamianebis mimart ndobit ganwyobas; 5. Sekruli soflebi gacilebit metad arian dainteresebulni TviTmmarTvelobis ganxorcielebit, vidre is soflebi, romlebic sakutari problemebis gadawrasa da saerto azris gamomusavebas ver axerxeben; 6. soflad arsebobs ekonomikuri utanasworoba, magram es faqtori xels ar uslis soflis Sekrulobas da ar iwvevs soflis antagonistur stratifikacias. sofeli socialurad sakmaod integrirebulia, mas- Si ar daikvirveba interesta konfliqti, romelic soflis SigniT myar, mafiis an socialuri klasis msgavs dajgufebebs Seqmnida; 7. Tu soflis mcxovrebelebs sjerat, rom kargi reputacia warmatebis mirwevis aucilebeli pirobaa, mat aqvt meti stimuli Seqmnan sajaro/formalizebuli asociaciebi romlebic sofels akavsirebs mis garet arsebul resursebtan; 8. soflis qselur urtiertobebs gaacnia "kvanzebi" -e.w. "sazmakaco" - SedarebiT mwidro urtiertobebis mqone viwro jgufebi; am jgufebis safuzvelze soflad daikvirveba ekonomikuri kooperaciis mcdelobebi, romlebic, rogorc wesi, droebiti da arastabiluria. zogadad, jgufuri SekavSirebis grzelvadiani meqanizmebi 103

105 soflad sustia; igrznoba kerzo interesebis primati jgufuri interesebis Seqmnis mcdelobebze. 9. soflad arsebobs formalizebuli gaertianebebis Seqmnis araerti magaliti, amgvari gaertianebebis inicireba, ZiriTadad, xdeba gare aqtorebis zegavlenit da zogjer mati usualo mediaciita da waxalisebit; amgvari gaertianebebis mdgradobis macvenebeli ma- Rali ar aris; arsebul ekonomikuri, politikuri Tu samartlebrivi instituciur sivrcesi amgvar gaertianebebs stabiluri funqcia da ekonomikuri racionaloba ar amyarebs rekomendaciebi Semdgomi reformebistvis dresdreobit, sofeli dgas axali reformebis gatarebis aucileblobis winase. es reformebi mit ufro efeqturi iqneba, rac ufro kargad moergeba soflad arsebul vitarebas, daefuzneba soflis socialur kapitals da soflis socialur struqturas. umtavresi gasatarebeli reformebi Seexeba TviTmmarTvelobis danergvas soflis doneze, meurneobebis gamsxvilebisken mimartul zomebs da sasoflo warmoebistvis myari da xelsayreli garemos Seqmnas, regulirebis axali wesebis danergvas. reformebis efeqturoba da mdgradoba damokidebuli iqneba axali institutebis mimartebaze soflis socialuri kapitalis struqturastan. iq, sadac daikvirveba pozitiuri mimarteba socialur kapitalsa, "TamaSis wesebsa" da mat mier warmoebul resursebs Soris, sawiroa am resursebisa da TamaSis wesebis gamyareba da dacva. xolo iq, sadac Cndeba "viwro yeli", romelic asaxavs winaarmdegobebs TamaSis wesebsi da artulebs soflistvis sawiro resursis Tavsebadobas mis socialur kapitaltan, aucilebelia regulireba, romelic am resurss soflis motxovnilebebs miusadagebs. 104

106 1. TviTmmarTveloba rogorc kvlevam acvena, yvela sofeli Tanabrad ar aris mzad TviTmmarTvelobisTvis. Uufro metad Sekruli da socialurad warmatebuli soflebi SeZleben sakutari problemebis damoukideblad mogvarebas, danarcen soflebs ki aklia saerto problemebis mogvarebis araformaluri praqtika da Sida Tanxmoba. amdenad, mat urcevniat sakutar Tavze naklebi pasuxismgebloba airon. isini saxelmwifos imedze ufro arian. Sesabamisad, soflis martvis modelebis SerCevisas, uketesi iqneba, Tu soflebs miecemat arcevani TviTmmarTvelobis or models Soris Sesabamisad, marali da dabali pasuxismgeblobit. imisatvis, rom TviTmmarTvelma institutebma uket imusaos, aucilebelia, rom amgvarma institutebma ar Seqmnas soflad privilegiebis mopovebis axali gzebi. rac ufro meti privilegirebuli individi iqneba soflad, mit ufro rtuli iqneba soflis socialuri kapitalis CarTva TviTmmarTvelobis ganxorcielebasi.a socialuri kapitalis CarTvas xels Seuwyobs TviTmmarTvelobis SigniT pasuxismgeblobebis xsiri rotacia da aucilebeli kompetenciebis minimumamde dayvana. soflis TviTmmarTvelobas unda hqondes kompetencia moaxdinos im araformaluri normebisa da wesebis formalizeba, romlebic soflad sakutrebit davebtan arsebul normebs exeba. sakutrebiti urtiertobebis regulireba, romelic arsebobs centralur doneze, unda itvaliswinebdes soflebis da, SesaZloa, municipalitetebistvis amgvari prerogativebis miniwebis SesaZleblobas. 2. saerto sakutreba, meurneobebis gamsxvileba rogorc kvlevam acvena, miwis saerto resursis arseboba (sazovari) da am resursit ertoblivi sargeblobis praqtika pozitiurad aisaxeba soflis socialur cxovrebaze, zrdis socialur kapitals da xels 105

107 uwyobs TanasoflelTa Soris urtiertmomgebian Tanam- Sromlobas. sadac es SesaZlebelia, sofels unda gadaeces gankargvasi an sakutrebasi miwa, romelic soflis sazovris funqcias Seasrulebs. sazovrisgan gansxvavebit, tyis movla respondentebis azrit, saxelmwifos valdebulebas Seadgens. SesaZlebelia, tyisa da wylis resursebis movla-patronoba municipalitetis doneze iyos yvelaze efeqturi. saerto sakutreba da kooperaciuli, jgufuri sakutreba sruliad gansxvavebulad ariqmeba soflad da ertis meoreti Canacvleba araefeqturi iqneboda. saerto sakutrebisgan gansxvavebit, kooperaciuli sakutreba ar aris kargad damkvidrebuli soflad. sakutrebis am formastan mimartebasi TanamSromlobis formebi isviatia da susti. kooperaciis waxaliseba, romelic miwebis gamsxvilebas Seuwyobs xels, TanamSromlobis eqsplicituri wesebis danergvis aucileblobastanaa dakavsirebuli. amgvari wesebi SesabamisobaSi unda iyos soflad arsebul araformalur normebtan da mati arsrulebis garantiebi mkafiod unda iyos gansazrvruli axali kanonmdeblobit, imis gatvaliswinebit, rom soflis mosaxleoba, zogadad, negatiuradaa ganwyobili kooperirebis mimart. SesaZloa, servisebis mirebasa da produqciis gasarebaze orientirebuli kooperirebaufro warmatebuli armocndes, produqciis warmoebis procesze orientirebul kooperirebastan SedarebiT. 3. sasoflo warmoebistvis myari da xelsayreli garemos Seqmna, regulirebis axali wesebis danergva imistvis, rom SesaZlebeli gaxdes soflad arsebuli miwisa da SromiTi resursis produqtiulobis zrda, sawiroa stabiluri garemos Seqmna, saxelmwifos mier resursebis akumulirebastan dakavsirebuli riskebis dazrvevaze mimartuli politikis gatareba. es musaoba ar ifargleba sakanonmdeblo da ekonomikuri zomebit. misi ert-erti komponentia simboluri ka- 106

108 pitali, brendireba, romelic soflis mosaxleobasi stabilurobis gancdas gaacens da axali wesebit Tama- Sis met stimuls miscems. ori atwleulis ganmavlobasi damkvidrebuli sabazro stereotipebi negatiurad aisaxa TanamSromlobis SesaZleblobisa da misi perspeqtivebis arqmaze soflis mosaxloebis mier. mosaxleobas ar aqvs molodini, rom saxelmwifom, SesaZloa, jgufuri sakutrebis riskebis dazrvevaze orintirebuli politika gaataros. mizanmimartuli musaoba, romelic axali normebisa da realobebis popularizebas xels Seuwyobs, reformebis aucilebeli komponenti unda iyos. TamaSis axali wesebis droiti horizonti unda iyos grzelvadiani da instituciurad mkafiod gansazrvruli. soflis doneze arsebul mikro donisa, da qveynis masstabit arsebul makro institutebs Soris carieli instituciuri sivrcis Sevsebis ert-erti gzaa mezo donis institutebis Seqmna da ganvitareba. amgvarma organizaciebma unda uzrunvelyon "viwro yelis" gafartoeba da daakavsiron sofeli mis garet arsebul samyarostan. rogoric ar unda iyos es organizaciebi - qvevidan Seqmnili gaertianebebi Tu zevidan inicirebuli servisebis mimwodeblebi, saxelmwifo unda gaxdes mati stabiluri funqcionirebis da, Sesabamisad, reputaciis mdgradobis garanti. 107

109 bibliografia 1. Anderson, Lisa R., Jennifer M. Mellor and Jeffrey Milyo Social Capital and Contributions in a Public-Goods Experiment. The American Economic Review, Vol. 94, No. 2, Papers and Proceedings of the One Hundred Sixteenth Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association San Diego, CA, January 3-5, (May, 2004), pp Arrow K. J Social Choice and Individual Values. New York: John Wiley and Sons. 3. Babajanian, Babken V 'Social Capital and Community Participation in Post-Soviet Armenia: Implications for Policy and Practice', Europe-Asia Studies, 60: 8, Banfield, Edward. C "The Moral Basis of a Backward Society", Free Press. 5. Berggren, Niclas, Henrik Jordahl Free to Trust? Economic Freedom and Social Capital. Working paper 2005:2. Department of Economics Uppsala University. 6. Bezemer, Dirk, Junior Davis Rural Non-Farm Economy Project The Rural Non-Farm Economy in Georgia: Overvie of Findings NRI Report No: Bradbury, Helen A Lessons Learned. Review of Different Approaches to the Group Organisation of Agricultural Service Providers and Producers in Samtskhe-Javakheti, Akhaltsikhe, Georgia, CARE, DfID. 8. Brondizio, Eduardo S., Ostrom, Elinor. Oran R. Young Connectivity and the Governance of Multilevel Social-Ecological Systems: The Role of Social Capital. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resourc. 34: Coase, Ronald H The Nature of the Firm. In: Economica, New Series, Volume 4, Issue 16 (Nov.), Coleman, James S Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital. The American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 94, Supplement: Organizations and Institutions: Sociological and Economic Approaches to the Analysis of Social Structure.pp. S95-S Cordonnier, Christophe EU Export Market Conditions for the Realisation of the Competitive Advantages of Georgian Agricultural Products. Policy paper. GEPLAC 108

110 er% pdf. 12. Dragadze, Tamara Rural Families in Soviet Georgia : A Case Study in Ratcha Province. Taylor & Francis 13. Dudwick, Nora, Elizabeth Gomart, and Alexandre Marc (Ed.) When Things Fall Apart. Qualitative Studies of Poverty in the Former Soviet Union, The Intemational Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank. 14. Ebanoidze,J Current land policy issues in Georgia. Land reform, land settlement and cooperatives. Special edition. FAO. 2003/ Farrell Henry, Jack Knight Trust, Institutions, and Institutional Change: Industrial Districts and the Social Capital Hypothesis Politics & Society, Vol. 31 No. 4, December, Gardner, Bruce, Zvi Lerman Agricultural Cooperative Enterprise in the Transition from Socialist Collective Farming. Journal Of Rural Cooperation, 34(1): Georgia. Reform in the food and agriculture sector. A World Bank Country Study. WB Gogodze Joseph, Iddo Kan Ayal Kimhi Development of Individual Farming in Georgia: Descriptive Analysis and Comparisons. MPRA Paper No , posted 23. November 19. Gogodze, Joseph, Iddo Kan, Ayal Kimhi. Land Reform and Rural Well Beingin the Republic of Georgia: The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Discussion Paper No Gogodze. Joseph Individual farming in transition economies. In: Individual farms in Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States. Ed. David Sedik. FAO Rome. 21. Descriptive Analysis and Comparisons MPRA Paper No , posted 23. November Habermas, Jurgen The Theory of Communicative Action. V 2. Lifeworld and System: A Critique of Functionalist Reason, Beacon Press. 23. Hagedorn, Konrad.(2004). Property rights reform on agricultural land in Central and Eastern Europe. Quarterly Journal of International Agriculture 43 No. 4: Hardin, Russell Trust and Trustworthiness. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. 109

111 25. Howard, Marc Morjй The Weakness of Civil Society in Post- Communist Europe Cambridge University Press. 26. Inkeles, A. (2000). Measuring Social Capital and its Consequences, Policy Sciences, 33: Kan Iddo, Ayal Kimhi. Farm output, non-farm income and commercialization in rural Georgia. Electronic Journal of Agricultural and Development Economics. Agricultural and Development Economics Division (ESA) FAO Vol. 3, No. 2, 2006, pp , 28. Khan, Shahrukh Rafi ; Zeb Rifaqat, and Sajid Kazmi, Harnessing And Guiding Social Capital For Rural Development, Palgrave Macmillan. 29. Kumlin, Staffan, Bo Rothstein Making and Breaking Social Capital: The Impact of Welfare State Institutions. Comparative Political Studies 38: 339 SAGE. 30. Lee, Cheol-Sung, Welfare States and Social Trust, Comparative Political StudiesXX(X) 1 28 SAGE. 31. Letki, Natalia, Evans, Geoffrey Endogenizing Social Trust: Democratization in East-Central Europe. British Journal of Political Science. 35, Lin Nan Social Capital A Theory of Social Structure and Action Cambridge University Press. 33. Losaberidze, David, David Melua, David Narmaina Development of local democracy in Georgia. Annual report. OSGF. 34. Mercy Corps Georgia. July Understanding the Legacy of Community Mobilization. Georgia Field Study 35. Muskhelishvili, Marina The Reform of Self Government. In: Neighborhood policy of EU and Georgia. FES/OSGF/CORDAID, Tbilisi 36. Muskhelishvili, Marina (2011): Institutional change and social stability in Georgia, Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 11:3, Muskhelishvili, Marina Social Dialogue in Georgia. Tbilisi: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung. 38. Narayan, Deepa Bonds and Bridges: Social Capital And Poverty, Poverty Group, Prem World Bank July. 39. North, Douglass C., et al, Violence and Social Order. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 110

112 40. North, Douglass C Understanding the Process of Economic Change. Princeton University Press. 41. North, Douglass C Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance (Political Economy of Institutions and Decisions). Cambridge University Press. 42. Olson, Mancur The Logics of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups.Harvard University Press. 43. Ostrom, Elinor and Hess, Charlotte, (2007). "Private and Common Property Rights". Library. Paper Ostrom, Elinor Collective action and the evolution of social norms. The journal of Economic Perspectives, V 14 N 3, pp Ostrom, Elinor, Joanna Burger, Christopher B. Field, Richard B. Norgaard, David Policansky Revisiting the Commons: Local Lessons, Global Challenges. Science 284, Ostrom, Elinor Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions forcollective Action. Cambridge University Press. 47. Paldam, Martin Social capital: one or many? Definition and measurment. In Sayer, Stuart. Issues in New Political Economy (Surveys of Recent Research in Economics Wiley-Blackwell 48. Putnam, Robert D Making Democracy Work, Civic Traditions in Modern Italy, Princeton University Press 49. Rawls, John, A Theory of Justice. Original Edition. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. 50. Revishvili Zurab, Henry W. Kinnucan Agricultural Problems In Georgia And Strategic Policy Responses. In: The Role of Agriculture in Central and Eastern European Rural Development: Engine of Change or Social Buffer? Martin Petrick, Peter Weingarten (eds.) Studies on the Agricultural and Food Sector in Central and Eastern Europe, Vol. 25, Halle (Saale), IAMO, pp Rose, Richard Postcommunism and the Problem of Trust, Journal of Democracy, V.5, N.3, 52. Rozelle Scott and Johan F. M. Swinnen Success and Failure of Reform: Insights from the Transition of Agriculture. Journal of Economic Literature, Vol. 42, No. 2 (Jun.), pp Seligman, Adam The Problem of Trust. Princeton University Press, 54. Serageldin, Ismail (Editor), Partha Dasgupta (Editor) Social 111

113 Capital: A Multifaceted Perspective. World Bank Publications. 55. De Soto, Hernando The Mystery of Capital: Why Capitalism Triumphs in the West and Fails Everywhere Else. Basic Books. 56. Tilly, Charles Trust and Rule. Cambridge University Press 57. Warren, E. Mark The nature and logic of bad social capital. In: Castiglione Dario Jan W. Van Deth And Guglielmo Wolleb (Ed.). The Handbook Of Social Capital. Oxford University Press. pp Williamson, Oliver E: The economic institutions of capitalism, New York. 59. WORLD BANK, Georgia Poverty Assessment, Washington D.C., World Bank, Human Development Sector Unit, April, 178 p.[report n GE]. 60. arcvaze, ioseb, meqvabisvili elguja saqartvelos soflis meurneobis Tanamedrove mdgomareoba da ganvitarebis perspeqtivebi. ivane javaxisvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis samecniero praqtikuli Jurnali, nomeri 6, noemberi-dekemberi, gv gogoxia, revaz agrosasursato seqtoris prioritetuli ganvitareba saqartvelosi sistemuri ekonomikuri krizisis dazlevis sawindari. soflis meurneobis mdgradi ganvitarebis prioritetebi da ganvitarebis gzebi, iv. javaxisvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti, Sromebis krebuli, gv didebulize, aleqsandre soflis meurneobis ganvitareba saqartvelosi: problemebi da perspeqtivebi. gaertianebuli erebis ganvitarebis programa, sadiskusio werilebis seria, 5, Tbilisi. 63. efeqtiani mmartvelobis sistemis da teritoriuli mowyobis reformis centri, decentralizacia saqartvelosi, arsebuli mdgomareoba da perspeqtivebi "aradani", 64. ekonomikuri politikis kvlevis centri. saqartvelos ekonomikis perspeqtiva,

114 65. koruasvili, paata agraruli reforma: Sedegebi da perspeqtivebi. Tbilisi. 66. losaberize, davit, davit narmania, vaxtang xmalaze (red). saqartvelosi adgilobrivi demokratiis ganvitarebis wliuri angarisi ( wlebi), Ria sazogadoeba - saqartvelo, Tbilisi. 67. melua, davit qartuli sofeli gardamaval periodsi, Ria sazogadoebis institutis mecnieruli kvlevebis xelsewyobis programa, Tbilisi. 68. nacvlisvili, beqa sameurneo kooperirebis Camoyalibebis Taviseburebani qartul sofelsi. soflis meurneobis mdgradi ganvitarebis prioritetebi da ganvitarebis gzebi, iv. javaxisvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti, Sromebis krebuli, gv revisvili, zurab saqartvelos sasoflo Sinameurneobebi: formireba, problemebi. soflis meurneobis mdgradi ganvitarebis prioritetebi da ganvitarebis gzebi, iv. javaxisvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti, Sromebis krebuli, gv _eklund.html t_ pdf 113

115 danarti soflis gamokitxva, analizis dros gamoyenebuli monacemebi (sixsiruli ganawileba) A1. Tu Tqveni soflis ekonomikur mdgomareobas SevadarebT Tqveni regionis sxva soflebs, qvemot CamoTvlilTagan romel kategorias miakutvnebdit mas? 1. mdidari sofeli -1% 2. met-naklebad mdidari sofeli 7.2% 3. sasualo SeZlebis sofeli 63% 4. Raribi sofeli _ ukiduresad Raribi sofeli 1% 99. miwirs pasuxis gacema ( ar waukitxot) A2. Cveni qveyana bolo oci wlis ganmavlobasi seriozul cvlilebebs ganicdida. rogor SeafasebdiT, am mxriv, mdgomareobas Tqvens sofelsi qveyanasi arsebul mdgomareobastan mimartebasi? (miecit barati) 1. bolo wlebsi qveyana da Cemi sofeli metwilad swori mimartulebit vitardeboda 42.5% 2. bolo wlebsi qveyana swori mimartulebit vi- Tardeboda, Tumca Cems sofels es ar daetyo 42.8% 3. bolo wlebsi qveyana swori mimartulebit ar midioda, Tumca Cemi soflis cxovreba lagdeboda 9.7% 4. bolo wlevsi rogorc mtlianad qveyana, aseve Cemi sofeli, araswori mimartulebit midioda 2.8% 99. miwirs pasuxis gacema - 2.2% A4. qvemot CamoTvlili ori debulebidan, romeli ufro kargad arwers Tqveni soflis mdgomareobas? 1. ojaxebi Cvens sofelsi met-naklebad ertnairi ekonomikuri mdgomareobis arian 65.8% 114

116 2. gansxvaveba SeZlebulebsa da Raribebs Soris sagrznobia 32.7% 99. miwirs pasuxis gacema 1.5% zogiert sofelsi aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac gansxvavebul jgufebs naklebad gamosdit ertmanettan urtiertoba da ertmanetisgan Sors dgomas amjobineben. Aaxla me CamogiTvliT jgufebs da gtxovt mipasuxet, Tqvens sofelsi am jgufebs Soris urtiertoba harmoniuli da uproblemoa, isini ertmanetisgan Sors dgomas amjobineben Tu mat Soris konfliqtebic xdeba? jgufebi urtiertobebi uproble moa (%) ertmanetis gan Sors uwiravt Tavi Kzogjer konfliq tebic xdeba problema soflis- Tvis aralevanturia (ar waukitxot) miwirs pasuxis gacema (ar waukitxot A5.1 sxvadasxva erovnebis adamianebi A5.2 sxvadasxva religiis mimdevari adamianebi A5.3 xelisuflebastan daax- loebuli adamianebi da danarceni sofeli A5.4 SeZlebulebi da Raribebi A5.5 axalgazrdebi da ufro- si Taoba A5.6 sxvadasxva

117 partiis mxardamwerebi A5.7 soflis Zveli mkvidri mosaxleoba da axlad dasaxlebuleb A5.8 sxvadasxva sanatesaos warmomadgenl. A5.9 sxvadasxva ubnis warmomadgen lebi A6. soflebi ertmanetisgan gansxvavdebian sxvadasxva TvalsazrisiT. zogiert sofelsi ufro meti Tanasworoba da Sekrulobaa. zogiert sofelsi ki arian jgufebi an adamianebi, romlebsac ufro meti Zalaufleba da meti gavlena aqvt soflis cxovrebaze. rogor arwerdit Tqveni soflis mgomareobas am TvalsazrisiT? 1. sofelsi ZiriTadad Tanasworobaa % Tu 2. arseboben meti Zalauflebis mqone adamianebi (jgufebi) 1.2% 99. miwirs pasuxis gacema 1 % A7. qvemot mocemuli ori debulebidan romeli ufro miesadageba Tqveni soflis situacias? 1. soflis macxovrebelta umravlesoba Zalisxmevas ar isurebs, rodesac soflis saerto saqmea mosagvarebeli 68.2% Tu 116

118 2. macxovrebelta umravlesoba ufro metad sakutar ojaxebsia Caketili da ufro metad sakutari ojaxebis ketildreobaze zrunavs 29.5% 99. miwirs pasuxis gacema 2.3% A8. qvemot mocemuli sami situaciidan romeli ufro xsirad xdeba Tqvens sofelsi Tu arsebobs azrta sxvadasxvaoba saerto interesebtan/ saqmestan dakavsirebuli problemis irgvliv? 1. Tanasoflelebi axerxeben sxvadasxva azris Sejerebas da ertsulovnad moqmedebas 55.7% 2. bevri Tanasofleli Tavisi azris gatanas cdilobs da ertsulovnad moqmedebas ver axerxeben 30.5% 3. Tanasoflelebi cdiloben gadawyvetilebis mireba ufro avtoritetul adamianebs an xelisufebis warmomadgenlebs miandon 11.7% 99. miwirs pasuxis gacema 2.2% A9. qvemot mocemuli ori debulebidan, Tqven romel debulebas ufro etanxmebit? 1. sofelsi bevria iseti problema, romelta mogvarebas TviTon soflis macxovreblebi SeZlebdnen, ufro meti TviTmmarTveloba rom iyos 28.3% Tu 2. soflis problemebis mogvarebas sofeli ver SeZlebs, xelisuflebam ufro meti ram unda airos Tavis Tavze 70.5% 99. miwirs pasuxis gacema 1.2% A10. qvemot CamoTvlilTagan romeli ufro metad miesadageba Tqveni soflis situacias? 1. soflis saerto azrs didi Zala aqvs, Tu adamiani soflis azris sawinaarmdegod iqceva, mas gauwirdeba sofelsi cxovreba 60.8% Tu 117

119 2. adamianebi naklebad uweven angariss soflis azrs, yvelas SeuZlia ise moiqces, rogorc TviTon Tvlis sawirod. Aamis gamo mati sofelsi cxovreba ar rtuldeba 36.5% 99. miwirs pasuxis gacema 2.7% A11. rogor axsnit im faqts, rom dresdreobit zogierti adamiani an ojaxi ufro SeZlebulia, zogi ki ufro gawirvebuli? 1. SedarebiT SeZlebulebi ufro mets Sromoben da uketesad ureben alros cxovrebas, Raribebi ki ufro zarmacebi arian 55.5% Tu 2. Sroma da unari naklebad gansazrvravs ekonomikur warmatebas, is adamianebi ufro SeZlebulia, romlebmac sxvadasxva gzebit privilegiebis mopoveba SeZles 41% 99. miwirs pasuxis gacema 3.5% A12. davusvat, sofelsi dazianda raime obieqti (mag. eleqtrogadamcemi bozi, sarwyavi arxi, gza, xidi) da SesaZlebelia soflis mcxovrebelta saerto ZalisxmeviT misi SekeTeba, Tqveni azrit, Tqveni soflis mosaxleobis ra nawili gamova dazianebuli obieqtis Sesake- Teblad? 1. gamova soflis mosaxleobis umravlesoba 66% 2. gamova mosaxleobis mxolod erti nawili, bevri ecdeba sxvebis xarjze gamozvres 32.3% 99. miwirs pasuxis gacema 1.7% A13. Tu dazianebuli obieqtis SesakeTeblad sawiro iqneba fulis Segroveba, Tqveni azrit, rogor moiqceva soflis mosaxleoba? 1. umravlesoba patiosnad dadebs imdens, ramdenic SeuZlia 65.8% 118

120 2. bevri ecdeba Tavi aaridos fulis dadebas da sxvebis xarjze gamozvres 29% 99. miwirs pasuxis gacema 5.2% A14. musaobs Tu ara (an umusavia Tu ara) Tu ara Tqvens sofelsi arasamtavrobo organizacia (an asociacia), romelsac ucxoelebi exmarebian ( an daexmarnen)? 1. diax 18.2% 2. ara % 99. ar vici 19% A16. xart Tu ara Tqven am organizaciis wevri? 1. diax 4.6% 2. ara pasuxi ar aris (monacemebi datvlilia im respondenttagan, romlebic amboben, rom aseti organizacia mat sofelsi aris). A17. qvemot mocemuli ori debulebidan romeli ufro kargad gamoxatavs Tqveni soflis mosaxleobis umravlesobis damokidebulebas am organizaciis mimart? 1. arasamtavrobo organizacia (asociacia) sasargeblo saqmes aketebs da soflis mosaxleobis ZiriTadi nawili dadebitadaa ganwyobili mis mimart 91.7% 2. arasamtavrobo organizaciis liderebi Ziri- Tadad sakutari interesebis dakmayofilebas cdiloben, amitom sofelsi mati avtoriteti marali ar aris 8.3% 99. miwirs pasuxis gacema 0 (monacemebi datvlilia im respondenttagan, romlebic amboben, rom aseti organizacia mat sofelsi aris). 119

121 B1. qvemot CamoTvlili debulebebidan romeli ufro kargad asaxavs Tqveni sofelsi arsebul vitarebas: (miecit barati) 1. soflis mosaxleobis didi nawili drodadro ertad ikribeba soflis saerto problemebze samsjelod da mat mosagvareblad 24% 2. soflis mosaxleoba ufro metad patara jgufebad ikribeba da msjelobs soflis saerto problemebze TavSeyris adgilebsi - birjaze, saxlebsi, ertmanettan Sexvedrisas 70.5% 3. soflis mosaxleoba naklebad aris CarTuli soflis problemebis Sesaxeb msjelobasi - 4.8% 99. miwirs pasuxis gacema 0.7% B2. ramdenad xsirad mohyveba xolme amgvar msjelobas saerto xedvis gamomusaveba ama Tu im problemis mogvarebis gzis Taobaze? 1. TiTqmis yoveltvis 7.4% 2. xsirad 49.7% 3. isviatad 34.8% 4. arasodes 2.3% 99. miwirs pasuxis gacema 3.5% B3. SegiZliaT Tu ara gaixsenot SemTxveva, rodesac soflis mosaxleoba ar etanxmeboda xelisuflebis raime gadawyvetilebas da ertoblivad gamoxata protesti? (SesaZlebelia ertze meti pasuxi) 9.9% 1. diax, vardebis revoluciis Semdeg 9.5% 2. diax, SevardnaZis mmartvelobis periodsi 3. diax, ufro adre 2.3.% 4. aseti SemTxvevebi ar maxsendeba 78.3% B5. SegiZliaT Tu ara gaixsenot SemTxveva, rodesac soflis mosaxleobam ertoblivad mimarta xelisuflebas rame TxovniT, peticiit an winadadebit? (SesaZlebelia ertze meti pasuxi) 120

122 2.7% 1. diax, vardebis revoluciis Semdeg 21.8% 2. diax, SevardnaZis mmartvelobis periodsi 3. diax, ufro adre 0.3% 4. aseti SemTxvevebi ar maxsendeba 75.2% B7. sad ikribeba xolme soflis mosaxleobis didi nawili ufro xsirad? (gtxovt SemoxazoT mxolod ori pasuxi) 1. soflis klubi 4.6% 2. eklesia 5.4% 3. soflis e.w. birja % 4. stadioni 2.6% 5. soflis skola 9.5% 6. soflis restorani, duqani da a.s. 5.1% 7. sxva 13% B8. arsebobs Tu ara Tqvens sofelsi tradiciuli dresaswaulebi (religiuri an saero), romlebsi monawileobs soflis macxovrebelta udidesi nawili? 1. diax 90.8% 2. ara 9% 99. miwirs pasuxis gacema 0.2 B9. arsebobs Tu ara Tqvens sofelsi Semdegi dauwereli wesi? Tu vinme saxls an miwas hyidis, man pirvel rigsi mezoblebs unda SesTavazos 1. diax 57.2% 2. ara 32% 99. miwirs pasuxis gacema 10.8% sofelsi bevri saqme saertoa da ramdenime an bevri ojaxis interesebs exeba. zogiert sofelsi amgvar saqmeebs aregulirebs e.w. dauwereli kanonebi, adat-wesebi, Cveulebebi da soflis macxovreblebi cdiloben misdion am 121

123 wesebs. Aaxla me CamogiTvliT garkveul Sem- Txvevebsa da saqmianobebs da gtxovt mipasuxet, arsebobs Tu ara Tqvens sofelsi amgvari dauwereli wesebi da ramdenad misdevs mat sofeli? arsebobs dauwereli wesebi, Cveulebebi romlebsac TiTqmis yvela misdevs (%) Aarsebobs dauwereli wesebi, Cveulebebi, magram mat xsirad ar- Rveven dauwereli wesebi da Cveulebebi ar arsebobs Ees problema Cvens sofels ar exeba miwirs pasuxis gacema B10.1 naxiris rigrigobit mwyemsva B10.2 soflis sa- ZovariT sargeblobis wesi (ojaxze Zroxebis raodenoba, gadasaxadis gadaxda) B10.3 mdinaresi, tbasi TevzWera B10.4 tyit sargebloba, SeSis momarageba B10.5 sarwyavi (sadrenaje) arxebis movla-patronoba

124 B10.6 Ufulis Segroveba ga- WirvebaSi CavardnilTTavis B10.7 soflis saerto saqmis- Tvis ufaso fizikuri Sroma (mag. gzis, xidis SekeTeba) B10.8 soflis saerto saqmis- Tvis Tanxis Segroveba B10.9 samzimarsi misvlisas fulis mitana B10.10 sxvadasxva mesakutris miwis or nakvets Soris Robis/ mijnis mowesrigeba B10.11 saqonlis mier dazianebuli nargavebis/mosavlis zaralis anazraureba B10.12 nasesxebi fulis dabrunebaze dava B10.13 pasuxismgebloba imis gamo rom miuvleli miwa zarals ayenebs mezoblebs (mag

125 sarevela gadadis) B10.14 naxirsi Zroxis/cxvris dakargvis SemTxvevebi B12. im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac wesebi arsebobs, albat, Tqvens sofelsi arian adamianebi an ojaxebi, romlebic soflis wesebs angariss ar uweven da dauwerel kanonebs arrveven. qvemot CamoTvlilTagan, romeli debuleba ufro metad gamoxatavs Tqveni soflis damokidebulebas aseti adamianebis mimart? 1. sofeli sakmaod mkacria aseti adamianebis mimart 21.8% 2. sofels ara aqvs mkafiod gamoxatuli damokidebuleba aseti adamianebis mimart, aset qcevas naklebad eqceva yuradreba 73% 99. miwirs pasuxis gacema - 5.2% B14. davusvat Tqvenma Tanasoflelma sxva Tqveni Tanasoflelis qoneba moipara an daaziana. rogor unda moiqces adamiani, romelmac es dainaxa an gaigo? (SesaZlebelia mxolod erti pasuxi) 1. UuTxras dazaralebul Tanasoflels damnasavis vinaoba 7.3% 2. utxras damnasaves da mostxovos zaralis anazraureba mimartos policias 52.3% 4. mimartos sofelsi avtoritetis mqone pirs/pirebs sajarod ganacxados sofelsi gacumdes, es misi saqme ar aris 0.8% 99. miwirs pasuxis gacema 4.2% B15. sofeli yoveltvis sargeblobs resursebit (tye, sazovari, mdinare, tba da a.s), romeltac araswori, Warbi moxmarebis SemTxvevaSi gamofitva emuqreba. Tqveni azrit, qvemot CamoT- 124

126 vlili SesaZleblobebidan, romeli daicavs resursebs ufro kargad? 1. am resursebit sargeblobas unda aregulirebdes da akontrolebdes saxelmwifo kanonebis Sesabamisad 80% 2. resursebit sargeblobas unda akontrolebdes sofeli Tavisive SemuSavebuli wesebis Sesabamisad 13.7% 3. resursebi unda gadaeces kerzo sakutrebasi, kerzo mesakutre uketesad daicavs mat gamofitvisgan 2.5% 99. miwirs pasuxis gacema 3.8% B16. ramdenad etanxmebit im mosazrebas, rom sofelsi ramdenime ojaxi rom gaertiandes da Tavisi sameurneo saqmianoba ertad awarmoon isini ufro SeZlebulad icxovreben? 1. srulebit vetanxmebi 7.7% 2. ufro vetanxmebi, vidre ara 23% 3. ufro ar vetanxmebi, vidre vetanxmebi 38.3% 4. srulebit ar vetanxmebi % 99. miwirs pasuxis gacema 10% B 17. yofila Tu ara sofelsi SemTxvevebi, rodesac ramdenime ojaxi gaertianda da er- Toblivad awarmoa sameurneo saqmianoba an gaaertiana finansebi raime miznistvis (mag. sakredito kavsiri, latariis TamaSi da a.s.)? 1. diax 25.2% 2. ara 72.8% 99. ar vici 2% B23. Tqveni azrit, ratom xdeba amgvari gaertianebebi isviatad? (SesaZlebelia ori pasuxi) 1. aravis mosvlia azrad 7.2% 2. xalxs kolmeurneoba axsendeba da Tavs ikaveben 8.4% 3. yvelas Tavisi azri aqvs da adamianebs ar aqvt imedi, rom ertobliv 125

127 gadawyvetilebebs miireben 16.6% 4. zogi zarmacia, zogi msromeli. msromelebi daicagrebian 14.2% 5. xalxi ertmanets ar endoba 3.3% 6. ekonomikurad momgebiani ar aris 7.5% 7. yvelas Tavisi sakutari meurneoba urcevnia 39.1% 8. sxva 99. miwirs pasuxis gacema 3.5% T1. Tu cxovrebasi xvdebit adamians, romelsac kargad ar icnobt, Tqveni azrit rogori damokidebulebaa mis mimart ufro swori? 1. mis mimart ndobit unda ganewyo, sanam raime cuds ar Caidens 37.7% 2. mis mimart Tavidanve sifrtxile unda gamoi- Cino, vidre uketesad ar gaicnob 52.5% 3. mas ar unda endo, SeiZleba man ndoba Tavis sasargeblod gamoiyenos 9.3% 99. miwirs pasuxis gacema 0.5% T2. SegiZliaT Tu ara TqvaT, rom Tqvens sofelsi _ 1. adamianebi ufro metad endobian ertmanets, vidre TqvenTvis nacnob sxva soflebsi 32% 2. adamianebs Soris ndoba yvelgan daaxloebit ertnairia 65.5% 3. adamianebi ufro naklebad endobian ertmanets, vidre sxva soflebsi 0.5% 99. miwirs pasuxis gacema 2% T3. soflis skolis problemebis mimart damokidebuleba sxvadasxva sofelsi sxvdasxvanairia. qvemot CamoTvlilTagan romeli arwers Tqveni soflis situacias yvelaze kargad? 1. msoblebi didi nawili dainteresebulia skolis problemebit da monawileoben mat gadawrasi 37.3% 126

128 2. msobelta mcire nawili aris dainteresebuli skolis problemebit da monawileobs mat gadawrasi 42.3% 3. skolis problemebi msoblebs naklebad ainteresebt da ar monawileoben mat gadawrasi 0.8% 4. sofelsi skola ar aris 4.8% 5. sxva 99. miwirs pasuxis gacema 14.5% R1. SegiZliaT Tu ara TqvaT, rom Tqvens sxva TanasoflelebTan SedarebiT 1. aqtiurad xart CarTuli soflis saerto cxovrebasi 13.3% 2. met-naklebad aqtiurad xart CarTuli soflis saerto cxovrebasi 44.2% 3. naklebad xart CarTuli soflis saerto cxovrebasi 31.7% 4. saertod ar xart CarTuli soflis saerto cxovrebasi 9.8% 99. miwirs pasuxis gacema (ar waukitxot) -1% R2. gtxovt, mipasuxet arsebobs Tu ara Tqvens sofelsi qvemot CamoTvlil organizacia- Tagan romelime organizaciebi diax (%) R2.1 saqvelmoqmedo organizacia 0.3 R2.2 ucxouri organizaciis mxardawerit 4.5 Seqmnili asociacia R2.3 msobelta gaertianeba 33.8 R2.4 sportuli samoyvarulo gundi 25.8 R2.5 saxelsaqmo an raime sxva interesit 0.2 gaertianebul adamianta kavsiri R2.6 profkavsiri 0.8 R2.7 politikuri partiis adgilobrivi 2.7 organizacia R2.8 bunebis damcveli/adamianis uflebebis 1.7 damcveli organizacia R2.9 mrevli 93.8 R2.10 sxva, gtxovt daasaxelet 127

129 R5. ramdenad xsirad msjelobt Tqvens TanasoflelebTan politikur sakitxebze? 1. yoveltvis 13.8% 2. Zalze xsirad 37.5% 3. arc ise xsirad 24.2% 4. isviatad 15.2% 5. arasodes 8.8% 99. miwirs pasuxis gacema 0.5% V3. qvemot CamoTvlilTagan, romel debulebas etanxmebit ufro metad? 1. warmatebis misarwevad drevandel situaciasi wesieri adamianis saxeli da kargi reputacia aucilebelia 67.7% 2. warmatebis misarwevad kargi reputacia ar aris sawiro, warmatebis mirwevas cudi reputaciis adamianebic axerxeben 29% 99. miwirs pasuxis gacema (ar waukitxot) 3.2% V5. qvemot CamoTvlilTagan, romel debulebas etanxmebit ufro metad? 1. dauralavi SromiTa da ZalisxmeviT soflis meurneobasi dasaqmebul ojaxs SeuZlia TandaTanobiT dovlatis dagroveba da ketildreobis amarleba 55.7% 2. Tu ojaxi Semosavlis sxva wyarosac ar gamo- Zebnis, soflis meurneobit ver moipoveb ketildreobas, Tundac dauralavad isromos 44.3% 99. miwirs pauxis gacema - 0 V7. arcevanis SesaZlebloba rom gqondet, Semdegi ori variantidan romels mianiwebdit upiratesobas? 1. mircevnia vicxovro Cems sofelsi, Tuki meqneba arsebobistvis sakmarisi Tanxa 81.7% 2. mircevnia sacxovreblad gadavide qalaqsi an wavide sazrvargaret, Tuki iq arsebobistvis sakmarisi Tanxa meqneba 16.2% 99. miwirs pasuxis gacema 2.2% 128

130 D8. saerto jamsi, SegiZliaT Tu ara TqvaT, rom xart. 1. Zalian bednieri 3.3% 2. sakmaod bednieri 67.2% 3. arc ise bednieri 27.2% 4. saertod ar xart bednieri 2% 99. miwirs pasuxis gacema 0.3% 129

131 danarti 2. gamokitxuli soflebi N sofeli regioni raioni etnikuri Semadgenloba 1. araiani Sida qar- kaspi qartuli Tli 2. vaya Sida qar- xasuri qartuli Tli 3. lemsveniera qvemo qar- Tli gardabani qartuli (svani ekomigrantebi) 4. Tamarisi qvemo qar- gardabani qartuli Tli 5. artaklia qvemo qar- gardabani azeruli Tli 6. birliki qvemo qar- gardabani azeruli Tli 7. qesalo qvemo qar- gardabani azeruli Tli 8. qodalo kaxeti gurjaani qartuli 9. kardenaxi kaxeti gurjaani qartuli 10. Silda kaxeti yvareli qartuli 11. gavaza kaxeti yvareli qartuli 12. yarajala kaxeti Telavi azeruli 13. zodi guria Coxatauri qartuli (awareli ekomigrantebi) 14. Soris ubani guria lancxuti qartuli 15. nasakirali guria ozurgeti qartuli 16. yuliskari samegrelo zugdidi qartuli 17. axalsofeli samegrelo xobi qartuli 18. gurifuli samegrelo xobi qartuli 19. kabali kaxeti lagodexi azeruli 20. qoreti imereti sacxere qartuli daibewda gamomcemloba `universalsi~ Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, : , 5(99) [email protected] 130

132 131