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1 Dsign Rsrch Socity ISSN Rprint Chrls Own Dsign Thinking: Nots on its Ntur nd Us Dsign Rsrch Qurtrly Vol. 2, N0. 1, Jnury, 2007, pp This is rprint from Dsign Rsrch Qurtrly. DRQ is th qurtrly journl of th Dsign Rsrch Socity. DRQ nd its contnts r copyright (c) 2007 by th Dsign Rsrch Socity. W publish undr th Crtiv Commons Attribution - NonCommrcil - NoDrivs 2.5 Licns. byou r fr to circult nd us this rprint providd tht you do not modify it or us it for commrcil purposs. bif you quot or us th contnts prt from this complt rprint, you must ttribut th rticl with propr rfrnc cittion. b Suggstd cittion: Own, Chrls Dsign Thinking: Nots on ins ntur nd Us. Dsign Rsrch Qurtrly, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp Dsign Rsrch Qurtrly 1:2 Dc

2 Dsign Thinking: Nots on Its Ntur nd Us Chrls Own Distinguishd Profssor Emritus, Illinois Institut of Tchnology Abstrct Problms inducd by continuing popultion growth nd its prssur on rsourcs nd nvironmnt hv rchd stg whr srious concrn must b givn to th procsss of dcision mking bing usd by govrnmntl nd institutionl ldrs. Scinc thinking is frquntly unhrd or unhdd nd dsign thinking is not nggd t ll. Dsign thinking, s complmnt to scinc thinking, mbodis wid rng of crtiv chrctristics s wll s numbr of othr spcil qulitis of distinct vlu to dcision mkrs. In dvisory rols, proprly prprd dsign profssionls could mk substntil contributions to procss now domintd by politicl nd conomic viws. This ppr xmins th ntur of dsign thinking s it diffrs from othr wys of thinking. A modl for compring filds is introducd nd numbr of chrctristics of crtiv individuls in gnrl nd dsignrs in prticulr r prsntd. Prpring dsignrs for prticiption in policy plnning will b chllng for dsign duction. Mting th chllng will rquir nw undrstnding, n xtndd rng of dsign tools, nd concrtd support from th dsign profssions to dmonstrt th vlu of dsign thinking to dcision mking t th highst lvls. Introduction Th hndiwork of humnkind is finlly bginning to imprss itslf on th globl nvironmnt nd on us, its inhbitnts. This should inspir us s dsign profssionls to rconsidr wht w do, who our clints r, nd whr w cn bst offr our xprtis. In prticulr, th dcision procsss of high-lvl dcision mkrs r in nd of srious ovrhul. It is nws to no on tht currnt rts of rsourc consumption cnnot kp up with popultion growth s it xists. World popultion is virtully crtin by 2050 to incrs by hlf gin from its prsnt 6.46 billion with ll tht mns for our dwindling rsourcs. Coupld with tht, it is t lst clr tht globl wrming is fct, nd its growing control ovr Erth s climt nd wthr systms will unprdictbly complict problms lrdy md srious by popultion prssurs. Th rod hd indd sms drk, but thr is hop. A profusion of nw tchnologis is mrging, mny with potntil to llvit or vn limint th problms inducd by popultion growth. As Jrd Dimond points This ppr, ws dptd from Dsign thinking. Wht it is. Why it is diffrnt. Whr it hs vlu., kynot spch prsnd t: th Intrntionl Confrnc on Dsign Rsrch nd Eduction for th Futur, conductd in conjunction with: th Gwngju Dsign Binnl 2005, Light into Lif Sponsord by: ICSID; ICOGRADA; IFI; nd, from th Rpublic of Kor: Govrnmnt Informtion Agncy; Ministry of Forign Affirs nd Trd; Ministry of Ntionl Dfns; Ministry of Govrnmnt Administrtion nd Hom Affirs; Ministry of Cultur nd Tourism; Ministry of Commrc, Industry nd Enrgy; Ministry of Informtion nd Communiction; Ministry of Construction nd Trnsporttion; Kor Customs Srvic; Th Korn Cultur nd Arts Foundtion; Kor Institut of Dsign Promotions; Kor Foundtion of Dsign Associtions; nd th Kor Socity of Dsign Studis. 18 Octobr - 1 Novmbr, 2005 Chrls Own Chrls L. Own is Distinguishd Profssor Emritus t th Institut of Dsign,on of th six cdmic units of th Illinois Institut of Tchnology (IIT) in Chicgo. Thr, Mr. Own conducts rsrch nd tchs sminnully in th MDs, MDM nd PhD Dsign grdut progrms. H joind th IIT fculty in 1965 following studis for dgrs in chmistry nd product dsign, dditionl studis in city plnning nd computr scinc, nd four yrs s n officr in th U.S. Nvy. Sinc thn, h hs workd in th filds of product dsign, dsign plnning, computr-supportd dsign, dsign mthodology nd dsign thory dircting th Product Dsign progrm for 20 yrs, founding nd dircting th Dsign Procsss Lbortory for 14 yrs, publishing th Dsign Procsss Nwslttr for 10 yrs, nd tching, conducting rsrch nd consulting. H hs ctd s dvisor to svrl univrsitis in th U.S. nd brod nd hs srvd or now srvs on th dvisory bords of th journls: Vi sibl Lngug (U.S.), Dsign Rchrch (Frnc), Dsign Studis(UK), ARCOS (Brzil), Asi Dsign Journl (Kor), Journl of Dsign Excllnc (Mlysi) nd th Wily Intrntionl book sris on dsign. Profssor Own hs writtn numbr of computr progrms for businss nd institutionl pplictions, hs publishd widly (ovr 125 rticls, pprs, books nd book chptrs), hs srvd on intrntionl juris, nd hs bn n invitd lcturr t ovr 200 institutions in th U.S. nd brod. Among mny wrds his studnts hv won r two Grnd Prizs in th Jpn Dsign Foundtion s Intrntionl Dsign Comptition, th Grnd Priz in Sony Corportion s Intrntionl Dsign Vision Comptition, nd th 1991 Grnd Awrd in th Environmntl Tchnology ctgory of Populr Scinc Mgzin s Th Yr s 100 Grtst Achivmnts in Scinc nd Tchnology. In 1990, h ws th rcipint of th Amricn Cntr for Dsign s Eduction Awrd for his contributions to dsign history, thory nd prctic. In 1995 h ws honord t IIT with rcognition s Distinguishd Profssor of Dsign. In 1997, h ws lctd Honorry Mmbr of th Jpns Socity for th Scinc of Dsign, th first in its 44 yr history. In 1999 th Institut of Dsign honord his work with th stblishmnt of n ndowd Chir in his nm, nd h ws nmd on of 36 IIT Popl of th Millnnium by th univrsity for his contributions. Continud Q Dsign Rsrch Qurtrly 1:2 Dc

3 Dsign Thinking: Nots on Its Ntur nd Us. cont. out 1, tchnologiclly complx socitis utoctlyz tchnologicl growth, nd th rsulting dvlopmnt cclrts ovr tim. W r, in ffct, unintntionlly crting th highly sophistictd tools tht my prvnt th dstruction inititd with rlir crtd tools. Ky to th us or misus of ths tchnologis r th dcision procsss mployd by thos in powr. History hs shown tht politicl dcisions do not lwys fvor th bst intrsts of ll, nd whn criticl fctors includ informtion not sily undrstood by politicl dcision mkrs, tht informtion my b disrgrdd or not vn considrd. My rgumnt in rcnt pprs 2 is tht th stks r now too high for criticl informtion to b unhrd or ignord. Dsign thinking is in mny wys th obvrs of scintific thinking. Scinc dvisors hv long bn includd mong highlvl govrnmntl dvisory stffs. How thir dvic is vlud, howvr, hs vrid with th problm contxt, nd politicl intrsts hv lmost lwys trumpd scintific dvic. Mor thn vr bfor, scintific dvic rquirs srious considrtion. And nothr kind of thinking dsrvs qul ttntion. Dsign thinking is in mny wys th obvrs of scintific thinking. Whr th scintist sifts fcts to discovr pttrns nd insights, th dsignr invnts nw pttrns nd concpts to ddrss fcts nd possibilitis. In world with growing problms tht dsprtly nd undrstnding nd insight, thr is lso grt nd for ids tht cn blnd tht undrstnding nd insight in crtiv nw solutions. Implicit in this notion is th blif tht dsign thinking cn mk spcil, vlubl contributions to dcision mking. In this ppr, I will xplor th ntur of tht kind of thinking, its vlu, nd th diffrncs btwn dsign thinking nd othr wys of thinking. Findrs, Mkrs nd Applid Crtivity A snsitiv obsrvr might notic n intrsting thing bout crtiv popl. Thy tnd to work in two diffrnt wys (Figur 1). Thos who work in th first wy, might bst b clld findrs. Thy xrcis thir crtivity through discovry. Findrs r drivn to undrstnd, to find xplntions for phnomn not wll undrstood. In profssionl lif, thy Discovry G Orintd towrd Anlysis Invntion G Orintd towrd Synthsis Crtiv Domin Anlysis Discovry Synthsis Crtiv Domin usully bcom scintists or scholrs nd r rsponsibl for much of our progrss in undrstnding ourslvs nd our surroundings. Thos who work in th scond wy r mkrs, qully crtiv, but in diffrnt wy. Thy dmonstrt thir crtivity through invntion. Mkrs r drivn to synthsiz wht thy know in nw constructions, rrngmnts, pttrns, compositions nd concpts tht bring tngibl, frsh xprssions of wht cn b. Thy bcom rchitcts, nginrs, rtists dsignrs nd r rsponsibl for th built nvironmnt in which w liv nd work. Dsign Thinking vs Othr Kinds of Thinking Givn th fundmntl procss diffrncs btwn how findrs nd mkrs think nd work, it is rsonbl to Contxt: G symbolic vs rl Procss: G nlytic vs synthtic FindrsMkrs Invntion Figur 1 Two-domin Crtivity Modl Rl Rl Synthtic Synthtic Synthtic Rl Fi gur 2 Mp of Filds: Contxt nd Procss Diffrntit Continud Q Dsign Rsrch Qurtrly 1:2 Dc

4 Dsign Thinking: Nots on Its Ntur nd Us. cont. bliv tht othr fctors might similrly rvl diffrncs mong profssionl filds nd, thrfor, hlp to dfin th ntur of dsign thinking. On such fctor is th contnt with which fild works. A concptul mp cn b drwn to us both contnt nd procss fctors (Figur 2). Two xs dfin th mp. Sprting th mp into lft nd right hlvs is n /Synthtic xis tht clssifis filds by procss th wy thy work. Filds on th lft sid of th xis r mor concrnd with finding or discovring; filds on th right with mking nd invnting. A /Rl xis divids th mp into hlvs vrticlly, ccording to contnt or rlm of ctivity. Filds in th uppr hlf of th mp r mor concrnd with th bstrct, symbolic world nd th institutions, policis nd lngug tools tht nbl popl to mnipult informtion, communict nd liv togthr. Filds in th lowr hlf r concrnd with th rl world nd th rtifcts nd systms ncssry for mnging th physicl nvironmnt. A smpling of filds illustrts how th mp diffrntits (Figur 3). Th fiv chosn r highly rcognizbl Contnt: Gsymbolic vs rl Procss: Gnlytic vs synthtic Rl Lw Scinc Art Mdicin Rl Dsign Synthtic Synthtic Synthtic Rl Mchnicl Enginring Dcomposition: Gsprtd disciplins with shrpnd spciliztion Composition: Gmrgd disciplin with lvld gnrliztion Rl Enginring Scinc Mchnicl Enginring Enginring ri Dsign Rl Synthtic Synthtic Synthtic Rl Figur 3 Diffrncs: Discrimintion mong Filds with wll dfind disciplins nd wll undrstood diffrncs. Evry fild hs componnt lmnts in ch of th four qudrnts. Wht distinguishs on fild from nothr is th dgr to which fild positions its cntr of grvity wy from th cntr into th qudrnts nd th dirction tht positioning tks. In Figur 3, filds clos to th cntr r mor gnrlizd with rspct to th xs; filds wy from th cntr r mor spcilizd. Scinc is frthst to th lft s fild tht is hvily nlytic in its us of procss. Its contnt is lso mor symbolic thn rl in tht subjct mttr is usully bstrctd in Figur 4 Hirrchy: Filds Dcompos to its nlyss. Thr r lmnts of scinc, howvr, tht r synthtic in procss (s, for xmpl, in mtrils scinc or orgnic chmistry), nd scinc cn dl dirctly with unbstrctd, rl contnt, prticulrly in th nturl scincs. Lw, s gnrlizd fild, is loctd highr on th mp, concrnd xtnsivly with th symbolic contnt of institutions, policis nd socil rltionships. It is lso positiond mor to th right, s significnt portion of its disciplins r concrnd with th crtion of lws nd th instrumnts of socil contrct. Mdicin, in contrst, is shrply lowr on th contnt xis, vitlly concrnd with th rl problms of humn hlth. On th procss scl, it is strongly nlytic; dignostic procsss r primry focus of mdicin. Art is high on th contnt xis, strongly symbolic, nd lmost vnly dividd on th procss scl, still mor synthtic thn nlytic, but vry much involvd with intrprttion of th humn condition. Dsign in this mpping is highly synthtic nd strongly concrnd with rl world subjct mttr. Bcus disciplins of dsign dl with communictions nd symbolism, dsign hs symbolic componnt, nd bcus dsign rquirs nlysis to prform synthsis, thr is n nlytic componnt but dsign is fild rltivly spcilizd, nd spcilizd nrly oppositly to scinc. For lmost ny fild, cs cn b md for movmnt to th lft or right bsd on th vrity of dtild intrsts th fild subsums. Positioning is vry subjctiv, but bsolut positioning is not wht is importnt in this kind Continud Q Dsign Rsrch Qurtrly 1:2 Dc

5 Dsign Thinking: Nots on Its Ntur nd Us. cont. of mpping. Rltiv positioning is. It provids mns for compring multi-fild rltionships with rgrd to th two importnt dimnsions of contnt nd procss. Filds, of cours, r just th tops of hirrchis, nd th hirrchicl ntur of thir subjct mttr opns door to th xmintion of rltionships mong lmnts t finr lvls of dtil (Figur 4). Mchnicl nginring, subjct t th disciplin lvl, is nicly cntrd btwn th nlytic nd synthtic domins, but tht is only tru whn it is considrd s whol. Enginring scinc, on of its sub-disciplins, would b loctd much frthr to th lft; nginring dsign would b on th right. Dcomposing mthmtics producs, mong othr subspciltis, pplid mthmtics, which is concrnd mor gnrlly with th rl domin thn is mthmtics, th prnt disciplin. Th complxity of most filds ffords opportunitis for such lvling nd shrpning through hirrchicl xmintion. Composition is lvling procss, lssning distinctions nd moving mor inclusiv concpts, such s filds, towrd th cntr of th mp; dcomposition is shrpning procss, rvling diffrncs nd disprsing mor tightly dfind disciplins nd sub-disciplins into th qudrnts. Movmnts of filds nd disciplins through tim nd cultur cn lso b trckd. Through much of th lst two thousnd yrs, for xmpl, wstrn sculptors rndrd rlistic subjcts for thir clints, commmorting individuls nd vnts. Sinc th turn of th lst cntury, culturl trnds in th rts hv movd sculptur up nd to th lft on th mp. Architctur in this cntury hs movd up nd down on th mp s vrious movmnts hv shiftd th disciplin s focus of intrst btwn symbolic nd functionl gols. A fild s choic of subjct mttr nd procdur distinguishs it from othrs. Dsign, s fild, clrly occupis spcil plc on th mp, mor complmntry to scinc thn ny othr fild in tht, coupld with scinc, it fills out th spc most compltly (Figur 5). Th sourc of th Knowldg is gnrtd nd ccumultd through ction G Doing Somthing: using knowldg to crt works G Judging rsults: vluting works to build knowldg Knowldg knowldg building procss Chnnl prdigm Chnnl knowldg using procss Works Figur 6 Foundtions: Knowldg Building; Knowldg Using complmnttion lis in dply rootd diffrncs in wys of thinking. To undrstnd th diffrncs, it is usful to look t how knowldg is built nd usd in fild. Foundtions In ny fild, knowldg is gnrtd nd ccumultd through ction: th modl is doing somthing nd vluting th rsults. In Figur 6, th procss is shown s cycl in which knowldg is usd to produc works, nd Dsign nd scinc r strongly complmntry Scinc: nlytic/symbolic Dsign: synthtic/rl Togthr, thy wll covr rs of dcision mking Rl Mdicin Lw Scinc Rl Art Dsign Synthtic Synthtic Synthtic Rl Th dul ntur of knowldg building nd using G Knowldg is gnrtd by inquiry nd ppliction G Rlms of thory nd prctic r sldom blncd in fild knowldg building Msurs Proposl Discovry Finding Synthtic inquiry prdigm Knowldg Principls knowldg using Principls knowldg using ppliction prdigm knowldg building Msurs Invntion Mking Work Fi gur 5 Dif f rncs: Dsi gn nd Sci nc r Complmnt ry Figur 7 Foundtions: Prdigms of Inquiry nd Appliction Continud Q Dsign Rsrch Qurtrly 1:2 Dc

6 Dsign Thinking: Nots on Its Ntur nd Us. cont. works r vlutd to build knowldg. Knowldg using nd knowldg building r both structurd procsss controlld by chnnls tht contin nd dirct th production nd vlution procsss. Ths chnnls r th systms of convntions nd ruls undr which fild nd its disciplins oprt. Thy mbody th vlus nd intgrt th principls nd msurs tht hv volvd s wys of doing nd knowing s th fild hs mturd. Thy my borrow from or mult spcts of othr filds chnnls, but ovr tim, thy bcom custom tilord to fild s products of its volution. Th gnrl modl cn b xtndd to on tht rflcts th dul ntur of filds nd disciplins suggstd by th nlytic/ synthtic dimnsion of th Mp of Filds. In Figur 7, this is don with n ddition of rlms of thory nd prctic within which prdigms of inquiry nd ppliction oprt 3. Undrlying knowldg building nd knowldg using in ny fild r dp foundtion lyrs tht dirct nd inform highr lvls ll th wy to th lvl of Nd/ Gol ovrt procdur. In ordr from most fundmntl to most dirctly oprtionl, ths cn b xprssd s nds or gols, vlus nd msurs. Qulitis tht fild xhibits on th surfc nd diffrncs mong filds cn b bst undrstood by xmining ths foundtions. Figur 8 prsnts th foundtion modl digrmmticlly. At th most fundmntl lvl, driving forc nd/ gol tht must b stisfid gnrts fild. For ny wlldfind fild this usully cn b ncpsultd in word, th purpos for which th fild volvd. For disciplins, s th focusd spciltis of fild, it is frquntly nd flt strongly nd sn purly nough to nlist individuls in crr. From nd or gol, vlus mrg to idntify th qulitis importnt to fulfilling th nd. Th work of th fild is vlutd in trms of ths vlus. Both nds nd vlus xist t n bstrct lvl, providing rfrnc nd foundtion ginst which procdurs t n oprtionl lvl cn b tstd. Th third nd fourth lyrs of th modl tk vlus into th domin of ction. Th third lyr, still rltivly bstrct, is concrnd with th intrprttion of vlus into msurs tht guid th crtion of instrumnts to mng Vlus th procsss of knowldg using nd building. Msurs r convnintly concptulizd s scls. Bcus thy includ xprssions for th dscription of qulity t high nd low nds, nd cn hv intrmdit dscriptions s wll, thy form n idl bridg from singl-word notions of vlu to vlutiv dimnsions. Most typiclly, msurmnt scls r bipolr with good sid nd bd sid (.g., tru/fls, right/wrong, works/dosn t work, tc.), but Msurs knowldg building Proposl Msurs inquiry prdigm Principls knowldg using rlm of thory Procdurs Knowldg knowldg using ppliction prdigm Principls Figur 8 Foundtions: Filds Ar Foundd upon Vlus knowldg building Msurs rlm of prctic Work thy nd not b. Tringulr nd highr dimnsion scls (ssntilly mps) lso work, but r lss rdily pplid. Furthr, scls nd not b continuous or vn multistppd. Tru/fls is prfctly vlid s binry ys/no proposition. And thy nd not b linr; whthr stps r uniform or progrssivly lrgr or smllr is not t issu th issu is rsolution in th msurmnt of vlu. Th vlu frmworks crtd by msurs guid th formtion of oprtionl mthods for producing nd judging work. Mthods, in turn, combin into th fmilir working procdurs nd procsss tht ncod th knowldg of th disciplin oprtionlly for prdigms of both ppliction nd inquiry. Figur 9 uss th modl to compr dsign with th four prviously introducd filds. Th msurs suggstd r xmpls, by no mns complt st. Scinc is drivn by th nd for Undrstnding. To chiv this gol, it vlus Corrctnss, in th sns tht thoris cn b vlutd for whthr thy r corrct, s bst cn b dtrmind with currnt dt. It lso vlus Thoroughnss bcus undrstnding must b thorough to rmov uncrtinty. Tstbility is vlud bcus closur Continud Q Dsign Rsrch Qurtrly 1:2 Dc

7 Dsign Thinking: Nots on Its Ntur nd Us. cont. of good citiznship. Msurs such s Just/Unjust, Right/ Wrong, Complt/Incomplt, Approprit/Inpproprit nd Fir/Unfir drw out th vlutions pproprit to th fild. Fild Scinc Nd/Gol Undrstnding Vlus Corrctnss Thoroughnss Tstbility Msurs Tru/Fls Corrct/Incorrct Complt/ Incomplt Procdurs Art Lw Mdicin Dsign Exprssion Justic Hlth Form Insightfulnss Novlty Stimultion Corrctnss Effctivnss Firnss Thoroughnss Appropritnss Culturl Fit Appropritnss Effctivnss Provbl/ Unprovb0l Thought-provoking/ Bnl Frsh/Stl Exciting/Boring Just/Unjust Right/Wrong Approprit/ Inpproprit Fir/Unfir Works/Dosn t Work Fits/Dosn t Fit Elgnt/Inlgnt Bttr/Wors Sustinbl/ Unsustinbl knowldg building Msurs Proposl inquiry prdigm Knowldg Principls knowldg using knowldg using ppliction prdigm Principls knowldg building Msurs Work Figur 9 Foundtions: Viwpoints nd Vlus for Scinc, Art, Lw, Mdicin, nd Dsign dmnds tht thoris b tstd nd dtrmind to b corrct or incorrct. Ths vlus (nd othrs) find xprssion in msurs tht xpnd th ssnc of th vlu into tools tht cn b incorportd dirctly or indirctly in frmworks, mthods nd procdurs. Msurs such s Tru/ Fls, Corrct/Incorrct, Complt/Incomplt, nd Provbl/Unprovbl xmplify ths. Art, quit diffrnt in this kind of nlysis, drivs from th nd for Exprssion. Vlus such s Insightfulnss, Novlty nd Stimultion highlight importnt spcts of xprssion s it is rgrdd tody, nd msurs such s Thought provoking/bnl, Frsh/Stl nd Exciting/ Boring prticulriz ths for th critri to b usd in th production nd criticism of rt. Lw strivs for Justic. Its vlus, Firnss, Thoroughnss nd Appropritnss, r concrns importnt to writing th lw nd nsuring tht it is proprly usd in support Mdicin shrs much with scinc, but hs its own nd for bing in mintining, promoting nd rgnrting Hlth. Among its vlus, Corrctnss is criticl for dignoss nd procdurs, nd Effctivnss, vlu strongly shrd with dsign, is rlvnt whn somthing is bttr thn nothing. Msurs includ Corrct/Incorrct, Works/Dosn t work nd Bttr/Wors. Dsign xists bcus of th nd for Form. Th form givr, in th brodst us of th trm, crts ordr. Bcus th world of dsign is th world of th rtificil, th vlus of dsign tnd to b ons ssocitd with humn nds nd nvironmntl nds crtd by or rsulting from humn ctions. Culturl Fit is ssocitd with sthtic issus; Appropritnss trgts th wid rng of Continud Q Dsign Rsrch Qurtrly 1:2 Dc

8 Dsign Thinking: Nots on Its Ntur nd Us. cont. physiologicl, cognitiv, socil nd culturl humn fctors; nd Effctivnss gugs functionlity nd utility. For Culturl Fit, good msurs r Frsh/Stl, Fits/Dosn t Fit nd Elgnt/Inlgnt; for Appropritnss, Approprit/ Inpproprit nd Works/Dosn t Work (from th humn fctors prspctiv) r hlpful. From utility prspctiv, Works/Dosn t Work, Sustinbl/Unsustinbl nd Bttr/Wors msur Effctivnss. combintion of scinc thinking nd dsign thinking is bttr thn ithr lon s sourc of dvic. Sn through th diffrncs in undrlying vlus, diffrncs mong filds bcom clrr nd mor undrstndbl. As cs in point, mjor diffrnc btwn scinc nd dsign lis in th diffrnc btwn Corrctnss nd Effctivnss s importnt msurs of succss. Corrct/Incorrct (or Tru/Fls) is pproprit for fild in which thr cn only b on tru nswr or corrct xplntion for n obsrvd phnomnon. Bttr/Wors is pproprit for fild in which multipl solutions cn b qully succssful bcus th conditions for judgmnt r culturlly bsd. From ll this, it is sir to s why combintion of scinc thinking nd dsign thinking is bttr thn ithr lon s sourc of dvic. Eithr is vlubl, but togthr thy bring th bst of skpticl inquiry into blnc with imgintiv ppliction. Both r wll srvd by crtiv thinking. In prprtion for widr considrtion of dsign thinking, thrfor, it is tim to look t th gnrl chrctristics of th crtiv thinkr. Chrctristics of Crtiv Thinking Dspit grt intrst nd considrbl spcultion ovr mny yrs, th ntur of crtivity, wht mks on prson crtiv nd nothr not, nd th crtiv procss itslf, rmin lusiv. Nvrthlss, numbr of chrctristics hv bn idntifid nd ths cn b usful in contmplting th ntur of crtiv thinking nd, in prticulr, crtiv dsign thinking s it is nd s w would lik it to b. Fbun s List In spcil issu of Kisr Aluminum Nws som yrs go, ditor Don Fbun ssmbld chrctristics of th crtiv individul culld from th obsrvtions of numbr of thoughtful writrs 4. Whil thy r not ll-inclusiv, thy provid good strt for ssmbling ctlog: Snsitivity. A propnsity for grtr wrnss which mks prson mor rdily ttund to th subtltis of vrious snstions nd imprssions. Eric Fromm 4 writs, Crtivity is th bility to s (or b wr) nd to rspond. Qustioning ttitud. An inquisitivnss, probbly imprintd in rly hom trining tht ncourgs sking nw nd originl nswrs. Brod duction. An pproch to lrning instilld from librl duction tht puts prmium on qustions rthr thn nswrs nd rwrds curiosity rthr thn rot lrning nd conformity. Asymmtricl thinking. Th bility to find n originl kind of ordr in disordr s opposd to symmtricl thinking tht blncs vrything out in som logicl wy. Th crtiv prsonlity is uniqu in tht during th initil stgs h prfrs th chotic nd disordrly nd tnds to rjct wht hs lrdy bn systmtizd. Rlph J. Hllmn 4 Prsonl courg. A disrgrd for filur drivd from concrn, not for wht othrs think, but wht on thinks of onslf. Thy smd to b lss frid of wht othr popl would sy or dmnd or lugh t... Prhps mor importnt, howvr, ws thir lck of fr of thir own insids, of thir own impulss, motions, thoughts. Abrhm Mslow 4 Sustind curiosity. A cpcity for childlik wondr crrid into dult lif tht gnrts styl of ndlss qustioning, vn of th most prsonlly chrishd ids. Eric Fromm 4 : Childrn still hv th cpcity to b puzzld... But onc thy r through th procss of duction, most popl los th cpcity of wondring, of bing surprisd. Thy fl tht thy ought to know vrything, nd hnc tht it is sign of ignornc to b surprisd or puzzld by nything. Tim control. Instd of bing bound by tim, ddlins nd schduls, crtiv individuls us tim s rsourc morning, noon nd night yrs, dcds whtvr it tks, unbound by th clock. Ddiction. Th unswrving dsir to do somthing, whtvr it my b nd whtvr th obstcls to doing it. Continud Q Dsign Rsrch Qurtrly 1:2 Dc

9 Dsign Thinking: Nots on Its Ntur nd Us. cont. Willingnss to work. Th willingnss to continu to pursu projct ndlssly, in working hours nd so-clld fr hours, ovr whtvr tim might b rquird. Rogr Sssions 4 sid, Inspirtion, thn, is th impuls which sts crtion in movmnt; it is lso th nrgy which kps it going. Additions from Ariti In 1976, psychitrist Silvno Ariti thoroughly rviwd wht ws known thn bout crtivity 5. From his study, svrl dditionl chrctristics cn b includd: Fluncy of thinking. Word fluncy, th bility to produc words contining spcifid lttrs or combintions of lttrs; ssocitionl fluncy, th bility to produc synonyms for givn words; xprssionl fluncy, th bility to juxtpos words to mt th rquirmnts of sntnc structur, nd idtionl fluncy, th bility to produc ids to fulfill crtin rquirmnts to offr solutions to problms. Flxibility. Th bility to bndon old wys of thinking nd initit diffrnt dirctions. Originlity. Th bility to produc uncommon rsponss nd unconvntionl ssocitions. Rdfinition. Th bility to rorgniz wht w know or s in nw wys. Elbortion. Th cpcity to us two or mor bilitis for th construction of mor complx objct. Tolrnc for mbiguity. Th cpcity to ntrtin conflicting concpts for priods of tim without th nd to rsolv uncrtintis. Csikszntmihlyi s Polritis Mihly Csikszntmihlyi, n nthropologist t th Univrsity of Chicgo, ss th crtiv individul in trms of pirs of pprntly ntithticl trits tht r oftn both prsnt in such individuls nd intgrtd with ch othr in dilcticl tnsion 6. Gnrlizd libidinl nrgy nd rstrint. Without ros, it would b difficult to tk lif on with vigor; without rstrint, th nrgy could sily dissipt. Convrgnt nd divrgnt thinking. Divrgnt thinking to gnrt ids; convrgnt thinking to tll good on from bd on. Plyfulnss nd disciplin or irrsponsibility nd rsponsibility. Exploring ids widly nd lightly, but surmounting obstcls nd bringing ids to compltion with doggdnss, ndurnc nd prsvrnc. Fntsy nd rlity. Brking wy from th prsnt without losing touch with th pst; finding originlity in which novlty is rootd in rlity. Extrovrsion nd introvrsion. Sing nd hring popl, xchnging ids, nd gtting to know othr prsons work to xtnd intrction; working lon to fully xplor nd mstr bstrct concpts. Humility nd prid. Humility in th wrnss of thos who workd bfor, th lmnt of luck involvd with chivmnt, nd th rltiv unimportnc of pst chivmnts in comprison with focus on futur projcts; prid in th slf-ssurnc ssocitd with ccomplishmnt. Msculinity nd fmininity. Psychologicl ndrogyny nbling th bst trits of bold, ssrtiv msculinity to b combind with th bst trits of snsitiv, wr fmininity. Trditionl consrvtism nd rbllious iconoclsm. Bing bl to undrstnd nd pprcit culturl domin nd its ruls, whil t th sm tim bing willing to tk risks to brk with its trditions. Pssion nd objctivity. Pssion in th ttchmnt nd ddiction to th cus or work; objctivity in th bility to stnd prt, dtchd, to vlut qulity imprtilly. Suffring nd njoymnt. Th hightnd highs nd lows tht com with intns involvmnt nd snsitivity, both to obsrvd qulity nd to wht othrs think. Csikszntmihlyi nots tht ths conflicting trits r difficult to find in th sm prson, but th novlty tht survivs to chng domin is usully th work of somon who cn oprt t both nds of ths polritis nd tht is th kind of prson w cll crtiv. Mny of ths chrctristics, spcilly mong thos listd by Csikszntmihlyi, r not qulitis to b tught. At bst ths r nturl prsonlity trits tht cn b rcognizd whr thy xist or notd in thir bsnc, but mny of th othrs cn b dvlopd or ncourgd, nd this should b don ovrtly. Chrctristics of Dsign Thinking Crtivity is of mjor importnc to dsign thinking, s it is to scinc thinking nd thinking in ny fild. But s is tru for ch fild, chrctristics othr thn crtivity r Continud Q Dsign Rsrch Qurtrly 1:2 Dc

10 Dsign Thinking: Nots on Its Ntur nd Us. cont. lso importnt. From prsonl xprinc, I would nomint for dsign thinking th following chrctristics nd wys of working: Conditiond invntivnss. Crtiv thinking for dsignrs is dirctd towrd invnting. Dsignrs tnd to b mor intrstd in th wht qustions thn th whys of intrst to th scintist. Dsign crtivity, thus, complmnts scintific crtivity. Dsign crtivity, howvr, must covr mor thn just invntion. Dsign brings to invntion concrn tht wht is producd not only b invntiv, but b so within th frmworks of humncntrd nd nvironmnt-cntrd msurs govrning th dsignr s fforts. Humn-cntrd focus. Scinc nd, to slightly lssr xtnt, tchnology hv fw built-in govrnors. Tht is to sy, s in th rts, xplortion procds whr discovris dirct. Dsign, on th othr hnd, is clint-dirctd. Dsign thinking must continully considr how wht is bing crtd will rspond to th clints nds. Environmnt-cntrd concrn. In rcnt yrs, dsign thinking hs cquird scond, omniprsnt nd mtlvl clint: th nvironmnt. Prsnt-dy thinking puts nvironmntl intrsts t lvl with humn intrsts s primry constrints on th dsign procss. Sustinbl dsign is on vry noticbl rsult, Th ultimt vlu of humn- nd nvironmnt-cntrdnss is gurnt tht th bst intrsts of humnkind nd nvironmnt will b considrd in ny projct. Ability to visuliz. All dsignrs work visully. Dsignrs cn visuliz ids in rng of mdi, bringing common viw to concpts othrwis imgind uniquly by vryon in discussion. Dsignrs cn rvl th whol lphnt tht th blind mn cn only prtilly nd imprfctly conciv. Tmprd optimism. It is difficult to work nd spcilly to work crtivly in pssimistic, criticl mood. Dsignrs r tught to rcogniz this nd to stblish optimistic nd proctiv wys of working. Pronouncd mood swings r not unusul mong crtiv individuls, but dsignrs lrn to control ths to lvl out both lows nd highs in th intrsts of profssionlism dsignrs must b bl to turn on nthusism on dmnd. Bis for dptivity. In rcnt yrs, th mrgnc of dptiv procsss in mnufcturing nd informtion tchnologis hs grtly rinforcd prctic histori- clly followd by som dsignrs: th dsign of dptiv products bl to fit thir usrs nds uniquly. Dsign thinking tody hs ccptd tht concpt, pproching problms with th viw tht, whr possibl, solutions should b dptiv in production, to fit th nds of usrs uniquly; throughout thir us, to fit usrs volving nds. Prdisposition towrd multifunctionlity. Solutions to problms nd not b monofunctionl. Dsignrs routinly look for multipl dividnds from solutions to problms. This would sm to b n obvious wy to procd, but it is not so. In rcnt issu of Populr Scinc mgzin 7, th covr story ws six nw tchnologis to stop globl wrming. Th story rportd proposls md by th scinc community t spcil invitd mting with Whit Hous officils. All six scinc proposls wr srious proposls for mcronginring projcts. Fiv of th six proposd singl-mindd mns for rliving globl wrming t considrbl cost, nd with no dditionl bnfits. Th sixth, s n xtnsion of tchnology lrdy usd for incrsing nturl gs production, hd tht bnfit, but no othr. In contrst, th thr mcro dsign projcts proposd in th Institut of Dsign s priz winning Projct Phonix (lso rportd in Populr Scinc 14 yrs rlir) ll hd mjor conomic bnfits in ddition to thir globl wrming bnfits 8. Dsign thinking kps th big pictur in mind whil focusing on spcifics. Systmic Vision. Dsign thinking is holistic. In th lst forty yrs, roughly sinc th computr bgn to influnc dsign thinking, dsignrs hv movd to considring problms mor brodly. Modrn dsign trts problms s systm problms with opportunitis for systmic solutions involving mixs of hrdwr, softwr, procdurs, policis, orgniztionl concpts nd whtvr ls is ncssry to crt holistic solution. Viw of th Gnrlist. Common wisdom tody holds tht th trnd of xprtis is to grtr nd grtr spciliztion nd, thrfor, succss will com mor rdily to thos who choos to spciliz rly nd pln thir trining ccordingly. Dsign thinking, to th contrry, is highly gnrlist in prprtion nd xcution. In world of spcilists, thr is rl nd for thos who cn rch cross disciplins to communict nd who cn bring divrs xprts togthr in coordintd ffort. For invntiv crtivity, th widr th rch of th knowldg Continud Q Dsign Rsrch Qurtrly 1:2 Dc

11 Dsign Thinking: Nots on Its Ntur nd Us. cont. bs, th mor likly th crtiv inspirtion. A dsignr is spcilist in th procss of dsign, but gnrlist in s wid rng of contnt s possibl. Ability to us lngug s tool. Lngug is usully thought of s mns for communiction. For dsign thinking, it is lso tool. Visul lngug is usd digrmmticlly to bstrct concpts, rvl nd xplin pttrns, nd simplify complx phnomn to thir fundmntl ssncs. Mthmticl lngug is usd to xplor wht if qustions whr fsibility my b stblishd by pproximtion by clcultions not xct, but clos nough to support n id or chng lin of rsoning. Vrbl lngug is usd in dscription whr xplntion gos hnd in hnd with th crtiv procss, forcing invntion whr dtil is lcking nd xprssing rltionships not obvious visully. Affinity for tmwork. Bcus dsignrs work for clints, it is nturl tht good intrprsonl skills bcom prt of th profssionl st of tools thy dvlop. An dditionl imptus towrd tmwork hs bn movmnt in th profssions ovr th lst forty yrs towrd tm-bsd dsign, spurrd by dvlopmnts in industry. Dsign thinking tody is highly influncd by this, nd dsignrs routinly work closly with othr dsignrs nd xprts from othr filds. On multi-disciplin tms, dsignrs r highly vlubl sst bcus of thir chrctristic bilitis to gnrliz, communict cross disciplins, work systmticlly with qulittiv informtion, nd visuliz concpts. Fcility for voiding th ncssity of choic. Th job of th dcision mkr is to choos mong ltrntiv proposls, usully th products of diffrnt problm-solving pprochs. Dsign thinking tks th viw tht mking tht choic is lst rsort. Bfor moving to choic-mking, th dsignr looks for wys to hv your ck nd t it too sming prdox (xctly wht you cnnot do, s pointd out in th old English provrb). Th optimistic, dptiv dsignr, howvr, srchs th compting ltrntivs for thir ssntil chrctristics nd finds wys to rformult thm in nw configurtion. Whn this procss is succssful, th rsult is solution tht voids th dcision nd combins th bst of both possibl choics. Slf-govrning prcticlity. Dsign is fild in which invntivnss is prizd. In vry fw filds is thr th frdom to drm xpctd in dsign. Th bst dsign thinkrs undrstnd this nd lrn to govrn flights of fntsy with ltnt sns of th prcticl. Th flight is to th outr rchs of wht cn b concivd; th tthr is to wys tht th concivbl might b rlizd. This is mbddd in styl of thinking tht xplors frly in th forground, whil mintining in th bckground rlistic pprisl of costs tht cn b mt nd functionlity tht cn b ffctd. Ability to work systmticlly with qulittiv informtion. As dsign rsrch hs mturd nd dsign mthodology progrssd, dsign procsss with componnt mthods nd tools hv bn dvlopd nd rfind. As on such procss, Structurd Plnning 9 contins tool-kit of mthods for complt rng of plnning tsks covring wys to find informtion, gin insights from it, orgniz it optimlly for concptuliztion, vlut rsults nd communict pln to th public nd follow-on tms in th dvlopmnt procss. Mthods such s this r qulittiv informtion hndling tchniqus pplicbl to mny kinds of concptul problms whr complx, systm solutions r dsirbl. Thy r lso usbl by nyon working on plnning tm, nbling systmtic spcts of dsign thinking to b md ccssibl to ll. Dsign Eduction to Srv Nw Clints Th chrctristics numrtd bov r not thos normlly listd in ctlog for dsign cours. Ths r spcil wys of dsign thinking, lmost implicit in th ntur of th dsign procss nd usully tught tcitly in tody s dsign duction progrms. For most of th chrctristics, this works bcus dsign duction progrms r svrl yrs in lngth nd dirctd towrd crr in dsign. Thr is mpl opportunity to cquir th skills nd nuncs of dsign thinking, nd prdisposition to do so xists on th prt of studnts bcus thy hv chosn to bcom dsignrs. For som of th chrctristics, though, prticulrly thos tht hv dvlopd mor rcntly, tcit ssimiltion is not nough, nd mor progrssiv schools cn b xpctd to institut forml courss to tch thm. W cn xpct problms to ppr, morovr, whn th contxt is chngd. Tching dsign thinking, formlly or tcitly, is on thing whn th contxt is trditionl dsign crr in industry or consulting offic. It will b quit nothr whn th contxt is institutionl or govrnmntl policy plnning. And our problm is just tht: to trin nw kind of studnt for tht nw contxt. To trin studnts Continud Q Dsign Rsrch Qurtrly 1:2 Dc

12 Dsign Thinking: Nots on Its Ntur nd Us. cont. for rols s policy dsign synthsis dvisors, it will b ncssry to crt nw kind of dsign progrm. Som of th fctors tht will nd to b considrd r: G How long should th progrm b? Cn it b tught in on, two or thr yrs? Should it b full-tim or prttim or ithr? It is unlikly tht long progrm will b ccptbl. Just s businss schools hv crftd on nd two yr progrms for xcutivs sking MBA dgrs, progrm for policy dsign synthsis will in ll liklihood hv to b rltivly condnsd nd, prhps, pckgd in unusul tim blocks nd dlivry mns ccssibl to potntil studnts lrdy working in dsign or plnning filds. G Who r th bst cndidts for th progrm? Should cndidts b rcruitd from institutionl/govrnmntl positions? Should xprincd snior dsignrs b rcruitd? It is not clr yt whthr plnnrs turnd dsign thinkrs or dsignrs turnd plnning prctitionrs would b bttr. Th corrltd qustion whthr snior dsignrs or policy stff mmbrs would bnfit mor thn young profssionls in ithr fild is lso opn. Prhps, nlogous progrms for policy plnning will b instructiv. G Wht lvls of xprinc nd schooling should b rquird for ntrnc to th progrm? Must cndidts hv on or mor dsign dgrs? Wht kind of xprinc is vlubl? Should spcil xprinc b rquird? Som lvl of xprinc will lmost crtinly b ncssry nd trining in both dsign nd plnning must b undrtkn, ithr prior to ntry or during th priod of duction. Exprinc cn b built up through intrnships within th progrm, nd vrying dgrs of foundtion duction cn b offrd s dditionl rquird studis for dficint cndidts who othrwis would b highly qulifid. Wht is th idl mix of dsign tools nd thinking nd tools nd thinking from othr filds to bst prpr studnts for thir working nvironmnt? Wht tools from th vilbl dsign invntory r suitbl? Wht modifictions should b sought? Wht tools from othr filds could b rfind for this nw us? Wht wholly nw tools would b dsirbl? Dsign rsrch will hv som nw filds to prob. Tools will hv to covr t lst thr sctors of policy dsign synthsis. First, tools for dsign dvisors to work with othr plnning dvisors. Ths will probbly b informtion hndling tools, much lik G Structurd Plnning, whr ll cn work togthr undr guidnc by somon trind in using th tools. Scond, tools for dsign dvisors to work for othr plnning dvisors. Ths will b tools tht rquir mor dsign xprtis, but whos us is for crystllizing concpts for th plnning group. Third, tools for dsign dvisors to work wy from othr plnning dvisors. Ths will probbly b tools for spcilizd dsign simultion nd modling work whos rsults will b importnt for th plnning procss, but whos workings rquir mor spcilizd knowldg nd tim us thn is rsonbl for tm mmbrs working dirctly on th plnning problm. Wht mix of cdmic nd intrnship xprinc should b plnnd? Wht form should th ductionl procss tk? Should lmnts of th progrm b on-sit t n institutionl loction? Pckging of th progrm will b crucil to its succss. If it chivs high lvl of ttntion t xcutiv lvls, mny othrwis highly ffctiv, but costly, forms of duction my bcom possibl. Vry low studnt-to-tchr rtios complmntd with lrning sttings optimlly suitd to th duction procss r n xmpl. Th mix of xprincs nd forms of involvmnt should b plnnd for mximum ffct in minimum tim to ppl to potntil studnt popultion (nd clints dsiring to hir thm) in position to xpct nd sponsor th bst. How should succssful compltion of th progrm b judgd? Cours compltion? Thsis or dissrttion? Licns? Should xminrs includ intrnship dvisors from rlvnt institution? Th opportunity my b hr for nw forms of vlution. Dsign thinking is lmost nvr vlutd wll by tsting, nd lmost ll dsign is tught by projct-orintd lrning mthods. Finl rsrch work s typifid by thss nd dissrttions is probbly lso inpproprit for th kind of progrm tht most likly will volv for policy dsign synthsis. A projct-lik dmonstrtion of proficincy tht could tk rng of possibl forms might b n nswr. Such dmonstrtion could involv othr studnts nd hv vlutors from both th univrsity nd th institution whr th studnt is srving his or hr intrnship. Th tsk of crting Policy Dsign Synthsis progrm will b difficult. Govrnmntl nd institutionl orgniztions must b convincd tht policy dsign synthsis is vlubl ddition to th dvisory skills thy rly upon. For tht, our profssionl dsign socitis cn crry th cm- Continud Q Dsign Rsrch Qurtrly 1:2 Dc

13 Dsign Thinking: Nots on Its Ntur nd Us. cont. pign. Nw tools will hv to b crtd to bring th skills of dsign thinking to br on policy problms. For tht, our dsign rsrch institutions nd univrsity progrms cn ld th wy. Th problm is grtr thn th cpbilitis of ny singl univrsity. Cooprtion will b ssntil to convinc ldrs, to crt tools, nd to trin studnts in numbrs significnt to hv impct whil thr is still tim. Summry nd Conclusions Th problms inducd by growing popultion r bcoming mjor with virtul crtinty tht thir numbr nd sriousnss will incrs. Globl wrming, s on of th ltst mnifsttions, dds lvls of compliction nd uncrtinty lmost impossibl to nticipt. Dcision mking t th policy lvl must vil itslf of th bst dvic it cn find to t onc confront disstrs on incrsingly grndr scls, nd bnfit from th mrgnc of xtrmly powrful nw tchnologis. To intrprt th problms nd possibilitis of impnding chngs, scinc thinking must b solicitd nd hrd. To xplor nd concptuliz wys to procd, dsign thinking must rciv qul ttntion. Among th mny kinds of dvic vilbl, th crtiv voics of discovry nd invntion s mbodid in th insights of scintists nd th ids of dsignrs r criticl. Dsign thinking, lss wll known thn scinc thinking, hs chrctristics of grt vlu to tms dling with complx, ill-formd problms. Togthr, th chrctristics of dsign nd scinc thinking form st of complmntry thought procsss bl to dd considrbl strngth to th dvisory tsk. Providing dsign thinking in n dvisory cpcity to govrnmntl nd institutionl ldrs will rquir n volution in dsign duction, dsign rsrch nd dsign profssionl ctivitis. For dsign duction, nw progrms must b dsignd tht bring th bst of dsign thinking into th nw contxt of policy plnning. Nw contnt will b ncssry; nw procsss must b dvlopd nd tught; nd nw wys of working will hv to b lrnd. It will b worth doing. Rf rncs 1. Dimond, Jrd. (1999 ). Guns, Grms nd Stl. Th Ft s of Humn Soci t i s. Nw York: W. W. Norton & Co. In Chptr 13, Ncssity s Mothr. Th volution of tchnology, Dimond givs vivid nlysis of how tchnologicl cpbility hs pprd in our nd othr socitis nd why its growth is nonlinr nd utoctlyzd. 2. Own, Chrls L. Rsponsibl Dsign. (2004). Achiving Living Excllnc: Implictions, Wrnings nd Cll to Action. In Dsign2004. Procdings of t h I ntrnt ionl Confrnc on Environmntl Dsign for Living Excl l nc: Cont mporry Issus nd Solutions. Shh Alm, Slngor, Mlysi: Univrsiti Tknologi MARA, 2004; nd Own, Chrls L. (2005). Socitl Rsponsibilitis. Growing th Rol of Dsign. In Procdings of t h I ntrnt ionl Confrnc on Plnning nd Dsign. Crt ivit y, Intrction nd Sustinbl Dvlopmnt. Tinn, Tiwn: Ntionl Chng Kung Univrsity. Both pprs r viwbl s pdf documnts t http//:www. id.iit.du. 3. Own, Chrls L. (1998). Dsign Rsrch: Building th Knowldg Bs. Dsi gn St udi s. [UK] 19(1), This ppr is lso vilbl t du. 4. Fbun, Don, d. (1968). You nd Crtivity. Ki sr Aluminum Nws 25(3). 5. Ariti, Silvno. (1976). Crtivity. Th Mgic Synthsis. Nw York: Bsic Books. Ariti collcts chrctristics from th work of numbr of rsrchrs in chptr Csikszntmihlyi, Mihly. (1996). Cr t i vi t y. Fl ow nd t h Psychol ogy of Di scovry nd Invntion. Nw York: Hrpr Collins Publishrs, Inc. In prprtion for this book, Csikszntmihlyi intrviwd 91 notd individuls, including twlv Nobl Priz winnrs. 7. Bhr, Michl. (2005). Now You CO2 Now you Don t. Populr Scinc 267(2), DiChristin, Mritt. (1991). Rvrsing th Grnhous. Populr Scinc 239(2), Also: Editors of Populr Scinc. Fourth Annul Bst of Wht s Nw. Th Yr s 100 Grtst Achivmnts in Scinc nd Tchnology. Popul r Scinc 239(6) (Dcmbr 1991), Projct Phonix ws nmd Grnd Winnr in th Environmntl Tchnology ctgory, on of 10 Grnd wrds givn. Vrsions of th originl rports, Proj ct Phonix: Fir Rpl cd nd Proj ct Phoni x: Fi r Rvrsd wr rissud in 2004 with fullcolor illustrtions t 9. Own, Chrls L. Dsign, Advncd Plnning nd Product Dvlopmnt. This gnrl xplntion long with svrl othr pprs on th Structurd Plnning procss nd numbr of projct rports nd prsnttions cn b sn on th wb sit Chrls Own Dsign Rsrch Qurtrly 1:2 Dc

14 DESIGN RESEARCH QUARTERLY Vol 2, no. 1 Tbl of Contnts: 3 Forty Yrs of Dsign Rsrch Nigl Cross 7 Simplicity Pr Mollrup 16 Dsign Thinking: Nots on its Us Chrls Own 28 Wondrground nd Forwrd Chris Rust 29 Svn Nw Fllows of th Dsign Rsrch Socity ICM Rport: 30 BRAZIL: 7th P&D Brzilin Confrnc on Rsrch nd Dvlopmnt in Dsign Dnil Büchlr Dsign Confrnc Clndr: 31 Upcoming Evnts Worldwid Artmis Ygou Clls for Pprs: 6 Emrging Trnds in Dsign Rsrch 2007 IASDR confrnc, Hong Kong 15 Shping th Futur? 9th Intrntionl Confrnc on Enginring nd Product Dsign Ed. Nwcstl upon Tyn UK 32 Livnrch Contxtulism in Architctur Trbzon Turky Dsign Rsrch Qurtrly DRQ is th journl of th Dsign Rsrch Socity. Evry mmbr of DRS rcivs subscription to DRQ s mmbr bnfi t. Th journl is distributd four tims yr. It gos dirct to ch mmbr s n mil ttchmnt. Ech issu contins timly nws, informtion, nd listings of vnts tht r only vilbl to mmbrs for th six months following publiction. Following th six-month mbrgo, DRQ bcoms n opn-ccss journl for th lrgr scintifi c nd scholrly community. DRQ publishs pr-rviwd scholrly nd scintifi c rticls of durbl importnc to th fi ld of dsign rsrch. W r committd to opn ccss publishing. As th journl of not-for-profi t scholrly nd scintifi c socity, w distribut fi rst to mmbrs. Following six-month mbrgo, th journl is md vilbl for fr distribution through th public r of th DRS wb sit s wll s through librris nd othr orgniztions. W lso provid uthors with rprints of thir rticls. A high qulity pr rviw procss, n outstnding ditoril bord, nd uniqu combintion of multipl distribution chnnls mks Dsign Rsrch Qurtrly n xcllnt vnu for publishing rsrch. W wlcom contributions from ll intrstd uthors. Dsign Rsrch Socity Th Dsign Rsrch Socity is th multi-disciplinry lrnd socity for th dsign rsrch community worldwid. W hv n intrntionl dsign rsrch ntwork in round 40 countris comprising mmbrs who mintin contct through our publictions nd ctivitis. Our mmbrs r from divrs bckgrounds, from th trditionl rs of dsign, rnging from xprssiv rts to nginring, but lso from subjcts lik psychology nd computr scinc. Dsign Rsrch Qurtrly 1:2 Dc