Incremental Seismic Rehabilitation of School Buildings (K-12)

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3 FEMA 395 Dcmbr 2002 Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion School Buildings (K-12) Prprd for Fdrl Emrgncy Mngmnt Agncy Undr Contrct No. EMW-2000-CO-0380 by: World Institut for Disstr Risk Mngmnt, Virgini Polytchnic Institut nd Stt Univrsity, Alxndri, Virgini Building Tchnology Incorportd, Silvr Spring, Mrylnd Mlvyn Grn & Associts Inc., Torrnc, Cliforni

4 FEMA Disclimr: This rport ws prprd undr Contrct No. EMW-2000-CO-0380 btwn Fdrl Emrgncy Mngmnt Agncy (FEMA) nd Virgini Polytchnic Institut nd Stt Univrsity. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or rcommndtions xprssd in this publiction do not ncssrily rflct viws FEMA. Additionlly, nir FEMA nor ny its mploys mks ny wrrnt, xprssd or implid, nor ssums ny lgl libility or rsponsibility for ccurcy, compltnss, or usfulnss ny informtion, product, or procss includd in this publiction. Usrs informtion from this publiction ssum ll libility rising from such us. For furr informtion concrning this publiction, contct World Institut for Disstr Risk Mngmnt, Virgini Polytchnic Institut nd Stt Univrsity, Alxndri, Virgini, For dditionl copis this publiction contct FEMA Distribution Cntr,

5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Principl Authors: Frdrick Krimgold, DRM/VT Dvid Httis, BTI Mlvyn Grn, MGA Contributors: John Hrrld, GWU Chrls Scwthorn, ABS Consulting Mdhi Strh, VT Rn Vn Dorp, GWU Willim Whiddon, BTI Projct Advisory Pnl: Dnil Abrms, Univrsity Illinois Dnil Butlr, Ntionl Rtil Fdrtion John Coil, John Coil Associts Josph Donovn, Crr Amric Jms Hrris, Ntionl Multi Housing Council Rndl Hslm, Jordn School District, Uth Jms Mlly, Dgnkolb Enginrs Mik Mhrin, URS Dms & Moor Anthony Moddstt, UC Dvis Mdicl Cntr Lwrnc Rvly, Univrsity Uth Tchnicl Rviw: Chris Polnd, Dgnkolb Enginrs Dnil Shpiro, SOHA Enginrs Production: L-Ann Lyons nd Amy Sigl, URS Group, Inc. Th dvlopmnt s mnuls ws inspird nd guidd by ldrship Ugo Morlli, FEMA Projct Officr

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7 Contnts Excutiv Summry... i Forword... iii Prfc... iv Introduction... vi How to Us This Mnul... viii PART A Criticl Dcisions for Erthquk Sfty in Schools... A-1 A.1 Is Thr n Erthquk Hzrd for Your Schools?... A-1 A.2 Ar Your School Buildings Sf?... A-3 A.3 Wht Cn B Don to Rduc Erthquk Risk in Existing Vulnrbl School Buildings?... A-5 A.4 Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion Existing Schools... A-6 PART B Plnning nd Mnging Procss for Erthquk Risk Rduction in Existing School Buildings... B-1 Introduction... B-1 B.1 Intgrting Efforts Fcility Mngmnt, Risk Mngmnt, nd Finncil Mngmnt... B-2 B.2 Intgrting Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion into Fcility Mngmnt Procss... B-3 B.2.1 A Modl Fcility Mngmnt Procss for Existing School Buildings... B-3 B.2.2 n Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion Progrm... B-3 B Sismic Scrning... B-3 B Sismic Evlution... B-4 B Dvloping Risk Rduction Policy... B-5 Contnts

8 B Sismic Rhbilittion Plnning for Spcific Buildings... B-5 B Stging Sismic Rhbilittion Incrmnts... B-7 B Budgt Pckging... B-8 B Bond Pckging... B-8 B Sismic Rhbilittion Projct Mngmnt... B-9 B.2.3 Intgrtion into Schools Fcility Mngmnt Procss... B-9 B.3 Opportunitis for Sismic Risk Rduction in Support Intgrting Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion into Fcility Mngmnt Procss... B-10 B.3.1 Rsponding to Occupnt Concrns... B-10 B.3.2 Emrgncy Mngmnt/Rspons Plnning... B-11 B.3.3 Emrgncy Mngmnt/Mitigtion Plnning... B-11 B.3.4 Dvloping Risk Rduction Policy... B-11 B.3.5 Incorporting Fdrl nd Stt Mndts nd Progrms... B-12 B.3.6 Coordinting with Risk nd Insurnc Mngrs... B-12 B.3.7 Bcoming Fmilir with Applicbl Cods... B-12 B.3.8 Estblishing nd Mintining Rostr Dsign Prssionls... B-12 B.3.9 Ngotiting Cod Enforcmnt... B-12 B.4 Prpring Pln for Suprintndnt nd Bord... B-13 B.5 Additionl Componnts Comprhnsiv Erthquk Sfty Progrm... B-14 B.5.1 Building Contnts Mitigtion... B-14 B.5.2 Erthquk Curriculum... B-14 B.5.3 Erthquk Drills... B-14 PART C Tools for Implmnting Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion in Existing School Buildings... C-1 Introduction... C-1 Guid to Sctions C.1 nd C.2... C-1 C.1 How to Us Enginring Srvics... C-2 C.2 Discovring Intgrtion Opportunitis for Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion... C-4 Introduction... C-4 Ctgoris Mintnnc nd Cpitl Improvmnt Projcts... C-4 Work Dscriptions nd Mtrics Sismic Prformnc Improvmnt Opportunitis... C-4 Dfinitions Sismic Prformnc Improvmnts... C-6 C.2.1 Roing Mintnnc nd Rpir/R-Roing... C-8 C.2.2 Extrior Wll nd Window Mintnnc... C-10 Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion School Buildings

9 C.2.3 Fir nd Lif Sfty Improvmnts... C-12 C.2.4 Modrniztion/Rmodling/Nw Tchnology Accommodtion... C-14 C.2.5 Undrfloor nd Bsmnt Mintnnc nd Rpir... C-16 C.2.6 Enrgy Consrvtion/Wriztion/ Air-Conditioning... C-18 C.2.7 Hzrdous Mtrils Abtmnt... C-19 C.2.8 Accssibility Improvmnts... C-19 C.2.9 Dfinitions Sismic Prformnc Improvmnts... C-20 Appndix. Additionl Informtion on School Fcility Mngmnt... App-1 Introduction: Typicl Fcility Mngmnt for Schools... App-1 1. Th Currnt Building USE Phs School Fcility Mngmnt... App-2 2. Th PLANNING Phs School Fcility Mngmnt... App-5 3. Th Mintnnc nd Rhbilittion BUDGETING Phs School Fcility Mngmnt... App-7 4. Th Mintnnc nd Rhbilittion FUNDING Phs School Fcility Mngmnt... App-8 5. Th Mintnnc nd Rhbilittion IMPLEMENTATION Phs School Fcility Mngmnt... App-10 Contnts

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11 i Excutiv Summry Erthquks r srious thrt to school sfty nd pos significnt potntil libility to school ficils nd to school districts. School buildings in 39 stts r vulnrbl to rthquk dmg. Unsf xisting buildings xpos school dministrtors to following risks: Dth nd injury studnts, tchrs, nd stff Dmg to or collps buildings Dmg nd loss furnishings, quipmnt, nd building contnts Disruption ductionl progrms nd school oprtions Th grtst rthquk risk is ssocitd with xisting school buildings tht wr dsignd nd constructd bfor us modrn building cods. For mny prts Unitd Stts, this includs buildings built s rcntly s rly 1990s. Although vulnrbl school buildings nd to b rplcd with sf nw construction or rhbilittd to corrct dficincis, for mny school districts nw construction is limitd, t tims svrly, by budgtry constrints, nd sismic rhbilittion is xpnsiv nd disruptiv. Howvr, n innovtiv pproch tht phss sris discrt rhbilittion ctions implmntd ovr priod svrl yrs, incrmntl sismic rhbilittion, is n ffctiv, ffordbl, nd non-disruptiv strtgy for rsponsibl mitigtion ction. It cn b intgrtd fficintly into ongoing fcility mintnnc nd cpitl improvmnt oprtions to minimiz cost nd disruption. Th strtgy incrmntl sismic rhbilittion mks it possibl to gt strtd now on improving rthquk sfty in your school district. This mnul provids school dministrtors with informtion ncssry to ssss sismic vulnrbility ir buildings, nd to implmnt Excutiv Summry

12 ii progrm incrmntl sismic rhbilittion for thos buildings. Th mnul consists thr prts: Prt A, Criticl Dcisions for Erthquk Sfty in Schools, is for suprintndnts, bord mmbrs, businss mngrs, principls, nd or policy mkrs who will dcid on llocting rsourcs for rthquk mitigtion. Prt B, Mnging Procss for Erthquk Risk Rduction in Existing School Buildings, is for school district fcility mngrs, risk mngrs, nd finncil mngrs who will initit nd mng sismic mitigtion msurs. Prt C, Tools for Implmnting Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion in School Buildings, is for school district fcility mngrs, or thos orwis rsponsibl for fcility mngmnt, who will implmnt incrmntl sismic rhbilittion progrms. To gt most out this mnul: Communict importnc ssssing your district s risks nd pss this mnul on to stff mmbrs rsponsibl for fcility mngmnt, risk mngmnt, nd finncil plnning. Spcify tht y dvlop n nlysis currnt sismic risk your buildings nd strtgy for risk rduction. Promptly initit progrm rthquk risk rduction in district s buildings loctd in n rthquk-pron zon tht wr not dsignd nd constructd to mt modrn building cods. Considr incrmntl sismic rhbilittion s cost-ffctiv mns to protct buildings nd, most importntly, sfty studnts, tchrs, nd stff, bcus it is tchniclly nd finncilly mngbl strtgy tht minimizs disruption school ctivitis. Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion School Buildings

13 iii Forword Th concpt sismiclly rhbilitting buildings in discrt sgmnts, s rsourcs bcom vilbl or s prt structurl rnovtion progrm, ws pionrd by FEMA nd Virgini Polytchnic Institut/Building Tchnology Inc. tm tht, in rly 1990s, publishd Existing School Buildings Incrmntl Sismic Rtrit Opportunitis, FEMA 318. Lck rsourcs t tim, howvr, rstrictd ppliction this promising concpt to fw stts in Pcific Northwst nd to singl occupncy or us ctgory: schools. FEMA is rfor now plsd to mk vilbl n updtd vrsion mnul on schools (K-12). Furr, tm is lso prpring sris mnuls tht will ddrss svn dditionl building uss: hospitls, rtil stblishmnts, multi-fmily dwllings, fic buildings, mrgncy mngmnt fcilitis, wrhousing/distribution cntrs, nd hotls/motls. A sprt mnul will srv nds dsign prssionls nd building ficils nd will b pplicbl cross ll occupncy ctgoris. FEMA grtfully cknowldgs ddictd fforts ll mmbrs tm: Virgini Polytchnic Institut nd Stt Univrsity ( prim contrctor), Projct Advisory Pnl, Projct Consultnts, Building Tchnology Inc, EQE Inc., Mlvyn Grn & Associts Inc., Institut for Crisis Disstr nd Risk Mngmnt Gorg Wshington Univrsity, nd URS Group, Inc. Th FEMA Projct Officr dds his sincrst pprcition for xcllnt support this multi-disciplinry tm. Th Fdrl Emrgncy Mngmnt Agncy Forword

14 iv Prfc This mnul is intndd to ssist school dministrtion prsonnl rsponsibl for funding nd oprtion xisting school fcilitis cross Unitd Stts. This guid nd its compnion documnts r products Fdrl Emrgncy Mngmnt Agncy (FEMA) projct to dvlop concpt incrmntl sismic rhbilittion tht is, building modifictions tht rduc sismic risk by improving sismic prformnc nd tht r implmntd ovr n xtndd priod, tn in conjunction with or rpir, mintnnc, or cpitl improvmnt ctivitis. Th mnul ws dvlopd ftr nlyzing mngmnt prctics school districts vrying sizs loctd in vrious sismic zons in diffrnt prts Unitd Stts. It focuss on idntifid concrns nd dcisionmking prctics K-12 public nd privt school mngrs nd dministrtors. This mnul is prt st mnuls intndd for building ownrs, mngrs, nd ir stff: Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion School Buildings (K-12), FEMA 395 Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion Hospitl Buildings, FEMA 396 Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion Offic Buildings, FEMA 397 Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion Multifmily Aprtmnt Buildings, FEMA 398 Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion Rtil Buildings, FEMA 399 Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion Hotl nd Motl Buildings, FEMA 400 Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion Storg Buildings, FEMA 401 Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion Emrgncy Buildings, FEMA 402 Ech mnul in this st ddrsss spcific nds nd prctics prticulr ctgory buildings nd ownrs, nd guids ownrs nd mngrs through procss tht will rduc rthquk risk in ir building invntory. Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion School Buildings

15 v Th mnuls nswr qustion, s spcificlly s possibl, wht is most ffordbl, lst disruptiv, nd most ffctiv wy to rduc sismic risk in xisting buildings? By using procss outlind in s mnuls, building ownrs nd mngrs will bcom knowldgbl clints for implmnting incrmntl sismic rhbilittion spcificlly grd to ir building us ctgory. In ddition to this st mnuls, r is compnion mnul, Enginring Guidlin for Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion, FEMA 420. It is intndd to ssist rchitcts nd nginrs who provid srvics to building ownrs nd contins informtion ncssry for providing consulting srvics to ownrs for implmnting incrmntl sismic rhbilittion. Architcts nd nginrs using tht hndbook will b ffctiv consultnts srving knowldgbl ownr. Togr y will b in position to implmnt n ffctiv incrmntl sismic rhbilittion progrm. Prfc

16 vi You my b libl for rthquk dths nd injuris in your oldr school buildings. Th 1933 Long Bch, Cliforni Erthquk dstroyd t lst 70 schools nd dmgd 420 mor, 120 m sriously. As dirct rspons, Cliforni nctd Fild Act, which stblishd strict dsign nd construction stndrds for nw schools in Cliforni. But wht bout ll xisting schools tht wr vulnrbl to rthquks? It took ovr 30 yrs to solv this problm, but mor thn just pssg tim ws rquird. In 1966 Attorny Gnrl Cliforni issud n opinion indicting tht school bords wr rsponsibl for nsuring non- Fild Act buildings wr xmind, nd if schools wr found to b unsf nd bord did not mk ncssry corrctions to mk m sf, individul school bord mmbrs wr prsonlly libl. Th opinion rcivd widsprd mdi ttntion. School bords, n rlizing grvity sitution, bcm quit concrnd bout structurl condition ir pr-fild Act public school buildings. Lgisltiv ction soon followd. Th Govrnor signd Grn Act in 1967, which rlivd individul school bord mmbrs prsonl libility only onc bord inititd procss xmining xisting buildings nd stblishd n intnt to crry through to compltion ll stps ncssry for ir rplcmnt or rpir. You too my b libl for rthquk dths nd injuris in your oldr school buildings, but cn you wit 30 yrs to ct? This mnul provids you with tools to ssss your vulnrbility nd to find cost-ffctiv wys to rduc your libility tody. Introduction Schools, Risk, nd Libility School dministrtors fc wid rry risks. Ths risks rng from plyground ccidnts to rmd ttck. Risk mngmnt for schools is typiclly drivn by xprinc nd individul nd group prcptions dngr; w rcogniz nd for stblts on school buss nd snitry prcutions in cftri, but risk ctstrophic loss du to dmging rthquk is mor difficult to undrstnd or to nticipt. Erthquks r low-probbility high-consqunc vnts. Though y my occur only onc in lif building y cn hv dvstting, irrvrsibl consquncs. Modrt rthquks occur mor frquntly thn mjor rthquks. Nonlss, modrt rthquks cn cus srious dmg to building contnts nd non-structurl building systms, srious injury to studnts nd stff, nd disruption building oprtions. Mjor rthquks cn cus ctstrophic dmg including structurl collps nd mssiv loss lif. Thos rsponsibl for school sfty must undrstnd nd mng s risks, prticulrly thos risks tht thrtn livs studnts, tchrs, nd stff. Erthquk risk is product hzrd xposur nd building vulnrbility, s shown in following qution: RISK = HAZARD x VULNERABILITY To mng rthquk risk in xisting school buildings on must undrstnd rthquk hzrd nd rduc school building vulnrbility. Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion School Buildings

17 vii This mnul is dsignd to giv dcision mkrs frmwork nd informtion for mking informd dcisions bout invsting in rthquk risk mngmnt msurs. It is structurd to follow dcision mking procss xisting plnning nd mngmnt prctics nd will hlp you vlut finncil, sfty, nd ductionl prioritis. School districts vry grtly in siz, rsourcs, nd tchnicl cpbility. Som hv comprhnsiv long-trm fcility mngmnt, mintnnc, nd dvlopmnt plns. Som hv non. Th succssful implmnttion improvd rthquk sfty should b prt comprhnsiv pproch to building sfty nd multi-hzrd mitigtion. Filur to ddrss rthquk risk lvs school district xposd to potntil losss, disruption, nd libility for dths nd injuris. Whil purchsing insurnc my protct school district from finncil losss nd libility, it still lvs district suscptibl to disruption s wll s dths nd injuris. Only building rhbilittion cn rduc losss, dths nd injuris, nd control libility nd disruption. Howvr, singl-stg sismic rhbilittion cn b xpnsiv nd disruptiv. Incrmntl sismic rhbilittion cn rduc tht cost nd disruption. Considring Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion Th incrmntl rhbilittion pproch to sismic risk mitigtion focuss on improvmnts tht will dcrs vulnrbility school buildings to rthquks t most pproprit nd convnint tims in lif cycl thos buildings. Th pproch clrifis, s spcificlly s possibl, wht is most ffordbl, lst disruptiv, nd most ffctiv wy to rduc sismic risk in your buildings. Prior to inititing progrm incrmntl sismic rhbilittion, school district must first ddrss following thr qustions: Ar your buildings loctd in sismic zon? Ar your school buildings vulnrbl to rthquks? Wht cn you do to rduc rthquk risk in xisting vulnrbl school buildings? This mnul will hlp you find right nswrs. Introduction

18 viii How to Us This Mnul Criticl Dcisions: School suprintndnts, businss mngrs, bord mmbrs, principls, nd similr policy mkrs should rd Prt A. Sction A.1 provids gnrl undrstnding rthquk hzrd with which school district is fcd. Sction A.2 provids n ovrviw how sismic vulnrbility school buildings nd rsultnt losss cn b stimtd. Sction A.3 provids n ovrviw ctions school district cn tk to rduc rthquk risk, including incrmntl sismic rhbilittion. Sction A.4 dtils how to implmnt concpt incrmntl sismic rhbilittion, including dditionl bnfits intgrting incrmntl sismic rhbilittion with or mintnnc nd cpitl improvmnt projcts. By undrstnding s four sctions, school district s top mngmnt cn stblish policy sismic risk rduction nd initit mor spcific, objctiv, nd cost-ffctiv progrm incrmntl sismic rhbilittion by its tchnicl stff. Progrm Dvlopmnt: Thos rsponsibl for district fcility, risk, nd finncil mngmnt should rd Prts A nd B, pying prticulr ttntion to Prt B. Sctions B.1 through B.3 provid dtild guidnc on how initition progrm incrmntl sismic rhbilittion cn fit into ongoing fcility mngmnt procss usd by school district, nd indicts spcific ctivitis you cn undrtk. A sprt Appndix, Additionl Informtion on School Fcility Mngmnt, is providd t nd this mnul for thos sking mor informtion on school fcility mngmnt. It contins discussion spcific phss fcility mngmnt procss nd ctivitis for school dministrtors sking furr dtil. Projct Implmnttion: District fcility mngrs, in ddition to Prts A nd B, should rd Prt C. Sction C.1 discusss spcific opportunitis for combining incrmnts sismic rhbilittion with or mintnnc nd cpitl improvmnt projcts. Sction C.2 provids guidnc on using consulting srvics rchitcts nd nginrs in implmnting progrm incrmntl sismic rhbilittion. A compnion mnul for dsign prssionls hs bn dvlopd to provid tchnicl guidnc for dtild dsign spcific rhbilittion projcts. Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion School Buildings

19 A-1 For Suprintndnts, Businss Mngrs, Bord Mmbrs & Principls ACriticl Dcisions for Prt Erthquk Sfty in Schools A.1 Is Thr n Erthquk Hzrd for Your Schools? Erthquks r on most srious nturl hzrds to which school districts my b xposd. Although school dministrtors fc vrity risks to occupnt sfty nd oprtions tht my ppr mor immdit, consquncs rthquks cn b ctstrophic. Thrfor, in spit ir rr occurrnc, rthquk sfty should b givn full considrtion in dsign nd invstmnt for risk mngmnt nd sfty. Th first stp to undrstnding rthquk risk: RISK = HAZARD x VULNERABILITY is to lrn liklihood nd svrity n rthquk ffcting your buildings. Th Erthquk Hzrd: Whr, Whn, nd How Big Th surfc rth consists solid msss, clld tctonic plts, which flot on liquid cor. Th rs whr sprt plts mt ch or r clld fults. Most rthquks rsult from movmnt tctonic plts, nd sismic hzrd is strongly corrltd to known fults. A mp zons sismic hzrd for Unitd Stts, bsd on mps providd by In Brif Gogrphic loction is most significnt fctor sismic hzrd. Soil conditions t prticulr sit lso influnc sismic hzrd. Prt A

20 A-2 U.S. Gologicl Survy (USGS), shows thr zons from lowst, grn, to highst, rd. Th whit rs hv ngligibl sismic hzrd. Th USGS rthquk hzrd mp is bsd on complx ssssmnt xpctd sismic ctivity ssocitd with rcognizd fults. Th scintific undrstnding rthquks continus to improv nd hs rsultd in incrsd stimts sismic hzrd in vrious prts country ovr lst dcd. Sismic Hzrd Mp School dministrtors rsponsibl for sfty studnts, tchrs, nd stff nd to know whr to b concrnd bout rthquks. Som guidlins for dtrmining rthquk risk in your loction r: If your school district is loctd in rd zon on mp Erthquks r on most significnt risks fcing your fcilitis. Tk immdit ction to undrtk comprhnsiv vulnrbility ssssmnt. Prssionl structurl nginrs should prform this ssssmnt. Idntify nd ir rplc or rhbilitt vulnrbl xisting buildings s soon s possibl. If your school district is loctd in yllow zon Th probbility svr rthquk occurrnc is sufficintly high to dmnd systmtic invstigtion your school buildings. Assign rsponsibility for invstigtion to risk mngrs nd fcility mngrs within district. If y r not vilbl, sk prssionl nginring ssistnc from outsid. Idntify vulnrbl buildings nd schdul m for rplcmnt, rhbilittion, or chng us. Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion School Buildings

21 A-3 Also considr mitigtion non-structurl hzrds, such s scuring bookshlvs nd suspndd lighting tht could injur building occupnts in n rthquk. If your school district is loctd in grn zon Whil rthquk occurrnc is lss likly, low-cost mitigtion strtgis tht protct building occupnts nd community invstmnt in fcilitis nd systms should b considrd. Py prticulr ttntion to school buildings dsigntd s mrgncy shltrs. Byond this brod sismic zon dsigntion, xpctd rthquk ground motion t prticulr loction is furr influncd by locl gology nd soil conditions. Gotchnicl nginring studis should b don to undrstnd fully rthquk hzrd t prticulr sit in rd nd yllow zons. A.2 Ar Your School Buildings Sf? Th scond stp to undrstnding rthquk risk: RISK = HAZARD x VULNERABILITY is to lrn xpctd dmg nd losss tht could rsult from n rthquk. Wht Hppns to School Buildings in Erthquks Erthquk fult ruptur cuss ground motion ovr wid r. This ground motion cts s powrful forc on buildings. Buildings r principlly dsignd to rsist forc grvity, but rsistnc to rthquk forcs rquirs spcilizd rthquk nginring. Horizontl rthquk forcs cus rpid movmnt foundtion nd displcmnt uppr lvls structur. Whn not dsignd to dqutly rsist or ccom- In Brif Sismic vulnrbility dpnds on structurl typ, g, condition, contnts, nd us school buildings. Hzrd xposur nd building vulnrbility my rsult in substntil dth, injury, building nd contnt dmg, nd srious disruption ductionl progrms. Fult ruptur undr or nr building, tn occurring in buildings loctd clos to fults. Rduction soil bring cpcity undr or nr building. Erthquk-inducd lndslids nr building. Erthquk-inducd wvs in bodis wtr nr building (tsunmi, on ocn nd sismic sich 1 on lks). 1 A wv on surfc lk or lndlockd by cusd by tmosphric or sismic disturbncs. Prt A

22 A-4 modt s rthquk forcs, structurs fil, lding to srious structurl dmg nd, in worst cs, totl building collps. In ddition to ground motion, buildings my suffr rthquk dmg from following ffcts: Building Ag nd Erthquk Vulnrbility Th first rthquk dsign lgisltion for schools ( Fild Act) ws nctd in Cliforni in Sinc tht tim, wrnss rthquk risk hs xpndd cross country, nd building cods hv bn improvd bcus rsrch nd xprinc. Sinc rly 1990s, most nw schools in Unitd Stts hv bn constructd in ccordnc with modrn cods nd mt socitl stndrds for sfty. Howvr, oldr school buildings should b rxmind in light currnt knowldg. Som sismiclly ctiv prts country hv only rcntly doptd pproprit sismic dsign stndrds ( Midwst), nd in or prts country, stimts sismic risk hv bn rvisd upwrd ( Northwst). Th srious problm rsids in xisting vulnrbl school buildings constructd without sismic rquirmnts or dsignd to obsolt stndrds. Th building cod is not rtroctiv so r is no utomtic rquirmnt to bring xisting buildings up to currnt stndrds. Sfty in xisting buildings is rsponsibility ownr/oprtor. Tht mns you! Estimting Building Vulnrbility It is possibl to stimt roughly vulnrbility school district s portfolio buildings nd to idntify problm buildings with tchniqu clld rpid visul scrning. School districts cn produc gnrlizd stimts xpctd dmg in initil sismic risk ssssmnt its buildings. Enginrs hv dfind lvls dmg tht cn b xpctd in prticulr typs buildings du to vrying intnsitis rthquk motion. Ths lvls dmg rng from minor dmg, such s crcks in wlls, to totl building collps. In ddition to building typ, xpctd dmg is lso function building g nd stt mintnnc. Schools suffring from dfrrd mintnnc will xprinc grtr dmg thn wll-mintind schools. For xmpl, filur to mintin msonry prpts significntly incrss possibility lif thrtning filur in vn modrt rthquk. Aftr initil rpid scrning, spcific sismic risk ssssmnt for individul school buildings rquirs dtild nginring nlysis. Or Erthquk Losss Whil srious concrn in its own right, building filur is dirct cus vn mor importnt rthquk losss: Dth nd injury studnts, tchrs, nd stff Dstruction school contnts nd quipmnt Disruption dlivry ll school srvics, including cpbility to provid shltr, which is frquntly ssignd to schools in disstr Th xpctd xtnt s losss cn lso b stimtd bsd on hzrd nd vulnrbility ssssmnts. Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion School Buildings

23 A-5 A.3 Wht Cn B Don to Rduc Erthquk Risk in Existing Vulnrbl School Buildings? Filur to ddrss rthquk risk lvs school district xposd to potntil losss, disruption, nd libility for dths nd injuris. Whil purchsing insurnc my protct school district from finncil losss nd libility, it still lvs district xposd to disruption s wll s dths nd injuris. Only building rhbilittion cn rduc losss, dths, nd injuris nd control libility nd disruption. Th implmnttion sismic risk rduction through building rhbilittion will primrily involv fcility mngr. Howvr, to b ffctiv it will rquir coordintion mong fcility mngrs, risk mngrs, nd finncil mngrs. This is furr discussd in Prt B (for Fcility Mngrs, Risk Mngrs, nd Finncil Mngrs). In ddition, it is rsponsibility district s top dministrtors to mk sur tht hzrds r ssssd nd risk rduction msurs implmntd. In Brif Sismic rhbilittion xisting vulnrbl school buildings cn rduc futur rthquk dmg. Incrmntl sismic rhbilittion is strtgy to rduc cost rhbilittion nd rltd disruption ductionl progrms. Options for Sismic Risk Rduction Th most importnt considrtion for rthquk sfty in school buildings is to rduc risk ctstrophic structurl collps. Most likly in xisting vulnrbl buildings, structurl collps poss grtst thrt to lif in mjor rthquk. Choosing mthod protction from structurl collps in dficint building rquirs two criticl dcisions: Rplc or Rhbilitt: If you dcid to rplc building, nw construction is crrid out ccording to modrn cods nd cn b ssumd to mt currnt sfty stndrds. Howvr, finncil constrints, historic prsrvtion concrns, nd or community intrsts my mk rplcmnt option infsibl. In tht, cs rhbilittion should b considrd. Singl-Stg Rhbilittion 2 or Incrmntl Rhbilittion: If rhbilittion option is chosn, r rmin issus cost nd disruption ssocitd with rhbilittion work. Th cost singl-stg sismic rhbilittion hs provd to b srious impdimnt to its implmnttion in mny school districts. Incrmntl sismic rhbilittion is spcificlly dsignd to ddrss nd rduc problms cost nd disruption. Estimting Costs nd Bnfits Sismic Rhbilittion Existing School Buildings Th dirct nd indirct costs sismic rhbilittion building r: Enginring nd dsign srvics Construction Disruption building oprtions during construction 2 Singl-stg rhbilittion rfrs to complting rhbilittion in singl continuous projct. Prt A

24 A-6 Th bnfits sismic rhbilittion building r: Rducd risk dth nd injury studnts, tchrs, nd stff Rducd building dmg Rducd dmg school contnts nd quipmnt Rducd disruption dlivry school srvics Enginrs hv dvlopd stimts rduction rthquk dmg tht cn b chivd with sismic rhbilittion following Fdrl Emrgncy Mngmnt Agncy s (FEMA s) currnt rhbilittion stndrds. This typ stimt, howvr, my significntly undrvlu bnfit sismic rhbilittion. In considring rturn on sismic rhbilittion invstmnts, it is pproprit to considr vlu dmgs voidd s wll s difficult-to-quntify vlus dths, injuris, nd disruption school functions voidd. Th primry obstcls to singl-stg rhbilittion vulnrbl xisting school buildings r cost rhbilittion construction work nd rltd disruption school functions. Incrmntl sismic rhbilittion frs opportunitis to bttr mng costs rhbilittion nd rduc its disruption. Th following sction introducs nd xplins incrmntl sismic rhbilittion in mor dtil. In Brif Whrs singlstg sismic rhbilittion n xisting school building rprsnts significnt cost, rhbilittion ctions cn b dividd into incrmnts nd intgrtd into norml mintnnc nd cpitl improvmnt projcts. Th implmnttion incrmntl sismic rhbilittion rquirs ssssing buildings, stblishing rhbilittion prioritis, nd plnning intgrtion with or projcts. A.4 Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion Existing Schools Approch Incrmntl rhbilittion phss sismic rhbilittion into n ordrd sris discrt ctions implmntd ovr priod svrl yrs, nd whnvr fsibl, s ctions r timd to coincid with rgulrly schduld rpirs, mintnnc, or cpitl improvmnts. Such n pproch, if crfully plnnd, nginrd, nd implmntd, will ultimtly chiv full dmg rduction bnfits mor costly nd disruptiv singl-stg rhbilittion. In fct, for schools, ky distinction btwn incrmntl nd singl-stg rhbilittion pproch is tht incrmntl pproch cn ffctivly limint or drsticlly rduc disruption costs if ctivitis r orgnizd so tht ll rhbilittion occurs during trditionl 10-wk summr brks. Incrmntl sismic rhbilittion cn b inititd in nrtrm s componnt plnnd mintnnc nd cpitl improvmnt with only mrginl ddd cost. Gtting strtd s soon s possibl on progrm rthquk sfty dmonstrts rcognition rsponsibility for school sfty nd cn provid protction from libility. Assssmnt Dficincis A ncssry ctivity tht must prcd sismic rhbilittion progrm, b it singl-stg or incrmntl, is n ssssmnt sismic vulnrbility school district s building invntory. Fcility mngrs cn implmnt such n ssssmnt using district stff or outsid nginring consultnts s pproprit. Th ssssmnt should rnk building invntory in trms sismic vulnrbility nd idntify spcific dficincis. FEMA publishs numbr documnts tht cn guid you through ssssmnt procss. Portions ssssmnt ctivitis cn b intgrtd with or ongoing fcility mngmnt ctivitis such s priodic building inspctions. Fcility ssssmnts nd FEMA publictions vilbl to hlp you conduct m r discussd in mor dtil in Prt B. Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion School Buildings

25 Rhbilittion Strtgy Th incrmntl sismic rhbilittion progrm will corrct dficincis idntifid by ssssmnt. Th ordr in which sismic rhbilittion incrmnts r undrtkn cn b importnt to ir ultimt ffctivnss. Thr r thr spcts to prioritizing sismic rhbilittion incrmnts: Structurl Priority: An initil prioritiztion sismic rhbilittion incrmnts should b stblishd primrily in trms ir rspctiv impct on ovrll rthquk rsistnc structur. Fcility mngrs will bgin with s prioritis whn dtrmining ordr sismic rhbilittion incrmnts to b undrtkn. Howvr, finl ordr incrmnts my dvit from this priority ordr dpnding on or plnning prmtrs. Additionl nginring nlysis my b rquird for crtin building typs whn dviting from structurl priority ordr. This subjct is discussd in mor dtil in Prt B, Sction B.2, nd Prt C. Us Priority: School districts should considr plnning ltrntiv futur uss ir xisting buildings. Som vulnrbl schools my b schduld for dmolition or chngd to non-ductionl uss (for xmpl, storg). Ors my b schduld for xpnsion nd intnsifiction us. Ths considrtions, mong ors, will influnc prioritiztion sismic rhbilittion incrmnts. Intgrtion: A mjor dvntg incrmntl sismic rhbilittion pproch is tht spcific work itms cn b intgrtd with or building mintnnc or cpitl improvmnt projcts undrtkn routinly, s dpictd in illustrtions on this pg. Such intgrtion will rduc cost sismic rhbilittion ction by shring nginring costs, dsign cost, nd som spcts construction costs. Intgrtion opportunitis r ky considrtion in dpting squnc ctions suggstd by forgoing discussions rhbilittion prioritis. Intgrtion opportunitis r discussd in mor dtil in Prt C, Sction C.2. SCHEMATIC INTEGRATION OPPORTUNITIES Ro Work A-7 Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion Pln An ssntil ftur implmnting incrmntl sismic rhbilittion in spcific school buildings is dvlopmnt nd documnttion sismic rhbilittion pln. Th sismic rhbilittion pln will includ ll nticiptd rhbilittion incrmnts nd ir prioritiztion s prviously discussd. Th documnttion will guid implmnttion incrmntl sismic rhbilittion progrm nd should nsur tht school district dos not los sight ovrll rhbilittion gols during implmnttion individul incrmnts. Rcommndd Actions 1. Communict importnc ssssing your district s risks nd pss this mnul on to stff mmbrs rsponsibl for fcility Extrior Wll Work Intrior Work Prt A

26 A-8 mngmnt, risk mngmnt, nd finncil plnning. Spcify tht y dvlop n nlysis currnt sismic risk your buildings nd strtgy for risk rduction. 2. Promptly initit progrm rthquk risk rduction in district s buildings loctd in n rthquk-pron zon tht wr not dsignd nd constructd to mt modrn building cods. 3. Considr incrmntl sismic rhbilittion s cost-ffctiv mns to protct buildings nd, most importntly, sfty studnts, tchrs, nd stff, bcus it is tchniclly nd finncilly mngbl strtgy tht minimizs disruption school ctivitis. Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion School Buildings

27 B-1 For Fcility Mngrs, Risk Mngrs, & Finncil Mngrs BPlnning nd Mnging Procss for Erthquk Prt Risk Rduction in Existing School Buildings Introduction Prt B this mnul is writtn spcificlly for school In Brif fcility mngrs, risk mngrs, nd finncil mngrs concrnd with sismic sfty ir schools. As mngr, you my hv inititd sismic sfty progrm, or district snior mngmnt my hv rqustd you to mk rcommndtion on ddrssing sismic sfty in schools or my hv lrdy md dcision to ddrss it. Prt B dscribs whn nd how spcific ctivitis tht will ccomplish gol sismic risk rduction cn b introducd into n ongoing school fcility mngmnt procss, rgrdlss how simpl or sophistictd tht procss is. Prt B lso provids frmwork nd outlin tht cn b usd by fcility mngrs, risk mngrs, nd finncil mngrs in dvloping nd communicting ir rcommndtions to snior mngmnt. An incrmntl sismic rhbilittion progrm is on svrl sismic risk rduction strtgis you cn implmnt in schools. It cn b implmntd sprtly or in combintion with or sismic risk rduction ctions. If you dtrmin tht such progrm is pproprit for your school district, plnning nd implmnttion incrmntl sismic rhbilittion should b Plnning for rthquk risk rduction in schools rquirs coordintd nd intgrtd ffort by fcility mngrs, risk mngrs, nd finncil mngrs. Eight spcific ctivitis cn b ddd to currnt fcility mngmnt procss to implmnt n incrmntl sismic rhbilittion progrm. Nin dditionl ctivitis cn b ddd to fcility mngmnt procss to furr rduc sismic risk. Thr r thr wys to strt rducing sismic risk. Prt B

28 B-2 intgrtd into fcility mngmnt procsss nd intgrtd with or sismic risk rduction ctions tht will complmnt it or support it. B.1 Intgrting Efforts Fcility Mngmnt, Risk Mngmnt, nd Finncil Mngmnt Prpring n nlysis school district rthquk risk rduction nds, nd plnning nd mnging such procss, bnfits from n intgrtd ffort by school district s fcility mngrs, risk mngrs, nd finncil mngrs, or dministrtors chrgd with thos rspctiv rsponsibilitis. Such n intgrtd ffort my b dprtur from currnt prctics, but such collbortion is ky to improving sfty cost ffctivly nd with minimum disruption. Fcility mngrs currntly crry out ir plnning ctivitis by considring prmtrs ductionl progrm dvlopmnt, r dmogrphics, nd physicl condition nd projctd usful lif xisting school fcilitis. Oftn y considr prssing socil issus such s vndlism, physicl scurity, nd quity s wll. Som s issus bcom fdrl or locl govrnmnt mndts, such s sbstos nd ld btmnt or nrgy consrvtion. Rrly do fcility mngrs considr risks to school buildings from nturl disstrs such s rthquks or windstorms. Risk mngrs, rltivly rcnt dditions to most school dministrtions, crry out ir plnning ctivitis by considring thr spcts: risk idntifiction, risk rduction, nd risk trnsfr. Th lttr gnrlly involvs purchs insurnc or contribution to risk pool. Currntly, idntifid risks in schools r dividd into risks to studnts, such s school bus ccidnts, sport ctivity or plyground ccidnts, nd food srvic hzrds, nd risks to stff, such s work-rltd disbility nd gnrl hlth. Rrly do risk mngrs considr risks to school fcilitis in gnrl, nd risks to fcilitis nd ir occupnts from nturl disstrs in prticulr. Rr, y tnd to ssum tht fcility risks r ddrssd by building cods nd similr rgultions. Finncil mngrs currntly dl with fcilitis by controlling nd mnging mintnnc budgts, cpitl improvmnt budgts, nd insurnc budgts. Th dmnds on s budgts r prsntd to m by fcility mngrs nd risk mngrs, but rrly do y considr potntil trdfs mong m. Th costs nd bnfits vrious options fcility risk mngmnt r rrly xplicitly ddrssd. Addrssing problm rthquk risk rduction rquirs stblishmnt ctiv communiction mong thr mngmnt functions nd coordintion ctivitis into n intgrtd plnning nd mngmnt ffort. Fcility nd risk mngrs will hv to considr fcility risk, nd finncil mngrs will hv to considr cost nd bnfits vrious options for mnging fcility risk. Spcific rcommndtions on implmnting such n ffort r providd in this Prt B. Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion School Buildings

29 B-3 B.2 Intgrting Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion into Fcility Mngmnt Procss B.2.1 A Modl Fcility Mngmnt Procss for Existing School Buildings Th typicl fcility mngmnt procss for xisting school buildings consists fiv phss ctivitis: Currnt Building Us, Plnning, Mintnnc & Rhbilittion Budgting, Mintnnc & Rhbilittion Funding, nd Mintnnc & Rhbilittion Implmnttion. Ech phs consists distinct st ctivitis s follows: Currnt Us: fcility occupncy, fcility oprtion, fcility mintnnc, nd fcility ssssmnt Plnning: ductionl plnning nd fcility plnning Budgting: cpitl budgting, mintnnc budgting, nd insurnc budgting Funding: finncing cpitl, mintnnc, nd insurnc budgts Implmnttion: cpitl improvmnt nd mintnnc This procss is squntil, progrssing from currnt us through implmnttion rhbilittion in ny givn building. A school district tht hs lrg invntory buildings is likly to hv ongoing ctivitis in ll s phss in diffrnt buildings. Th procss is illustrtd in following digrm. Th Appndix to this mnul, Additionl Informtion on School Fcility Mngmnt, contins discussion spcific phss nd ctivitis rin for school dministrtors sking furr dtil on fcility mngmnt procss. This is gnrlizd modl subjct to locl vrition. B.2.2 n Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion Progrm Th following ctivitis r considrd ssntil lmnts n incrmntl sismic rhbilittion progrm for schools: 1. Sismic Scrning 2. Sismic Evlution 3. Dvloping Risk Rduction Policy 4. Sismic Rhbilittion Plnning for Spcific Buildings 5. Stging Sismic Rhbilittion Incrmnts 6. Budgt Pckging 7. Bond Pckging 8. Sismic Rhbilittion Projct Mngmnt B Sismic Scrning Sismic scrning school district s building invntory is first stp incrmntl sismic rhbilittion procss. Sismic scrning procdurs cn b incorportd into or fcility ssssmnt ctivitis. Bgin with dtrmintion sttus rchivl rcords. If building plns r vilbl, documnt rviw for dtrmintion building structur typs is first stp in sismic scrning. Th following chrt cn b usd to obtin n ovrll viw sismic concrns bsd on sismic hzrd mp in Prt A. Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion Elmnt 1 Sismic Scrning Prt B

30 B-4 Initil School Fcility Mngr/ Risk Mngr Scrning Sismic Concrns Lvl Sismic Concrn n by y Typicl Building Typ Wood Frm L vl Sismic Concrn by Building Loction L 1 " Grn" " Yllow " " "Rd " L o w Hig h Stl Frm L o w Hig h Concrt Frm V ry Lo w M diu m Vry Hig h Un-rinforcd Msonry L o w H ig h Vry Hig h Pttrnd ftr rcommndtions dvlopd by Dr. Chrls Scwthorn for C ommission's Erthquk Risk Mngmnt: A Toolkit for Dcision Mkrs. 1 Loctions rfr to sismic hzrd mp in Prt A, Sction A.1. Cliforni Sismic Sfty Th Fdrl Emrgncy Mngmnt Agncy (FEMA) hs dvlopd FEMA 154, Rpid Visul Scrning Buildings for Potntil Sismic Hzrds: A Hndbook, Scond Edition s guidnc for sismic scrning n invntory buildings. It dscribs tchniqu for idntifying rltivly mor vulnrbl buildings in lrg invntory, so tht y cn b ddrssd in mor dtil. Th FEMA 154 publiction ddrsss ll building typs nd my b simplifid for us in school buildings bcus ir similr chrctristics. For xmpl, most school districts nd not considr mid-ris nd high-ris buildings. In som css, scrning will suggst spcific sismic rhbilittion opportunitis tht do not rquir dditionl nginring nd risk nlyss. Th incorportion sismic scrning into ongoing fcility ssssmnt ctivitis rquirs ssignmnt scrning to pproprit inspctors. If inspctions r priodiclly crrid out in school district for or purposs such s lif sfty, occuptionl hlth nd sfty, or hzrdous mtrils idntifiction, it my b possibl to ssign sismic scrning to sm inspctors with som dditionl trining. Altrntivly, sismic scrning cn b ssignd to consulting rchitct or nginr. Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion Elmnt 2 Sismic Evlution B Sismic Evlution Sismic vlution is n nginring nlysis individul school buildings. It usully follows sismic scrning, whn buildings idntifid s rltivly mor vulnrbl r subjctd to mor dtild nlysis. In som css howvr, for xmpl whn district s building invntory is smll, sismic vlution individul buildings my b first stp incrmntl sismic rhbilittion procss. Guidnc for sismic vlution buildings is contind in stndrd ASCE 31 1, Sismic Evlution Existing Buildings, which is bsd on FEMA 310, Hndbook for Sismic Evlution Existing Buildings A Prstndrd. Th stndrd provids nginring guidnc on how to vlut ctgoris buildings in ordr to idntify dficincis nd dtrmin ffctiv rhbilittion msurs. Sismic vlution cn b don by district prssionl stff or by consulting nginr. 1 ASCE 31 cn b obtind from Amricn Socity Civil Enginrs t Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion School Buildings

31 B-5 B Dvloping Risk Rduction Policy Convinc Bord to dopt clr policy sttmnt supporting sismic risk rduction. Such policy should, t minimum, stblish sismic prformnc objctivs for district s buildings. Sismic prformnc objctivs dfin trgt prformnc building following n rthquk spcifid intnsity. Th policy nd objctivs should b dvlopd nd documntd s prt sismic rhbilittion plnning procss. B Sismic Rhbilittion Plnning for Spcific Buildings FEMA hs dvlopd nginring guidnc to pln sismic rhbilittion for spcific buildings, including FEMA 356, Prstndrd nd Commntry for Sismic Rhbilittion Buildings, which includs spcific tchniqus for nlyzing nd dsigning ffctiv sismic rhbilittion. Th plnning tsk ntils four spcific fcility plnning subtsks: 1. Estblish sismic trgt prformnc lvls. Estblish, in cooprtion with school district ldrship, prformnc lvl dsird in ch district building following n rthquk. Prformnc lvls usd in FEMA 356 r, in dclining lvl protction: Oprtionl Immdit Occupncy Lif Sfty Collps Prvntion This is n xpnsion two prformnc lvls includd in ASCE 31, Sismic Evlution Existing Buildings: Immdit Occupncy nd Lif Sfty. Th figurs dptd from FEMA 356 on this nd following pg dmonstrt us s prformnc lvls. Rsonbl objctivs nd xpcttions should b considrd for modrt, svr, nd rr grt rthquks. 2. Prioritiz rhbilittion opportunitis. Crry out dditionl nginring nd risk nlysis in ordr to prioritiz sismic rhbilittion opportunitis idntifid in sismic vlution in trms risk rduction. ASCE 31, Sismic Evlution Existing Buildings, nd FEMA 356, Prstndrd nd Commntry for Sismic Rhbilittion Buildings, includ lists sismic rhbilittion msurs s function modl building typs. Prioritis for s msurs r stblishd in trms rspctiv contribution to ovrll rthquk rsistnc structur. Apply worst first pproch. Attnd to hvily usd sctions most vulnrbl buildings housing grtst numbr occupnts. For xmpl, highr prioritis my b givn to rhbilittion clssroom wings, Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion Elmnt 3 Dvloping Risk Rduction Policy Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion Elmnt 4 Sismic Rhbilittion Plnning for Spcific Buildings Trgt Building Prformnc Lvls nd Rngs Prt B

32 B-6 Dmg Control nd Building Prformnc Lvls Trgt Building Prformnc Lvls Collps Prvntion n Lvl (5-E) Lif Sfty Lvl (3-C) I Immdit Occupncy Lvl (1-B) Oprtion prtionl Lvl (1-A) O vrll Dmg S vr M odrt L igh t Vry Ligh t G nrl Littl rsidul stiffnss nd strngth, but lod- bring columns nd wlls function. Lrg prmnnt drifts. Som xits blockd. Infills nd unbrcd prpts fild or t incipint filur. Building is nr collps. Som rsidul strngth nd stiffnss lft in ll storis. Grvity-lod- bring lmnts function. No out--pln filur wlls or tipping prpts. Som prmnnt drift. Dmg to prtitions. Building my b byond conomicl rpir No prmnnt drift. Structur substntilly rtins originl strngth nd stiffnss. Minor crcking fcds, prtitions, nd cilings s wll s structurl lmnts. Elvtors cn b rstrtd. Fir protction oprbl. No prmnnt drift. Structur substntilly rtins originl strngth nd stiffnss. Minor crcking fcds, prtitions, nd cilings s wll s structurl lmnts. All systms importnt to norml oprtions r functionl. Nonstructur onstructurl Componnt omponnts Extnsiv dmg. Flling hzrds mitigtd but mny rchitcturl, mchnicl, nd lctricl systms r dmgd Equipmnt nd contnts r gnrlly scur, but my not b oprbl du to mchnicl filur or lck utilitis. Ngligbl dmg occurs. Powr nd or utilitis r vilbl, possibly from stndby sourcs. Comprison with prformnc rformnc i intndd for buildings dsignd d u ndr NEHR P P rovisions s f for th Dsign Erthquk Significntly mor dmg nd grtr risk. Somwht mor dmg nd slightly highr risk. Lss risk. dmg nd lowr Much lss dmg nd lowr risk. Adptd from FEMA 356, Tbl C1-2 whr pupils spnd most ir tim, nd to corridors, stirs, nd xits, which will fcilitt vcution building in n rthquk. 3. Dfin incrmnts. Brk down spcific sismic rhbilittion opportunitis into discrt incrmntl rhbilittion msurs tht mk sns in nginring nd construction trms. Whn stblishing incrmnts, considr schduling to minimiz disruption to norml school oprtions, such s dfining incrmnts tht cn b ccomplishd ovr summr vction. 4. Intgrt with or rhbilittion work. Link ch incrmntl rhbilittion msur with or rltd fcility mintnnc or cpitl improvmnt work. Th rltd work clssifictions my diffr from district to district, but will fll into following gnric ctgoris: Building nvlop improvmnts Intrior spc rconfigurtion Lif sfty nd ccssibility improvmnts Rfinishing nd hzrdous mtrils rmovl Building systms dditions, rplcmnts, nd rpirs Additions to xisting buildings Opportunitis for projct intgrtion r listd in Prt C, Sction 2 this mnul. Som xmpls opportunitis you cn us to link projcts r: whn ccssing concld rs, whn rmoving Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion School Buildings

33 B-7 finishs nd xposing structurl lmnts, whn prforming work in common loction, shring scffolding nd construction quipmnt, nd shring contrctors nd work forc. Th four subtsks dscribd bov form n itrtiv procss. Th dfinition nd rltd cost stimtion incrmnts, s wll s intgrtion with or mintnnc nd cpitl improvmnt projcts, (subtsks 3 nd 4), my ld to rvision trgt prformnc lvls (subtsk 1), or to spcific nlysis crrid out s prt subtsk 2. B Stging Sismic Rhbilittion Incrmnts Dtrmin numbr nd scop incrmntl stgs tht will b undrtkn nd lngth tim ovr which ntir rhbilittion strtgy will b implmntd. Estimts sismic dmg cn b quntifid in trms prcntg building vlu dmgd. Annul sismic dmg is clcultd s probbl dmg tht cn rsult in ny yr from ll possibl rthquks. Th bnfits sismic rhbilittion r quntifid s rduction in nnul sismic dmg rsulting from spcific rhbilittion ctions (lso quntifid in trms prcntg building vlu). A gnrlizd lif-cycl bnfit nlysis shows tht incrmntl pprochs cn rturn substntil portion xpctd bnfits singl-stg sismic rhbilittion crrid out now. Th schmtic digrm blow illustrts such lif-cycl bnfit nlysis. Th thr wid rrows rprsnt bnfits singl-stg rhbilittion occurring t thr points in tim: now, in 20 yrs, nd in 40 yrs. Clrly, Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion Elmnt 5 Stging Sismic Rhbilittion Incrmnts Prt B

34 B-8 lrgst bnfit drivs from singl-stg rhbilittion don now, nd it is dsigntd s 100%. Th bnfits singl-stg rhbilittion don in futur must b discountd nd xprssd s som prcntg lowr thn 100%, s rprsntd by dcrsd rrows. Th stppd portion digrm rprsnts incrmntl rhbilittion strting soon, nd compltd in four incrmnts ovr 20 yrs. Th bnfits futur incrmnts must lso b discountd, nd bnfit compltd incrmntl rhbilittion is rfor xprssd s prcntg lowr thn 100%, but highr thn singl-stg rhbilittion in yr 20. Rducing ovrll durtion incrmntl rhbilittion will incrs its bnfit, nd xtnding durtion will dcrs it. Incrmntl sismic rhbilittion ffords grt flxibility in squnc nd timing ctions whn following prcutions r kpt in mind: It is importnt to gt strtd s soon s possibl. Any rly rduction risk will provid bnfit ovr rmining lif building. Dlying ction xtnds risk xposur. Th incrmntl pproch cn b mor ffctiv thn dlyd, singl-stg rhbilittion, s long s on gts strtd soon. Evn if compltion incrmntl progrm tks 10 or 20 yrs, most risk rduction bnfit is rlizd. Thr is wid mrgin rror. For xmpl, you my unintntionlly incrs probbility dmg in first fw yrs du to n initil rhbilittion incrmnt tht indvrtntly mks building mor vulnrbl to dmg, nd still rliz bnfit risk rduction if you complt incrmntl rhbilittion ovr rsonbl priod. Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion Elmnt 6 Budgt Pckging Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion Elmnt 7 Bond Pckging B Budgt Pckging Th district businss mngr nd fcility mngr, or individul(s) prforming s functions, should crfully pln how to prsnt incrmntl sismic rhbilittion budgts, givn politicl nd finncil rlitis district. Th fcility cpitl improvmnts nd mintnnc budgt proposls r rsults fcility plnning procss. Th budgt, howvr, is lso vhicl for stblishing funding prioritis, through bord dcision, bond issu, or or procss. It is unlikly for school districts in most prts Unitd Stts to b bl to ris funds for comprhnsiv sismic rhbilittion progrm ll ir school fcilitis. Whil incrmntl rhbilittion pproch pprs to b vibl ltrntiv, in som districts it my b ncssry to pckg incrmntl sismic rhbilittion with or work in ordr to gt it fundd. In rgions modrt sismicity nd low sismic wrnss (prts Nw York nd Nw Englnd, for xmpl), it my b usful to concntrt on rhbilittion msurs tht lso rduc risk loss du to or nturl or mn-md forcs, such s high winds. Such multi-hzrd pproch will hlp justify mitigtion invstmnts. For thos prts country whr undrstnding rthquk risk is limitd, it my b ncssry nd pproprit to combin sismic rhbilittion costs with norml mintnnc budgts. B Bond Pckging Sinc bond issu is most likly finncing mchnism for sismic rhbilittion, district businss mngr should slct pproprit typ Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion School Buildings

35 B-9 bond instrumnt to fund incrmntl sismic rhbilittion progrm undr pplicbl lws nd rgultions. Thr hv bn fw incrmntl sismic rhbilittion progrms implmntd by school districts in this country, most xtnsiv which is Sttl Public Schools progrm. Sttl Public Schools usd two typs bonds to fund its progrm. Cpitl Lvy Bonds wr usd to fund projcts with smllr sismic rhbilittion incrmnts ctgorizd s rpir nd mjor mintnnc. Cpitl Improvmnt Bonds wr usd to fund mjor projcts ctgorizd s modrniztion hzrdous buildings. This distinction ws ncssry bcus Wshington stt lw. Similr distinctions my b rquird in or prts country. B Sismic Rhbilittion Projct Mngmnt Th implmnttion slctd incrmntl sismic rhbilittion msurs in combintion with or building work my rquir ddd ttntion to projct dsign nd bid pckging. Fully brif or trin in-hous district rchitcts/nginrs or outsid consultnts prpring bid documnts on rtionl bhind rhbilittion msurs, in ordr to ssur tht sismic risk rduction objctivs r chivd. Assur continuity building documnttion from nlysis nd dsign through construction nd s-built drwings. Conduct pr-bid confrnc to fully xplin sismic risk rduction objctivs nd rtionl for ir slction to ll prospctiv biddrs. Fdrl nd stt mndts nd progrms rprsnt opportunitis for sismic rhbilittion. Extrnlly, fdrl nd stt progrms my stblish rquirmnts ffcting implmnttion phs tht hv implictions for school fcilitis (.g., Amricns with Disbilitis Act [ADA] nd Occuptionl Sfty nd Hlth Administrtion [OSHA] rquirmnts). Additionlly, govrnmntl funding progrms my mndt fcility rquirmnts in prticipting school districts (.g., nrgy consrvtion). Howvr, r r currntly no sismic rhbilittion mndts or implictions in ny fdrl or stt progrms rltd to schools outsid Cliforni. Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion Elmnt 8 Sismic Rhbilittion Projct Mngmnt B.2.3 Intgrtion into Schools Fcility Mngmnt Procss Th following digrm illustrts intgrtion ight lmnts discussd in prcding sctions (B through B.2.2.8) into school fcility mngmnt procss. Th lmnts r shown in phs mngmnt procss in which y r most likly to b implmntd. Prt B

36 B-10 B.3 Opportunitis for Sismic Risk Rduction in Support Intgrting Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion into Fcility Mngmnt Procss Th following nin opportunitis for sismic risk rduction will support intgrtion n incrmntl sismic rhbilittion progrm: 1. Rsponding to Occupnt Concrns 2. Emrgncy Mngmnt/Rspons Plnning 3. Emrgncy Mngmnt/Mitigtion Plnning 4. Dvloping Risk Rduction Policy 5. Incorporting Fdrl nd Stt Mndts nd Progrms 6. Coordinting with Risk nd Insurnc Mngrs 7. Bcoming Fmilir with Applicbl Cods 8. Estblishing nd Mintining Rostr Dsign Prssionls 9. Ngotiting Cod Enforcmnt Ths opportunitis r crtd by intrnl nd xtrnl fctors tht typiclly influnc school fcility mngmnt procss. Intrnl fctors r gnrtd within school district nd its dministrtion. Extrnl fctors r imposd on school districts by outsid prssurs, such s govrnmnt, insurnc rgultions nd prctics, or finncil climt. Th following fctors my influnc ch rspctiv phs: Currnt Us: fdrl nd stt progrms, mrgncy mngmnt, nd occupnt concrns Plnning: bord policis nd govrnmnt mndts Budgting: budgtry constrints nd risk mngmnt Funding: conomic conditions, fdrl nd stt progrms, nd bond finncing rgultions Implmnttion: fdrl nd stt mndts nd progrms, cods nd cod nforcmnt Th Appndix to this mnul, Additionl Informtion on School Fcility Mngmnt, contins discussion spcific phss nd rltd intrnl nd xtrnl influncs for thos sking mor informtion on fcility mngmnt procss. Th following digrm illustrts intgrtion s opportunitis into school fcility mngmnt procss. Th opportunitis r shown in phs mngmnt procss in which y r most likly to b implmntd. Ech opportunity is discussd in dtil in following sctions (B.3.1 through B.3.9). B.3.1 Rsponding to Occupnt Concrns Trck ll stff, studnt, nd prnt concrns tht rlt to rthquk vulnrbility, nd mk sur y r undrstood nd considrd in plnning phs. Occupnt concrns r potntilly significnt prssur on fcility mngmnt procss. In som school districts, y r tn only motivtors to ction. In or districts, thos nggd in proctiv strtgic fcility plnning ctivitis, occupnt concrns my bcom vhicl for chnnling intrnl prssurs ll kinds, including policis doptd by Bord, into cpitl improvmnts nd mintnnc ctions. Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion School Buildings

37 B-11 B.3.2 Emrgncy Mngmnt/Rspons Plnning Estblish liison with mrgncy mngmnt gncis nd voluntr gncis (.g., Rd Cross). Stt or locl mrgncy mngmnt gncis my ssign spcific rols tht school buildings must prform in cs nturl disstrs, including rthquks. This my ffct occupncy ctivitis by rquiring priodic xrciss involving building occupnts. Emrgncy mngmnt plns rltd to rol school fcilitis in disstr my b gnrl nd brod, or dtild nd spcific. In som css, spcific schools r ssignd prticulr function to prform ftr disstr (.g., tmporry shltr). Bcom fmilir with rol district schools in locl mrgncy rspons plns, nd if it is significnt rol, bcom ctiv in mrgncy plnning procss. Gt rol dfind in s spcific nd dtild wy s possibl, ssigning spcific functions to spcific fcilitis. Th rol spcific school buildings in locl mrgncy rspons plns should ffct sismic prformnc objctivs nd priority spcific sismic rhbilittion msurs. Thrfor, r should b full coordintion btwn district s mrgncy plnning nd fcility plnning functions. B.3.3 Emrgncy Mngmnt/Mitigtion Plnning Estblish liison with mrgncy mngmnt mitigtion plnnrs t stt nd locl lvls. Endvor to incorport school district rthquk mitigtion into stt s mitigtion pln, nd to rcogniz district s incrmntl sismic rhbilittion msurs s lmnts mitigtion pln. Fdrl rsourcs nd funds r vilbl to stts for support disstr mitigtion plnning ctivitis. Fdrl mtching funds my b vilbl for implmnttion mitigtion following prsidntilly dclrd disstr. Ths rsourcs r vilbl through Robrt T. Stfford Disstr Rlif nd Emrgncy Assistnc Act (P. L ). School districts should mk vry ffort to obtin s rsourcs. B.3.4 Dvloping Risk Rduction Policy Convinc Bord to dopt clr policy sttmnt supporting sismic risk rduction. Such policy should, t minimum, stblish sismic prformnc objctivs for district s buildings. Sismic prformnc objctivs dfin trgt prformnc objctiv building following n rthquk spcifid intnsity. Th policis nd objctivs should b dvlopd nd documntd s prt sismic rhbilittion plnning procss. Prt B

38 B-12 B.3.5 Incorporting Fdrl nd Stt Mndts nd Progrms Bcom fmilir with sismic rhbilittion rquirmnts imposd on school district by fdrl nd stt progrms, currntly or undr discussion for futur, nd tk m into ccount in plnning ctivitis. B.3.6 Coordinting with Risk nd Insurnc Mngrs Estblish coordintion btwn fcility mngmnt nd risk mngmnt functions in school district. Stt nd/or locl school district risk nd insurnc mngmnt my hv dirct or indirct rol in budgting phs fcility mngmnt procss with rgrd to dcisions rltd to insurnc. In rs sismic risk, risk building loss or dmg, risk occupnt dth or injury, nd risk school district libility must ll b ssssd. Th dcision whr to sk rthquk proprty nd csulty insurnc covrg nd gnrl libility covrg must b md. Insurnc compnis tht fr such covrg do not usully fr incntivs to customrs to undrtk loss rduction msurs in form sismic rhbilittion. Howvr, this sitution might chng, nd qustion my b subjct to ngotition with som compnis. Th school district risk mngr should b fully informd on district s pproch to sismic risk rduction nd should prticipt in plnning procss. Th mngr will know if sismic risk is covrd by district s insurnc crrir or by n insurnc pool, nd my know if it is possibl to ngotit rt rduction, dductibl rduction, or incrsd mximum bnfit bsd on ttind lvls sismic risk rduction. On or hnd, insurr my rquir som sismic rhbilittion s condition covrg. If school district prticipts in rgionl or sttwid risk nd insurnc pool, pool my bcom n ctiv prticipnt in district s fcility ssssmnt nd plnning procsss for risk rduction. B.3.7 Bcoming Fmilir with Applicbl Cods Bcom fmilir with sismic rhbilittion rquirmnts imposd in your jurisdiction by building cods or or cods nd ordinncs, currntly or undr discussion for futur such s rhbilittion cods, nd tk m into ccount in plnning ctivitis. You my bcom fmilir with cods through srvics providd by Rgionl Eductionl Srvic Agncis, stt gncis, or building-rltd trd ssocitions. B.3.8 Estblishing nd Mintining Rostr Dsign Prssionls Dvlop nd mintin rostr rchitcts, nginrs, nd or consultnts with xprtis in filds sismic ssssmnt buildings, sismic dsign, nd risk nlysis to quickly mk us ir spcilizd xprtis whn ndd. Such qulifid prssionls cn b idntifid with ssistnc prssionl socitis such s Amricn Socity Civil Enginrs, Amricn Institut Architcts, or Erthquk Enginring Rsrch Institut. B.3.9 Ngotiting Cod Enforcmnt Discuss district s plnnd incrmntl sismic rhbilittion ctions with pplicbl cod nforcmnt uthoritis. Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion School Buildings

39 B-13 Building cods impos rquirmnts on implmnttion phs in css rpir, ltrtion, or ddition to xisting buildings. Ths rquirmnts my b nforcd by stt or locl gncy, or r my b rquirmnt tht school district stff b rsponsibl for nforcmnt (for xmpl, in stt Uth). Such rquirmnts cn dd costs to projct nd joprdiz fsibility if not tkn into ccount. Although dditions must comply with building cod sismic rquirmnts, fw cods mndt sismic rhbilittion in rpir nd ltrtion projcts. Incrmntl sismic rhbilittion is consistnt with most building cod rquirmnts pplicbl to xisting buildings. If pplicbl, ngotit n optimiztion lif sfty nd risk rduction whn undrtking sismic rhbilittion. Som cod nforcmnt gncis ngotit rquird lif sfty nd or improvmnts with ownrs xisting buildings who undrtk voluntry building rhbilittion. Such ngotitions ttmpt to strik compromis btwn sfty, fsibility, nd ffordbility. B.4 Prpring Pln for Suprintndnt nd Bord This sction provids guidnc to school fcility mngrs, risk mngrs, nd finncil mngrs whn prpring proposl for sismic sfty progrm in rspons to top mngmnt s rqust. B.4.1 Gtting Strtd Th fcility, risk, nd finncil mngrs school district should prpr proposl for sismic risk rduction progrm. This proposl should b bsd on n nlysis ch lmnts n incrmntl sismic rhbilittion progrm (B.2.2) nd opportunitis for sismic risk rduction (B.3) s discussd bov, nd dditionl componnts (B.5) discussd blow. Th proposl should includ following lmnts: B.4.2 A discussion ch rcommndtion in Prt B from prspctiv district s currnt fcility mngmnt, risk mngmnt, nd finncil mngmnt prctics. This my tk form comprhnsiv rwriting Prt B. A spcific pln nd rcommndtion for inititing first two stps, Sismic Scrning nd Sismic Evlution. Th pln should includ budgt nd schdul ctivitis. A rqust for budgt for s first stps. Gtting Strtd Plus If ncssry rsourcs r vilbl to fcility mngr, prform rpid visul scrning, s outlind in B.2.2.1, prior to prpring progrm proposl. Thn, xpnd proposl bsd on known invntory potntilly vulnrbl buildings s dtrmind in scrning procss. B.4.3 Gtting Strtd with Jump Strt If district hs currnt 5-yr cpitl improvmnt pln or its quivlnt, dd following dtils to proposl discussd bov: Idntify xisting buildings currntly includd for rhbilittion in currnt 5-yr pln. Prt B

40 B-14 Prform prliminry rviw ir sismic vulnrbilitis, s outlind in B Using Prt C this mnul, idntify potntil sismic rhbilittion incrmnts tht could b intgrtd with rhbilittion progrm. Add FEMA 356, Prstndrd nd Commntry for Sismic Rhbilittion Buildings, sismic rhbilittion dsign tsk to rhbilittion projcts. B.5 Additionl Componnts Comprhnsiv Erthquk Sfty Progrm In ddition to intgrting n incrmntl sismic rhbilittion progrm into school fcility mngmnt procss nd intgrting opportunitis to support nd implmnt such progrm, r r dditionl ctivitis tht cn bcom prt comprhnsiv rthquk sfty progrm for schools. Ths ctivitis cn b implmntd t ny tim. B.5.1 Building Contnts Mitigtion Initit houskping or mintnnc msurs to rduc or limint risks from rthquk dmg to quipmnt, furnishings, nd unscurd objcts in buildings. Work my includ such tsks s: Fstning dsktop quipmnt Anchoring bookcss, storg shlvs, tc. Rstrining objcts on shlvs Scuring storg hzrdous mtrils such s chmicls FEMA hs dvlopd mtrils tht contin informtion on contnts mitigtion. Ths includ FEMA 74, Rducing Risk Nonstructurl Erthquk Dmg: A Prcticl Guid, nd FEMA 241, Idntifiction nd Rduction Nonstructurl Erthquk Hzrds in Schools. Som stt suprintndnts public duction my hv dvlopd similr mtrils. B.5.2 Erthquk Curriculum Introduc blncd wrnss sismic risk within school popultion (studnts, tchrs, prnts) by introducing subjct into curriculum. Th curriculum should includ timly nd pproprit informtion such s xprinc school fcility prformnc in rcnt rthquks in your rgion or rgions similr sismicity (.g., Nisqully Erthquk 2001 in Wshington stt or northwst Orgon rthquk Mrch 25, 1993.) FEMA hs dvlopd mtrils for school rthquk curriculum, including FEMA 159, Erthquks: A Tchr s Pckg for K-6 Grds. B.5.3 Erthquk Drills Introduc rthquk drills nd pproprit rthquk prprdnss mtrils into rgulr school progrm. Knowing wht to do nd whr to go in n mrgncy cn b criticl to lif sfty in rthquks. FEMA hs dvlopd mtrils for this purpos, including FEMA 88, Guidbook for Dvloping School Erthquk Sfty Progrm, nd FEMA 88, Erthquk Sfty Activitis for Childrn. Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion School Buildings

41 C-1 For Fcility Mngrs CTools for Implmnting Incrmntl Sismic Prt Rhbilittion in Existing School Buildings Introduction A school district fcility mngr chrgd with rsponsibility implmnting progrm incrmntl sismic rhbilittion my b ntring unfmilir trritory. Prt C this mnul is intndd to provid fcility mngr with informtion nd tools rgrding building systms, mintnnc, rpir, nd rhbilittion tht should hlp implmnt such progrm. A progrm incrmntl sismic rhbilittion is likly to b mor ffordbl nd lss disruptiv if spcific incrmnts sismic rhbilittion r intgrtd with or mintnnc nd cpitl improvmnt projcts tht would b undrtkn rgrdlss whr or not sismic issus wr bing ddrssd. Guid to Sctions C.1 nd C.2 Sction C.1, How to Us Enginring Srvics, provids fcility mngr with prcticl informtion on spcil srvics frd by sismic rhbilittion prssionls. Thr r svrl ssntil ctivitis tht must b crrid out by fcility mngr to implmnt progrm incrmntl sismic rhbilittion succssfully. (Ths ctivitis r idntifid nd discussd in Prt B this mnul.) Som s ctivitis my rquir prssionl rchitcturl nd nginring srvics tht diffr from or xcd trditionl srvics usully rtind by school districts. Prt C

42 C-2 Sction C.2, Discovring Intgrtion Opportunitis for Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion, provids fcility mngr with st tools to link spcific incrmnts sismic rhbilittion with spcific mintnnc nd cpitl improvmnt projcts. Ths tools will ssist fcility mngr in dfining pproprit scops work for projcts tht will includ incrmntl sismic rhbilittion ctions. A compnion documnt, Enginring Guidlin for Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion, FEMA 420, provids dsign prssionls with dditionl tchnicl guidnc for dtild dsign spcific rhbilittion projcts. In Brif Enginring srvics should b rtind for thr spcific phss: sismic scrning nd vlution, incrmntl sismic rhbilittion plnning nd dsign, nd construction priod support. Continuity building documnttion is spcil importnc. C.1 How To Us Enginring Srvics To succssfully implmnt intgrtd incrmntl sismic rhbilittion, school district should rtin nginring srvics for thr spcific phss: Sismic scrning nd vlution Incrmntl sismic rhbilittion plnning nd dsign Construction priod support Sismic Scrning nd Evlution Sismic scrning nd vlution district's building invntory bgins with rviw rchivl drwings nd spcifictions to dtrmin typs construction usd. This dtrmintion is ssntil for ll subsqunt phss. Following this rviw, building invntoris should b scrnd in procss bsd on FEMA 154, Rpid Visul Scrning Buildings for Potntil Sismic Hzrds: A Hndbook, Scond Edition. Th gol scrning is to idntify vulnrbilitis in invntory. Buildings tht hv littl or no vulnrbility r sprtd out. For buildings idntifid s vulnrbl, nxt ctgory srvic is dtild sismic vlution using ASCE 31, Sismic Evlution Existing Buildings, which is bsd on FEMA 310, Hndbook for Sismic Evlution Existing Buildings: A Prstndrd. Smllr districts with fw buildings my bgin with this vlution, which ddrsss individul buildings, nd idntifis both structurl nd nonstructurl dficincis tht rquir rhbilittion. Th output ch building vlution is list, possibly prioritizd, ndd spcific rhbilittion ctions. A school district my rtin srvics singl nginring firm to prform both scrning nd vlution, or it cn rtin firm for scrning, nd on or mor firms for building vlution. Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion Plnning nd Dsign A complt sismic rhbilittion pln covring ll dficincis idntifid in vlution should b prprd for ch building tht hs bn vlutd. This cn b don using ASCE 31 nd FEMA 356, Sismic Rhbilittion Buildings. Howvr, in incrmntl sismic rhbilittion corrction ll dficincis is not implmntd t onc, but rr in discrt incrmnts ovr priod tim. In ordr to ccomplish this, it is ncssry to crry out four spcific stps: Estblish trgt sismic prformnc lvls Prioritiz sismic rhbilittion opportunitis Dfin incrmnts Intgrt sismic rhbilittion into mintnnc nd cpitl improvmnt progrms Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion School Buildings

43 C-3 Ech s stps is mplifid in discussion school fcility plnning phs in Sction B.2. Th potntil for unintntionl wkning building s rsult prticulr incrmnt should b nlyzd crfully nd must b voidd. This subjct is discussd in mor dtil in compnion documnt, Enginring Guidlin for Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion, FEMA 420. Sismic rhbilittion plnning nd dsign my b crrid out by sm nginring firm tht prformd vlution, or by sprt firm. Clos coordintion with school risk mngmnt functions is prrquisit for succssful implmnttion prformnc objctivs nd prioritiztion stps. Th dfinition incrmnts nd intgrtion ctivitis will lso rquir clos coordintion with finncil mngrs so s to b consistnt with budgting nd funding procsss, s discussd in Prt B. Th contrctul grmnt covring this work should rflct fct tht som work is implmntd immditly nd som work is lft to futur. Construction Priod Support Construction priod support for incrmntl sismic rhbilittion is much sm s for ny or construction projct. Th plns nd spcifictions should b implmntd corrctly, nd ll spcifid qulity control msurs should b followd. All substitutions or chngs should b crfully nlyzd by dsign prssionls in trms ir sismic implictions. Prticulr ttntion should b pid to propr brcing nd nchorg nonstructurl lmnts undrgoing rhbilittion. Continuity Building Documnttion Assuring continuity building documnttion is prticulr importnc for incrmntl sismic rhbilittion. Th rhbilittion ch individul building my b stgd ovr priod svrl yrs or dcds s discussd in Sction B.2. Th scrning, vlution, plnning, nd dsign my b split mong svrl nginring firms. Institutionl mmory my disppr s district prsonnl, nd vn building ownrship, my chng. It is rfor ssntil tht school fcility mngr documnt ll spcts nd rquirmnts sismic rhbilittion from rlist building scrning, through vlution, sismic rhbilittion plnning, nd compltion ch incrmnt sismic rhbilittion, pying spcil ttntion to schduling follow-up rquirmnts nd ctions ovr tim. Fs for Prssionl Srvics Th prssionl srvics rquird to implmnt incrmntl sismic rhbilittion, s discussd bov, clrly xcd scop trditionl rchitcturl/nginring dsign srvics. An pproprit f structur for s nw srvics will nd to b dvlopd nd intgrtd into budgting procss. Prt C

44 C-4 In Brif Opportunitis to dd sismic rhbilittion incrmnts xist within most mjor mintnnc nd cpitl improvmnt ctivitis. This sction idntifis s opportunitis. C.2 Discovring Intgrtion Opportunitis for Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion Introduction In ordr to bnfit from opportunitis to intgrt incrmntl sismic rhbilittion with or mintnnc nd cpitl improvmnt ctivitis, it is usful to discuss s ctivitis s y r typiclly undrtkn in schools nd school districts. Most school districts r fmilir with ir prticulr building invntoris nd rltd pttrns mintnnc nd cpitl improvmnt. Aggrgt ntionl dt r no prticulr rlvnc to givn district, but my b gnrl intrst nd is summrizd in sidbr opposit. Ctgoris Mintnnc nd Cpitl Improvmnt Projcts School districts tn ctgoriz mintnnc nd cpitl improvmnt projcts in following ight ctgoris: 1. Roing mintnnc nd rpir/r-roing 2. Extrior wll nd window mintnnc 3. Fir nd lif sfty improvmnts 4. Modrniztion/rmodling/nw tchnology ccommodtion 5. Undrfloor nd bsmnt mintnnc nd rpir 6. Enrgy consrvtion/wriztion/ir-conditioning 7. Hzrdous mtrils btmnt 8. Accssibility improvmnts Ths ctgoris rflct groupings building lmnts, dministrtiv nd funding ctgoris, or or prmtrs. Som school districts my us or ctgoriztions mintnnc nd cpitl improvmnt work. Th purpos this discussion is not to impos ny prticulr ctgoriztion work, but simply to dmonstrt tht plnnd work itms my b prticulrly suitbl opportunitis to intgrt prticulr incrmntl sismic rhbilittion msurs. Ths pirings, sismic rhbilittion msurs with or mintnnc tsks or ctgoris, r rfrrd to in this sction s "intgrtion opportunitis." Fcility mngrs using this mnul r ncourgd to modify work ctgoris to suit ir own prctics. Work Dscriptions nd Mtrics Sismic Prformnc Improvmnt Opportunitis Th ight sctions, C.2.1 through C.2.8, provid fcility mngr with informtion usd to idntify incrmntl sismic rhbilittion opportunitis tht cn b combind. Th informtion bcoms tool, tchnicl frmwork or bsis for ction, tht cn b communictd to rchitct or nginr slctd to work on ny projct rsulting from n intgrtion opportunity. Ths sctions prsnt xpndd dscriptions ch work ctgoris dfind bov in consistnt formt. Ech ctgory is dscribd in trms : Gnrl dscription Physicl dscription Associtd incrmntl rhbilittion work Prformnc work Spcil quipmnt Impct on building us Mtrics possibl spcific sismic prformnc improvmnts, on mtrix for ch work ctgory (Tbls C-1 through C-5), ccompny dscriptions Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion School Buildings

45 C-5 first fiv ctgoris mintnnc nd cpitl improvmnt projcts. Ths includ: Roing mintnnc nd rpir/r-roing Extrior wll nd window mintnnc Fir nd lif sfty improvmnts Modrniztion/rmodling/nw tchnology ccommodtion Undrfloor nd bsmnt mintnnc nd rpir Th intgrtion opportunitis for lst thr ctgoris work r dfind by rfrnc to on or mor fiv mtrics. Th sismic prformnc improvmnts shown in mtrics fll into thr ctgoris: Indicts improvmnts tht cn b implmntd whn intgrtion opportunity riss, with littl or no nginring. Ths typs improvmnts ddrss dficincis tht my b idntifid in n ASCE 31, Sismic Evlution Existing Buildings, Tir 1 nlysis. Indicts improvmnts tht cn b implmntd whn intgrtion opportunity riss but rquir substntil nginring dsign. Ths typs improvmnts ddrss dficincis tht my b idntifid in n ASCE 31 Tir 1 or Tir 2 nlysis. Indicts improvmnts tht rquir nginring nlysis to dtrmin if y should b implmntd whn intgrtion opportunity riss bcus possibility unintntionlly incrsing sismic vulnrbility by rdistributing lods to wkr lmnts structurl systm (squncing rquirmnts). Incrmntl sismic rhbilittion intgrtion opportunitis r function thr lvls sismicity: low, modrt, nd high. Th dfinitions s lvls r thos usd in ASCE 31, Sismic Evlution Existing Buildings, nd FEMA 356, Sismic Rhbilittion Buildings. Thy includ both sismic zontion nd soil conditions. Th soil conditions t sit my ffct lvl sismicity nd must b tkn into ccount. For xmpl, st soil my mplify sismic forcs on som buildings. Th mthod for dtrmining lvl sismicity is givn in Sction 2.5 ASCE 31. Th sismic improvmnts rcommndd for low lvls sismicity r significntly fwr thn for highr lvls, bcus sismic vulnrbility is lowr. Th sismic improvmnts rcommndd for modrt nd high lvls sismicity r sm in numbr, but diffr in dtils improvmnts to rflct diffrnt mgnituds sismic lods ncountrd in two lvls. Incrmntl sismic rhbilittion intgrtion opportunitis for ch ctgory work r function building structur typ. This mnul uss fiv brod structurl typs, slctd to b mningful to school fcility mngrs. Th mtrils usd for building's vrticl lod-rsisting systm cn b usd to ctgoriz following structurl typs: Wood Unrinforcd msonry Rinforcd msonry Concrt Stl Th lttr two structurl typs, concrt nd stl, r brokn down furr into thos with wood floors (flxibl diphrgms) nd concrt floors (rigid diphrgms). This brkdown covrs n importnt prmtr sismic prformnc structurs. Gnrlizd Mintnnc nd Cpitl Improvmnt Dt Whitston Rsrch ( privt mrkt rsrch orgniztion) indicts tht xpnditurs for mintnnc nd rpirs ovr building's lif xcd rplcmnt costs for most building typs nd configurtions, including schools. Th prdominnt ctgoris mintnnc nd rpir ctivitis for schools r, first, intrior finishs, followd by lctricl, mchnicl, nd plumbing systms. Th only or significnt cost rpir ctgory is roing. All s ctivitis fr opportunitis for intgrtion with incrmntl sismic rhbilittion work. Th timing work is lso highly prdictbl. About 60% building rplcmnt costs r typiclly spnt in yrs 20, 25, 30, 40, 45 nd 50. Ths r highst xpns yrs, in roughly incrsing ordr, with yr 50 incurring bout 12% rplcmnt costs for outsourcd rpir nd rnovtion xpnss. Ths pttrns suggst significnt opportunity (nd tndncy) to implmnt strtgis lik incrmntl rhbilittion t spcific points ovr srvic lif school building. Thy lso imply spcific trgt priods whn strtgis could most likly b considrd nd implmntd. Building g is n importnt chrctristic for incrmntl sismic rhbilittion. Prt C

46 C-6 Th fcility mngr using this sction to idntify incrmntl sismic rhbilittion intgrtion opportunitis in prticulr building should us Sctions C.2.1 through C.2.8 nd mtrics rin s follows: Dtrmin ctgory mintnnc or cpitl improvmnt undr considrtion, nd go to sction tht corrsponds most closly to tht ctgory. Dtrmin lvl sismicity pplicbl to building by considring sismic mp nd soil conditions, nd idntify pplicbl rows mtrix. Dtrmin which svn structurl ctgoris most closly fits building, nd idntify pplicbl column mtrix. List ll nonstructurl nd structurl sismic improvmnts idntifid in mtrix column nd rows. Not ctgory ch improvmnt (,, or ). Th fcility mngr should prsnt to rchitct or nginr nnottd list ll nonstructurl nd structurl sismic improvmnts idntifid for considrtion nd inclusion in rspctiv scop dsign work. Th rchitct or nginr should dsign projct using compnion documnt, Enginring Guidlin for Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion, FEMA 420, which includs mor dtild guidnc on incrmntl sismic dsign. Th rchitct or nginr dsigning incrmntl sismic rhbilittion progrm will most likly brk down svn structurl typ ctgoris into furr subctgoris, s usd in ASCE 31 or FEMA 356. Ths ctgoris nd subctgoris r discussd in dtil in FEMA 420. Not tht 'school building dditions' r ctgory typicl cpitl improvmnt tht is not includd mong ight ctgoris listd t bginning this sction. Additions hv bn constructd on mny schools ovr cours ir usful livs. Currnt dditions will b dsignd to mt sismic rquirmnts building cod. Additions my lso fr opportunitis to strngn n djcnt building or buildings. Ths opportunitis rquir crful dsign nd nlysis, nd y r not spcificlly idntifid in intgrtion opportunitis mtrics (Tbls C-1 through C-5). Furrmor, indqutly dsignd dditions, without propr joints or connctions to xisting building, could ctully cus dmg in n rthquk, s diffrnt sctions building pound ginst ch or. Dfinitions Sismic Prformnc Improvmnts Th sismic prformnc improvmnts, both nonstructurl nd structurl, tht r includd in mtrics intgrtion opportunitis dscribd in prcding prgrphs nd includd in Sctions C.2.1 through C.2.5 r ll xtrctd from gnric list sismic prformnc improvmnts. Th gnric list is prsntd in Sction C.2.9, which includs brif rltd xplntions for ch itm on list. Th usr this mnul cn idntify spcific sismic prformnc improvmnts in rspctiv projct ctgory mtrics, nd my n rfr to s dfinitions for dditionl xplntion involvd ctivitis. Th gnric nonstructurl improvmnts in C.2.9 r rnkd nd numbrd from highst to lowst priority, in trms nginring judgmnt improvmnt lif sfty in schools. Th improvmnts slctd from this list for inclusion in ch mtrics in C.2.1 through C.2.5 r prsntd in sm ordr rnking nd rtin ir rspctiv numbr. This xplins occsionl skipping numbr whn spcific nonstructurl improvmnt is omittd bcus it is not pplicbl in prticulr mtrix. Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion School Buildings

47 C-7 Th gnric structurl improvmnts in C.2.9 r rrngd in ordr structurl subsystms nd lmnts, nd r not rnkd in trms impct on lif sfty. Th improvmnts slctd from this list for inclusion in ch mtrics in C.2.1 through C.2.5 r prsntd in sm ordr. Prt C

48 C-8 C.2.1 Roing Mintnnc nd Rpir/R-Roing Gnrl Dscription Work: This ctgory work includs rpir or rplcmnt ny or ll following lmnts: Ro dring systm Evs nd fscis Flshing nd vnts Roing mmbrn Insultion Wlking surfc nd bllst Prpts nd cps Ro-mountd quipmnt Ro dck Most ro mintnnc nd rpir work is don ir in rspons to filur, or s schduld priodic mintnnc or prvntiv mintnnc work. Most sismic rhbilittion intgrtion opportunitis for this work ctgory will rlt to ir schduld or prvntiv mintnnc. Plcmnt romountd quipmnt usully rlts to or work ctgoris such s modrniztion. In som jurisdictions, n ppliction for r-roing prmit triggrs cod rquirmnt to implmnt spcific sismic rhbilittion such s prpt brcing. Physicl Dscription Work: Work on ro cn b loclizd to spcific rs, cn xtnd to ntir primtr ro, or my involv complt ro surfc or lrg portions it. Work my b limitd to roing mmbrn or my includ work on substrt, dck, nd supporting systm. Associtd Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion Work: Incrmntl sismic rhbilittion ssocitd with roing mintnnc nd rpir my includ strngning diphrgms, diphrgm/wll connctions, prpts, chimnys, quipmnt ttchmnt nd brcing. Prformnc Work: Rpir work on ro is tn prformd by district mintnnc stff. Outsid contrctors my b usd for mor xtnsiv work. An rchitctur/nginring (A/E) firm is typiclly usd in connction with instlltion mchnicl, lctricl, tlcommuniction or similr quipmnt. Also, districts tn us srvics n A/E for prprtion rroing spcifictions nd bid documnts. Spcil Equipmnt: Scffolding is somtims usd in connction with ro work. Crns or hoists my b usd to lift mtrils or quipmnt. Impct Work on Building Us: Work on ro gnrlly dos not intrrupt building us, xcpt for complt r-roing including dck. Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion School Buildings

49 C-9 Tbl C-1: Roing Mintnnc nd Rpir/R-Roing Vrticl Lod Crrying Structur Lvl Simicit imicity W ood 1 M sonr y C oncrt St l R nk* L M H Nonstructur onstructurl Buildin uilding Structur tructurl Elmn lmnt 1 n/ 2 n/ 3 n/ 10 n/ Structur tructurl n/ n/ n/ n/ n/ n/ n/ n/ All Horizontl Horizontl Horizontl Horizontl Horizontl Vrticl Vrticl Structur tructurl S ub-systm n/ n/ n/ n/ Diphrgms Diphrgms Diphrgms Diphrgms Diphrgms Lod Pth Sismic Prformnc Improvmn t Brcing Prpts, Appndgs Gbls, Ornmnttion & Anchorg Cnopis t Exits Brcing or Rmovl Chimnys Anchorg nd Dtiling Rotop Equipmnt Lod Pth nd Collctors Attchmnt nd Strngning t Boundris Strngth/Stiffnss Strngning t Opnings Strngning t R-ntrnt Cornrs Topping Slb for Prcst Concrt Ltrl Rsisting Systm to Diphrgm Connction Out--Pln Anchorg Concrt or Msonry Wll * Nonstructurl improvmnts r rnkd on bsis nginring judgmnt ir rltiv impct on improving lif sfty in schools. S tructurl improvmnts r not rnkd, but rr, orgnizd by structurl lmnt nd sub-systm. Work tht my b includd in building rhbilittion/mintnnc/rpir projct using littl or no nginring Unrinforcd Msonry Rinforcd Msonry Wood Diphrgm Concrt Diphrgm Wood Diphrgm Concrt Diphrgm Work rquiring dtild nginring dsign to b includd in projct Work rquiring dtild som lmnts nginring dsign nd vlution squncing rquirmnts; Th "x" dsignts work tht could rdistribut lods, ovrstrssing Not 1: Msonry buildings with concrt ro should us concrt building, concrt diphrgm for intgrtion opportunitis. Prt C

50 C-10 C.2.2 Extrior Wll nd Window Mintnnc Gnrl Dscription Work: Extrior wll nd window mintnnc my involv following ctivitis: Pointing Ptching Pinting Culking This ctgory work my lso includ mjor projcts such s: Window rpir nd rplcmnt Rfinishing with nw cldding or mtril Most xtrior wll mintnnc nd rpir work is don in rspons to filur or s schduld priodic mintnnc or prvntiv mintnnc work. Culking nd window rpir nd rplcmnt r lso tn linkd to nrgy consrvtion/wriztion work. Fdrl or stt mndts tht rquir nrgy consrvtion improvmnts my ld to window rpir or rplcmnt. Physicl Dscription Work: Work is usully crrid out throughout n ntir school s schduld mintnnc ctivity, lthough loclizd ptching work is possibl. Work my includ rpinting brick xtrior wlls, window rplcmnt, nd nrgy consrvtion improvmnts. Associtd Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion Work: Strngning shr wlls nd diphrgm/wll connctions. Prformnc Work: Extrior wll nd window work my b prformd by skilld construction prsonnl on district stff or by n outsid contrctor. In mny css, r my b n A/E involvd to provid dsign, spcifictions, nd bid procss nd construction dministrtion srvics. Spcil Equipmnt: Accss to highr xtrior rs my rquir scffolding or swing stgs. This ccss my provid conomicl opportunitis for intgrtion sismic rhbilittion msurs. Impct on Building Us: Sinc most work is bing prformd from building xtrior, it my b possibl to ccomplish it throughout school yr. Howvr, som sismic rhbilittion msurs my b noisy or rquir ccss from intrior, so this work my hv to b don whn building is vcnt. Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion School Buildings

51 C-11 Tbl C-2: Extrior Wll nd Window Mintnnc Vrticl Lod Crrying Structur Lvl Simicit imicity W ood 1 M sonr y C oncrt St l R nk* L M H Nonstructur onstructurl Buildin uilding Structur tructurl Elmn lmnt 1 n/ 2 n/ 12 n/ 13 n/ 14 n/ 15 n/ 17 n/ 20 n/ Structur tructurl n/ All n/ Foundtion n/ Foundtion n/ Foundtion n/ n/ n/ n/ n/ n/ n/ n/ n/ n/ n/ Horizontl Vrticl Vrticl Vrticl Vrticl Vrticl Vrticl Vrticl Vrticl Vrticl Vrticl Structur tructurl S ub-systm n/ n/ n/ n/ n/ n/ n/ n/ Diphrgms Lod Pth Brcd Frms Brcd Frms Brcd Frms Momnt Frms Momnt Frms Shr Wlls Shr Wlls Shr Wlls Sismic Prformnc Improvmn t Brcing Prpts, Appndgs Gbls, Ornmnttion & Anchorg Cnopis t Exits Cldding Anchorg Anchorg Msonry Vnr Anchorg Extrior Wy in Cvity Wlls Glzing Slction nd Dtiling Anchorg Stl Stud Bckup Shut-Off Vlvs Collctor nd Drg Elmnt Improvmnt Anchor Bolts Anchorg Crippl Stud Brcing Attchmnt nd Strngning t Boundris Ltrl Rsisting Systm to Diphrgm Connction Cpcity/Stiffnss Continuity Connctions Bm Column Cpcity/Stiffnss Bm Column Connction Cpcity Continuity Ltrl Stbility Out--Pln Anchorg Concrt or Msonry Wll * Nonstructurl improvmnts r rnkd on bsis nginring judgmnt ir rltiv impct on improving lif sfty in schools. Structurl improvmnts r not rnkd, but rr, orgnizd by structurl lmnt nd sub-systm. Work tht my b includd in building rhbilittion/mintnnc/rpir projct using littl or no nginring Work rquiring dtild nginring dsign to b includd in projct Work rquiring dtild som lmnts nginring dsign nd vlution squncing rquirmnts; Th "x" dsignts work tht could rdistribut lods, ovrstrssing Not 1: Msonry buildings with concrt ro or floors should us concrt building, concrt diphrgm for intgrtion opportunitis. Unrinforcd Msonry Rinforcd Msonry Wood Diphrgm Concrt Diphrgm Wood Diphrgm Concrt Diphrgm Prt C

52 C-12 C.2.3 Fir nd Lif Sfty Improvmnts Gnrl Dscription Work: Fir nd lif sfty improvmnts my involv following building lmnts: Corridors nd doors Stirs Lobbis Exits Alrms Stndpips Automtic fir sprinklr systms Districts will usully schdul this work s prt norml plnning procss. Only if work is in rspons to disstr, such s fir, will work b unplnnd. Howvr, building disstr tht rquirs som construction my provid n opportunity to intgrt sismic sfty improvmnts. This ctgory work is usully mndtd rr thn routin. It my b in rspons to building or fir cod rquirmnt, or s prt long-rng sfty improvmnt pln district. It my lso b prt gnrl modrniztion progrm. Som cods my lso rquir sismic rhbilittion whn building xprincs significnt mount dmg in disstr such s fir, flood, or rthquk. Physicl Dscription Work: Fir nd lif sfty improvmnts usully involv building's mns grss, which will ffct spcific intrnl spcs. Oftn work is nr cntr building, such s in corridors nd stirwlls. In som css, it my ffct spcs on building primtr, such s lobbis, ntrncs, nd stirwys. Itms includ: Th rmovl nd rplcmnt corridor wll finishs, doors, trnsoms nd quipmnt (.g., lockrs nd cbints) will provid ccss to wlls nd cilings; Th instlltion nw wlls or ltrtion to xisting wlls t fir sprtions nd stirwy nclosurs; Nw stirwys my b instlld ir within building or on xtrior. If stirwys r ddd, work my rquir rmovl prt floor nd construction nw wlls; nd Th instlltion lrms, stndpips, or sprinklrs will provid ccss to concld spcs. Associtd Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion Work: Incrmntl sismic rhbilittion work ssocitd with fir nd lif sfty improvmnts my includ shr wlls, brcing, bm/column connctions, diphrgm to wll nchors, nd brcing quipmnt. Prformnc Work: Typiclly this work involvs skilld construction prsonnl. Ths my b district prsonnl or contrctors. In som css n A/E is involvd. Spcil Equipmnt: No spcil quipmnt is rquird for this tsk xcpt for scffolding to provid ccss to work rs. Impct on Building Us: Typiclly this work will b prformd whn building is vcnt. Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion School Buildings

53 C-13 Tbl C-3: Fir nd Lif Sfty Improvmnts Vrticl Lod Crrying Structur Lvl Simicit imicity W ood 1 M sonr y C oncrt St l R nk* L M H Buildin uilding Structur tructurl Elmn lmnt Structur tructurl S ub-systm Sismic Prformnc Improvmn t Unrinforcd Msonry Rinforcd Msonry Wood Diphrgm Concrt Diphrgm Wood Diphrgm Concrt Diphrgm Nonstructur onstructurl 4 n/ 5 n/ 6 n/ 7 n/ 8 n/ 9 n/ 11 n/ 15 n/ 16 n/ 17 n/ 18 n/ 19 n/ 21 n/ Structur tructurl n/ n/ n/ n/ n/ n/ n/ n/ n/ n/ n/ n/ n/ All Horizontl Vrticl Vrticl Vrticl Vrticl Vrticl Vrticl Vrticl Vrticl Vrticl Vrticl Vrticl n/ n/ n/ n/ n/ n/ n/ n/ n/ n/ n/ n/ n/ Diphrgms Lod Pth Brcd Frms Brcd Frms Brcd Frms Momnt Frms Momnt Frms Shr Wlls Shr Wlls Shr Wlls Shr Wlls Brcing or Rinforcing Msonry Wlls t Intrior Stirs Suspnsion nd Brcing Lights Anchorg nd Brcing Emrgncy Lighting Fstning nd Brcing Cilings Rstrint Hzrdous Mtrils Continrs Brcing nd Dtiling Sprinklr nd Piping Fstning nd Brcing Equipmnt, Mchnicl nd Elctricl Glzing Slction nd Dtiling Brcing Intrior Prtitions, Msonry & Wood Anchorg Stl Stud Bckup Attchmnt nd Brcing Cbints nd Furnishings Attchmnt nd Brcing Lrg Ductwork Support nd Dtiling Elvtors Collctor nd Drg Elmnt Improvmnt Mzznin Anchorg nd Brcing Ltrl Rsisting Systm to Diphrgm Connction Cpcity/Stiffnss Continuity Connctions Bm Column Cpcity/Stiffnss Bm Column Connction Cpcity Continuity Extnsion Wood Intrior Wlls to Ro Ltrl Stbility Out--Pln Anchorg Concrt or Msonry Wll * Nonstructurl improvmnts r rnkd on bsis nginring judgmnt ir rltiv impct on improving lif sfty in schools. Structurl improvmnts r not rnkd, but rr, orgnizd by structurl lmnt nd sub-systm. Work tht my b includd in building rhbilittion/mintnnc/rpir projct using littl or no nginring Work rquiring dtild nginring dsign to b includd in projct Work rquiring dtild som lmnts nginring dsign nd vlution squncing rquirmnts; Th "x" dsignts work tht could rdistribut lods, ovrstrssing Not 1: Msonry buildings with concrt ro or floors should us concrt building, concrt diphrgm for intgrtion opportunitis. Prt C

54 C-14 C.2.4 Modrniztion/Rmodling/Nw Tchnology Accommodtion Gnrl Dscription Work: Fcility modrniztion nd rmodling work hs potntil to involv ny intrior or xtrior wll or lmnt. This ctgory my involv simpl work on singl wll or ntir spc rconfigurtion building. Th instlltion conduits, cbls, nd wiring to ccommodt nw tchnology my involv rconfigurtion concld spcs undr floors, bov cilings, nd insid wll cvitis nd chss loctd throughout building. Intrior rmodling nd modrniztion r usully mjor ctivitis nd r includd in long-rng ductionl plns district. Oftn this includs convrsion opn clssroom plns (tht wr populr in '60s nd '70s) to mor trditionl clssroom configurtion. Thus, it is common cpitl improvmnt ctivity. Frquntly this work is in rspons to chnging ductionl rquirmnts or mjor tchnologicl dvncs. It my lso b triggrd by fdrl or stt mndts. Som cods my lso rquir sismic rhbilittion whn building xprincs significnt mount dmg in disstr such s fir, flood, or rthquk. Physicl Dscription Work: This work my includ rconfigurtion spcs nd crtion nw spcs, rmovl wlls nd cilings, construction nw prtitions, instlltion rplcmnt finishs, nd instlltion communictions ntworks for nw tchnology. This ccss to spcs bhind finishs nd nw wll construction provid vrious opportunitis for sismic rhbilittion work. Associtd Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion Work: Incrmntl sismic rhbilittion ssocitd with this work my includ shr wlls, brcing, bm/column connctions, diphrgm to wll nchors, nd brcing quipmnt. Prformnc Work: This work will usully b prformd by skilld construction prsonnl, ir district stff or contrctor prsonnl. Usully rchitcturl/nginring dsign is usd for mjor rmodling. Spcil Equipmnt: Spcil quipmnt rquird for ccss to work rs for ny sismic rhbilittion construction will typiclly b vilbl during ny rmodling work. Impct on Building Us: Mjor rmodling will rquir spc to b vctd during cours construction. Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion School Buildings

55 C-15 Tbl C-4: Modrniztion/Rmodling/Nw Tchnology Vrticl Lod Crrying Structur Lvl Simicit imicity W ood 1 M sonr y C oncrt St l R nk* L M H Buildin uilding Structur tructurl Elmn lmnt Nonstructur onstructurl 4 n/ 5 n/ 6 n/ 7 n/ 8 n/ 9 n/ 11 n/ 15 n/ 16 n/ 17 n/ 18 n/ 19 n/ 21 n/ 22 n/ Structur tructurl n/ All n/ Foundtion n/ Foundtion n/ Foundtion n/ n/ n/ n/ n/ n/ n/ n/ n/ n/ n/ n/ n/ n/ Horizontl Horizontl Horizontl Vrticl Vrticl Vrticl Vrticl Vrticl Vrticl Vrticl Vrticl Vrticl Vrticl Vrticl Structur tructurl S ub-systm n/ n/ n/ n/ n/ n/ n/ n/ n/ n/ n/ n/ n/ n/ Diphrgms Diphrgms Diphrgms Lod Pth Brcd Frms Brcd Frms Brcd Frms Momnt Frms Momnt Frms Shr Wlls Shr Wlls Shr Wlls Shr Wlls Sismic Prformnc Improvmn t Brcing or Rinforcing Msonry Wlls t Intrior Stirs Suspnsion nd Brcing Lights Anchorg nd Brcing Emrgncy Lighting Fstning nd Brcing Cilings Rstrint Hzrdous Mtrils Continrs Brcing nd Dtiling Sprinklr nd Piping Fstning nd Brcing Equipmnt, Mchnicl nd Elctricl Glzing Slction nd Dtiling Brcing Intrior Prtitions, Msonry & Wood Anchorg Stl Stud Bckup Attchmnt nd Brcing Cbints nd Furnishings Attchmnt nd Brcing Lrg Ductwork Support nd Dtiling Elvtors Undrfloor Brcing Computr Accss Floor Collctor nd Drg Elmnt Improvmnt Anchor Bolts Crippl Stud Brcing Nw Foundtions Mzznin Anchorg nd Brcing Strngning t Opnings Strngning t R-ntrnt Cornrs Ltrl Rsisting Systm to Diphrgm Connction Cpcity/Stiffnss Continuity Connctions Bm Column Cpcity/Stiffnss Bm Column Connction Cpcity Continuity Extnsion Wood Intrior Wlls to Ro Ltrl Stbility Out--Pln Anchorg Concrt or Msonry Wll * Nonstructurl improvmnts r rnkd on bsis nginring judgmnt ir rltiv impct on improving lif sfty in schools. Structurl improvmnts r not rnkd, but rr, orgnizd by structurl lmnt nd sub-systm. Work tht my b includd in building rhbilittion/mintnnc/rpir projct using littl or no nginring Work rquiring dtild nginring dsign to b includd in projct Work rquiring dtild som lmnts nginring dsign nd vlution squncing rquirmnts; Th "x" dsignts work tht could rdistribut lods, ovrstrssing Not 1: Msonry buildings with concrt ro or floors should us concrt building, concrt diphrgm for intgrtion opportunitis. Unrinforcd Msonry Rinforcd Msonry Wood Diphrgm Concrt Diphrgm Wood Diphrgm Concrt Diphrgm Prt C

56 C-16 C.2.5 Undrfloor nd Bsmnt Mintnnc nd Rpir Gnrl Dscription Work: Undrfloor nd bsmnt mintnnc my involv following ctivitis: Rpir dtriortion Trmit rpir Equipmnt rplcmnt Most undrfloor rpir ctivitis will b in rspons to problm. Th solution my b immdit or ssignd to cpitl improvmnts budgt. For xmpl, sttlmnt nd rsulting undrpinning rpir my b rsult floor problm nd rquir mjor immdit intrvntion. Usully r r no mndts or cod issus involvd with undrfloor rpir work. Sfty is usul driving forc. Physicl Dscription Work: Work includs rplcmnt dtriortd wood lmnts, rpir crckd or bowd wlls, undrpinning whr buildings hv sttld, nd rplcmnt bsmnt quipmnt. Associtd Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion Work: Incrmntl sismic rhbilittion work ssocitd with undrfloor nd bsmnt work my includ crippl stud brcing, foundtion nchorg, nw foundtion, nd floor to wll nchoring. Prformnc Work: Th work is tn prformd by school district stff or by outsid contrctors. Spcil Equipmnt: Spcil quipmnt is usully not rquird for undrfloor work. Howvr ccss is usully ll tht is ncssry. Mjor dsign work will tn rquir A/E srvics. Impct on Building Us: Excpt for quipmnt rplcmnt, work my b don t ny tim, indpndnt building us. Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion School Buildings

57 C-17 Tbl C-5: Undrfloor nd Bsmnt Work Vrticl Lod Crrying Structur Lvl Simicit imicity W ood 1 M sonr y C oncrt St l R nk* L M H Buildin uilding Structur tructurl Elmn lmnt Nonstructurl 8 n/ 11 n/ 20 n/ Structurl n/ All n/ Foundtion n/ Foundtion n/ Foundtion n/ Foundtion n/ Foundtion n/ Foundtion n/ n/ n/ n/ n/ n/ Vrticl Vrticl Vrticl Vrticl Vrticl Vrticl Structur tructurl S ub-systm n/ n/ n/ Lod Pth Brcd Frms Momnt Frms Shr Wlls Shr Wlls Sismic Prformnc Improvmn t Rstrint Hzrdous Mtrils Continrs Fstning nd Brcing Equipmnt, Mchnicl nd Elctricl Shut-Off Vlvs Collctor nd Drg Elmnt Improvmnt Anchor Bolts Anchorg Crippl Stud Brcing Nw Foundtions Pil Cp Ltrl Lod Uplift Ltrl Rsisting Systm to Diphrgm Connction Connctions Bm Column Connction Cpcity Continuity Out--Pln Anchorg Concrt or Msonry Wll * Nonstructurl improvmnts r rnkd on bsis nginring judgmnt ir rltiv impct on improving lif sfty in schools. Structurl improvmnts r not rnkd, but rr, orgnizd by structurl lmnt nd sub-systm. Work tht my b includd in building rhbilittion/mintnnc/rpir projct using littl or no nginring Work rquiring dtild nginring dsign to b includd in projct Work rquiring dtild som lmnts nginring dsign nd vlution squncing rquirmnts; Th "x" dsignts work tht could rdistribut lods, ovrstrssing Not 1: Msonry buildings with concrt ro or floors should us concrt building, concrt diphrgm for intgrtion opportunitis. Unrinforcd Msonry Rinforcd Msonry Wood Diphrgm Concrt Diphrgm Wood Diphrgm Concrt Diphrgm Prt C

58 C-18 C.2.6 Enrgy Consrvtion/Wriztion/Air-Conditioning Gnrl Dscription Work: Enrgy consrvtion/wriztion nd ir-conditioning projcts my includ following itms: Extrior nvlop work Insultion Windows Elctricl nd HVAC quipmnt Ducts nd piping Building lmnts ffctd my includ xtrior wlls, cilings, ttic spcs, ros, nd bsmnts. Ths improvmnts my b in rspons to long-trm school district policy, spcil stt or fdrl funding, or s prt or routin quipmnt rplcmnt. In ll css, intnt is not only to sv nrgy but lso to rduc oprting costs nd improv occupnt comfort. Fdrl or stt mndts my b fctors lding to nrgy consrvtion improvmnts. If spcil grnts r vilbl, y cn b md prt cpitl improvmnt progrm. Locl building cod rquirmnts my lso ncourg nrgy consrvtion improvmnts. Physicl Dscription Work: Th physicl work involvd in nrgy consrvtion improvmnts my b loclizd or involv ntir building. Itms includ: Window improvmnts or rplcmnt Nw insultion in xtrior wlls Nw insultion in ttic, which my prmit ccss to ciling spc Nw insultion instlld on ro dck, which cn b coordintd with or ro-top work HVAC quipmnt instlltion, which should mt nchorg rquirmnts for sismic forcs nd my provid ccss to rs for or work Th ddition ir-conditioning, which my includ instlltion ducts or piping to spcs throughout building Associtd Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion Work: This work my includ incrmntl sismic rhbilittion work ssocitd with following or projct ctgoris discussd rlir: C.2.1, Roing Mintnnc nd Rpir/R-Roing C.2.2, Extrior Wll nd Window Mintnnc C.2.4, Modrniztion/Rmodling/Nw Tchnology Accommodtion S Tbls C-1, C-2, nd C-4 for intgrtion opportunitis. Prformnc Work: Th work my b prformd by school district prsonnl or by outsid contrctors dpnding on projct siz or complxity. Whr srvics n A/E r rquird will dpnd on ntur work. Spcil Equipmnt: Spcil quipmnt my b rquird to provid ccss to work. This my includ scffolding or crn or lift. Impct on Building Us: Som this work my b don t ny tim yr from ro. Most window or intrior work must b ccomplishd whn school is not in sssion. Typiclly this work cnnot b don round occupnts nd my rquir building to b vcnt. Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion School Buildings

59 C-19 C.2.7 Hzrdous Mtrils Abtmnt Gnrl Dscription Work: Th prsnc hzrdous mtrils my involv btmnt : Asbstos Ld pint Rdon Most districts hv hd sbstos btmnt progrms for som tim nd rdon progrms mor rcntly. Ld pint hs lso bn rcognizd s hzrd for som tim, but only rcntly hs it bn includd in govrnmnt progrms for btmnt. Hzrdous mtrils btmnt progrms my b triggrd by fdrl rquirmnts or mndts, stt rgultions or school district policis. Physicl Dscription Work: Hzrdous mtrils btmnt my includ rmovl finishs such s plstr, ciling mtrils, nd flooring. It my includ rmovl dhsivs usd. Asbstos btmnt my includ rmovl or ncpsultion insultion on pips nd ducts. Ld pint btmnt my includ rmovl pint nd finishs or ncpsultion componnt contining ld pint. Rdon btmnt my rquir instlltion vntiltion systms or or work in bsmnt. Associtd Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion Work: In som css, xtnt work my provid ccss to intrior spcs tht will provid sismic rhbilittion opportunity. Sismic rhbilittion work could follow hzrd mitigtion work bfor finishs r rinstlld. This work my includ incrmntl sismic rhbilittion work ssocitd with C.2.4, Modrniztion/Rmodling/Nw Tchnology Accommodtion, discussd rlir. S Tbl C-4 for intgrtion opportunitis. Prformnc Work: Th work is typiclly prformd by spcilty contrctors or spcilly trind school district stff. Spcil Equipmnt: Spcil quipmnt such s scffolding would tn b on job s prt btmnt work. Or spcil quipmnt such s fns nd nclosurs r irrlvnt to sismic work. Impct on Building Us: Building us will b curtild during ny hzrdous mtrils btmnt work. Th work cnnot b don round occupnts. It rquirs vcnt building. C.2.8 Accssibility Improvmnts Gnrl Dscription Work: Typiclly such work is don in rspons to complint, or fdrl or stt mndt. It is tn includd s prt long-rng plns district. Physicl Dscription Work: Most work involvs rvisions to wlks nd doors. Rmps r constructd, nd in som css lvtors or lifts instlld. Toilt room improvmnts my rquir rmovl finishs nd possibly construction nw wlls. Associtd Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion Work: Accssibility improvmnts usully do not ld to sismic rhbilittion opportunitis bcus ir rltivly limitd sptil pplicbility. Intrior work rlting to corridors nd circultion routs my shr som sismic rhbilittion opportunitis with C.2.3, Fir nd Lif Sfty Improvmnts. Prt C

60 C-20 S Tbl C-3 for intgrtion opportunitis. Or intrior work my ld to loclizd sismic rhbilittion opportunitis but no mjor mitigtion. Instlltion n lvtor my provid n opportunity to us nw shft wlls s shr wlls, rby dding shr cpcity. Prformnc Work: Accssibility improvmnts my b ccomplishd by school district stff or by outsid contrctors. Oftn srvics n A/E r utilizd. Spcil Equipmnt: No spcil quipmnt is usd in this work tht might b ssistnc in sismic rhbilittion. Howvr, ny scffolding usd for intrior finish work cn provid ccss for sismic rhbilittion. Impct on Building Us: Usully this work cn b don round occupnts building. It dos not rquir vcnt building. C.2.9 Dfinitions Sismic Prformnc Improvmnts Th sismic prformnc improvmnts includd in mtrics intgrtion opportunitis in Sctions C.2.1 through C.2.8 r ll xtrctd from gnric list in following tbls. Th tbl contins dditionl informtion (dscription nd purpos) tht should b usful to school fcility mngrs using this sction. Not tht nonstructurl improvmnts r rnkd nd numbrd from highst to lowst priority, in trms ir impct on improving lif sfty in schools. Th fcility mngr nd risk mngr my rvis rnking bsd on locl considrtions. Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion School Buildings

61 C-21 Nonstructurl Sismic Prformnc Improvmnts Rn nk * L vl Sismicity L M H Sismic Prformnc I Improvmn mprovmnt 1 Brcing Prpts, Gbls, Ornmnttion & Appndgs 2 Anchorg Cnopis t Exits 3 Brcing or Rmovl Chimnys 4 Brcing or Rinforcing Msonry Wlls t Intrior Stirs 5 Suspnsion nd Brcing Lights 6 Anchorg nd Brcing Emrgncy Lighting 7 Fstning nd Brcing Cilings 8 Rstrint Hzrdous Mtrils Continrs 9 Brcing nd Dtiling Sprinklr nd Piping 10 Anchorg nd Dtiling Rotop Equipmnt 11 Fstning nd Brcing Equipmnt Mchnicl nd Elctricl 12 Cldding Anchorg 13 Anchorg Msonry Vnr 14 Anchorg Extrior Wy in Cvity Wlls 15 Glzing Slction nd Dtiling 16 Brcing Intrior Prtitions Msonry & Wood 17 Anchorg Stl Stud Bckup 18 Attchmnt nd Brcing Cbints nd Furnishings 19 Attchmnt nd Brcing Lrg Ductwork 20 Shut-Off Vlvs 21 Support nd Dtiling Elvtors 22 Undrfloor Brcing Computr Accss Floor * Rnk in trms 'lif sfty ffctivnss' Dfinitions nd Purpos D scription Construct prpt brcing on ro sid prpt. Gbls r brcd in ttic spc. Or lmnts r nchord in positiv mnnr. Cnopis or ros ovr xits Chimnys should b brcd to structur Intrior xit stirs my hv unrinforcd msonry nclosur wlls tht could collps Lights my swing rthquk or orwis fll in n Positiv ttchmnt mrgncy lights Digonl brcing ciling Chmicl lbs, shops, tc my hv mtrils tht could, whn combind, crt fir or chmicl hzrd Sprinklr pips dirction should b brcd in ch Equipmnt should b proprly ttchd, nd rstrind if isoltion-mountd Equipmnt bov cilings Hvy cldding (concrt) must connctd to structur b Vnr ovr xtrior wood or msonry wlls or ovr or mtrils in stl or concrt structur. Mtrils my b brick, trr cott, ston or similr mtrils A msonry wll sprtd from vnr by hollow spc Glss bov wlking surfc Brcing my b vrticl or digonl brcs Stl studs cldding bhind vnr or or Anchorg to structurl wlls or or lmnts Lrg ducts Instlltion shut-f dvic Elvtor guids hv bcom dislodgd in rthquks. Applis to cbl lift lvtors Risd floors for cbling Prvnts prpts, flling outwrd Purpos Prvnts collps cnopis nd possibly injur prsons gbls nd ornmnttion from which would block xits Chimnys my toppl onto yrds or through ros Prvnts collps wlls blocking stirwys Flling lights could injur occupnts. Lights should not b supportd by suspndd ciling in high nd modrt sismic zon. Pndnt lights should hv ir swy limitd. Bttry pcks r hvy nd could fll Suspndd cilings should b brcd ginst to rduc chnc lmnts flling sidswy Rducs dngr brkg nd mixing chmicl Sprinklr lins could brk nd flood building Equipmnt could slid or fll f pltforms Fns nd or occupnts quipmnt could swy nd fll on Prvnts cldding from flling. Crful dsign is rquird so cldding dos not limit structurs typ ltrl movmnt. Indqutly nchord vnr could fll outwrd Vnr could fll outwrd. Existing nchorg should b chckd for rust dmg nd loss strngth. Prvnts it from flling injuring prsons Intrior prtitions flling/collps onto wlking surfc nd must b brcd to prvnt Stl studs r usd s bckup to support vnr or or cldding nd could bcom dtchd nd fll Cbints nd or furnishings could toppl. Cbints hv movd cusd dmg. Flln fil cbints my block xit doors. Ducts could fll on occupnts Gs nd wtr lins could mns turning m f Kps lvtors functioning brk nd should hv Floors could collps dmging quipmnt Prt C

62 Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion School Buildings C-22 Sismicity vl L y Sismicit vl L y Sismicit vl L y Sismicit vl L y Sismicit Lvl uilding B g uildin B g uildin B g uildin B g Buildin lmnt E t lmn E t lmn E t lmn E t Elmn tructurl S l tructur S l tructur S l tructur S l Structur ub- S - ub S - ub S - ub S - Sub ystm S m yst S m yst S m yst S m Syst Purpos nd finitions D Purpos nd finitions D Purpos nd finitions D Purpos nd finitions D Purpos nd Dfinitions L M H Prformnc ismic S Prformnc ismic S Prformnc ismic S Prformnc ismic S Prformnc Sismic mprovmnt I t mprovmn I t mprovmn I t mprovmn I t Improvmn scription D n scriptio D n scriptio D n scriptio D n scriptio D urpos P urpos P urpos P urpos P Purpos n oundtio F s Bolt nchor A n foundtio btwn Connction building nd from sliding building Prvnt pth. lod Improv foundtion. f n oundtio F nchorg A n foundtio btwn Connction buildings lrgr for building nd dqut Provids pth. lod Improvs nd building btwn connction foundtion. n oundtio F g Brcin Stud rippl C th btwn studs wood Short floor first nd foundtion my Thy brcd. not usully r studs Crippl f fll to building cusing toppl foundtion. n oundtio F s w Foundtion N s lod convy to w foundtions N d prfrr b my foundtions Additionl css. som in solution n oundtio F d Lo Ltrl Cp il P o t try my buildings supporting Pils lods from building ltrlly mov rthquks during chnc limint to top ir t pils Brc movmnt. ltrl n oundtio F t plif U s lod typ ovrturning Undr upwrd pulld b my foundtions improving by chnc uplift Rducs systm. foundtion Dfinition Horizontl ros nd mzznins Floors, Dfinition Horizontl iphrgms D d n wlls conncting ros nd Floors lmnts rsisting forc ltrl floors nd ro r Diphrgms to strngth dqut b must Thy building. nd wlls to lods rthquk trnsfr from connction Th lmnts. or forc ltrl or or wll diphrgm to pth. lod prt is lmnt rsisting l Horizont iphrgms D d n Attchmnt t Strngning Boundris connction Improving dg/boundry diphrgm to wlding or bolts nils, with lmnts convys nd pth lod prt is This ltrl or or wlls into diphrgm forcs lmnts. rsisting forc l Horizont iphrgms D Anchorg Mzznin Brcing nd wll. to mzznin Anchor sid opn n is r Whr ncssry b my brcing mzznin to ttchd is mzznin sur Mk for pth lod for provid to building ny rduc to diphrgm nd mzznin ginst mzznin pounding mzznin A lrg columns. or wlls building's sids. opn on brcing rquir my l Horizont iphrgms D s trngth/stiffns S s it limit diphrgm to Strngn dflction ltrl diphrgm to movmnt Controls control to nd drift to du dmg rduc lmnts. vrticl on lods pln out l Horizont iphrgms D t Strngning Opnings diphrgm opnings round trpping S th in point wk crt my Opnings dditionl provid will Strps diphrgm. diphrgms wood to strngth l Horizont iphrgms D - R t Strngning Cornrs Entrnt hv buildings shpd "U" nd "L" intrior t concntrtions strss cornrs filurs nd from crcking dmg Rducs concntrtion strss by cusd l Horizont iphrgms D r fo Slb Topping Concrt Prcst concrt prcst ovr slb Concrt continuous crt to ro vrticl to Connct diphrgm. pth lod prt s lmnts forc ltrl s ct to ro Strngns floor. or ro drift Controls lmnt. Dfinition Vrticl Brcd Frms columns nd bms concrt or Stl brcing digonl with nd lmnt rsisting forc ltrl s Act structur brc l Vrtic Brcd Frms pcity/stiffnss C r fo improvmnts cpcity Frm rsistnc lod dqut forc ltrl s usd tn r Frms buildings. sids opn on lmnt rsisting horizontl to connctd b must Thy lmnts. l Vrtic Brcd Frms ontinuity C s continuou b should frms Brcd ro to foundtion from lmnts rsisting ltrl Discontinuitis stndrds Dsign dmnds. trnsfr lod crt condition. this for lods highr impos my l Vrtic Brcd Frms onnctions C s bolt connctions, dtils Th dqut. b must wlds, or not will strngth to Improvmnts in incrs unintntionl in rsult vulnrbility. sismic frm dqucy ssurs This b my Improvmnts lods. rsist to lmnts bolting with plts stl ddition by md wlding. or l Vrtic Pth od L g Rsistin Ltrl Diphrgm Systm to Connction nd ro/floor btwn Connctions lmnt or or wll to convyd b to lods rthquk Prmits pth. lod Dvlops foundtion. Structurl Sismic Prformnc Improvmnts

63 C-23 Prt C Sismicity vl L y Sismicit vl L y Sismicit vl L y Sismicit vl L y Sismicit Lvl uilding B g uildin B g uildin B g uildin B g Buildin lmnt E t lmn E t lmn E t lmn E t Elmn tructurl S l tructur S l tructur S l tructur S l Structur ub- S - ub S - ub S - ub S - Sub ystm S m yst S m yst S m yst S m Syst Improvmnts Prformnc Structurl Purpos nd finitions D s Improvmnt Prformnc Structurl Purpos nd finitions D s Improvmnt Prformnc Structurl Purpos nd finitions D s Improvmnt Prformnc Structurl Purpos nd finitions D s Improvmnt Prformnc Structurl Purpos nd Dfinitions L M H Prformnc ismic S Prformnc ismic S Prformnc ismic S Prformnc ismic S Prformnc Sismic mprovmnt I t mprovmn I t mprovmn I t mprovmn I t Improvmn scription D n scriptio D n scriptio D n scriptio D n scriptio D urpos P urpos P urpos P urpos P Purpos Dfinition Vrticl Momnt Frms bms systm concrt or A stl columns nd nd lmnt rsisting forc ltrl s Act structur brcs l Vrtic Momnt Frms Bm Column Cpcity/Stiffnss for improvmnts cpcity Frm rsistnc lod dqut forc ltrl s usd tn r Frms buildings. sids opn on lmnt rsisting horizontl to connctd b must Thy lmnts. l Vrtic Momnt Frms Bm Column Connction improvd with concrt or Stl strngth. incrs to connctions in rsult not will Improvmnts sismic in incrs unintntionl vulnrbility. frm dqucy ssurs This b my Improvmnts lods. rsist to lmnts bolting with plts stl ddition by md wlding. or finition D l Vrtic Wlls hr S t gins building brc tht Wlls rthquks structur Brc l Vrtic Wlls hr S y pcit C h strngt quls pcity C g rsistin lod ltrl s ct cn wlls Building to connctd b must Thy lmnts. lmnts. horizontl l Vrtic Wlls hr S y ontinuit C s continuou b should wlls Shr ro to foundtion from lmnts rsisting ltrl Discontinuitis stndrds Dsign dmnds. trnsfr lod crt This condition. this for lods highr impos my improvmnts ffctiv cost most on is buildings. in l Vrtic Wlls hr S d Woo Extnsion Ro to Wlls Intrior to wlls wood intrior Extnding or URM nd in diphrgms buildings full constructd not wr tht wlls Prmits buildings in wlls shr s usd b to hight wlls. intrior wood with l Vrtic Wlls hr S y Stbilit trl L d n nd buckl my wlls Tll brcing collps. wll possibl nd buckling Prvnts hv my or top t nchord b must Wlls or digonl s such lmnts brcing or brcs. vrticl l Vrtic Out--Pln Anchorg Msonry or Concrt Wll to wlls from Connctions ro nd floors to du outwrd from flling wlls Prvnts nd wll btwn connctions indqut mitigtion ffctiv A cost diphrgms. buildings. wll bring for msur l Al nd Pth Lod Collctors into from diphrgms lods Distribut forc ltrl rsist tht lmnts "collct" tht wood or stl strps r Ths ltrl vrticl into it distribut nd lod b my Connctions lmnts. rsisting forc on dpnding wlding or nils, bolts, with loction. nd mtril Structurl Sismic Prformnc Improvmnts (continud)

64

65 App-1 Appndix. Additionl Informtion on School Fcility Mngmnt Introduction: Typicl Fcility Mngmnt for Schools Th typicl fcility mngmnt procss for xisting school buildings consists fiv phss ctivitis: Currnt Building Us, Plnning, Mintnnc & Rhbilittion Budgting, Mintnnc & Rhbilittion Funding, nd Mintnnc & Rhbilittion Implmnttion, s digrmmd in Figur 1. This procss is squntil, progrssing from lft to right in ny givn building. A school district tht hs lrg invntory buildings is likly to hv ongoing ctivitis in ll s phss. Figur 1: Typicl Mngmnt Procss This procss is gnric nd, whil locl vritions occur, it is gnrlly followd by school dministrtors, ir xplicitly or implicitly. Appndix

66 App-2 Figur 2: Mngmnt Procss Influncs Both intrnl nd xtrnl fctors typiclly influnc school fcility mngmnt procss in its vrious phss. Intrnl fctors (rprsntd by up rrows in Figur 2) r gnrtd within school district nd its dministrtion. Extrnl fctors (down rrows) r imposd on school districts by outsid ntitis. This Appndix dscribs ctivitis nd influncs within ch phs. 1. Th Currnt Building USE Phs School Fcility Mngmnt Typicl Procss Th currnt building us phs typicl school fcility mngmnt procss consists four ctgoris ctivitis nd is influncd by significnt intrnl nd xtrnl prssurs, s dpictd in Figur 3. Occupncy: This ctgory ctivity consists ll functions tht school is intndd to shltr nd to support. Ths includ ductionl, support, nd ncillry functions. Th ductionl functions r dtrmind by ductionl philosophy, dmogrphics, sociologicl nd nthropologicl fctors, civil rights, rsourcs, tc. Support functions r dministrtiv. Ancillry functions my b rcrtionl, community support, nd mrgncy uss. Occupncy functions r crrid out in ch fcility undr uthority principl by principl, tchrs, studnts, nd ors. Ech s functions is subjct to sismic risk nd cn b disruptd by sismic dmg. Oprtion: Fcility oprtion consists ll ctivitis nd functions tht fcility nd its componnts must prform in ordr to support occupncy. Exmpls r mchnicl functions (hting, cooling, vntiltion), lctricl functions (lighting, communictions, lrm), nd plumbing functions. Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion School Buildings

67 App-3 Oprtion functions my b crrid out by custodil stff district or individul fcilitis nd/or by contrctors. Ech s functions is subjct to sismic risk nd cn b disruptd by sismic dmg. Figur 3: Us Mintnnc: Mintnnc includs ll ctivitis rquird to nbl occupncy nd oprtion building to b crrid out continuously ovr tim. Thy cn b brokn down into custodil mintnnc, routin mintnnc, nd rpir. Mintnnc functions my b crrid out by custodil stff individul fcilitis, by district stff, nd/or by contrctors. Fcility Assssmnt: Fcility ssssmnt, which som schools my not crry out systmticlly, consists survying or inspcting school fcilitis on schduld bsis. It my lso includ rviw documnts, such s rchivl building plns, for rtriving spcific informtion. Th purpos(s) survys or inspctions is to dtrmin fcility conditions in rltion to on or mor following ctgoris: usr complints structurl hzrds mintnnc nds fir/lif sfty prvntiv mintnnc nds nvironmntl qulity spcific nvironmntl hzrds ductionl dqucy sbstos nrgy us/consrvtion ld pint ccssibility ld or rdon Ths survys my or my not b coordintd s to schdul, contnt, prsonnl, tc. Districts my or my not us prprd inspction forms or chcklists. Finlly, districts my vry s to xtnt nd spcific ntur ir rcord kping nd rporting. Appndix

68 App-4 Influncs nd Rltd Sismic Considrtions As indictd in Figur 3, two xtrnl fctors (down rrows) nd on intrnl fctor (up rrow) influnc currnt building us phs dcision mking. Fdrl nd stt progrms: Vrious xtrnl progrms my stblish rquirmnts ffcting us school district's fcilitis (.g., ADA nd OSHA rquirmnts). Additionlly, govrnmntl funding progrms my mndt fcility rquirmnts in prticipting school districts (.g., nrgy consrvtion). Sismic Considrtion Currntly r r no sismic rhbilittion mndts or implictions in ny fdrl or stt progrms rltd to schools outsid Cliforni. Spcific survys or inspctions my b mndtd by fdrl, stt, or locl lws/progrms. Ors my b rquird by district's own mngmnt prctics. Ths survys/inspctions my b crrid out by: Fdrl prsonnl (.g., from OSHA or EPA) Stt, county, or city prsonnl (.g., fir mrshl or cod nforcmnt, nvironmntl, hlth, or duction ficils) School district prsonnl (.g., custodil or fcility mngrs) School district contrctd prsonnl (.g., sbstos inspctors) Consultnts In cs smllr districts, it is likly tht principls r involvd in fcility ssssmnts. Sismic Considrtion Currntly r r no sismic survy or inspction mndts or implictions in ny fdrl or stt progrms rltd to schools outsid Cliforni. Howvr, locl mrgncy mngmnt plns my ssign spcific function tht spcific school should prform in disstr. In such css, lgitimt qustion is "In wht condition will building in qustion b following n rthquk?" Answring this qustion rquirs som form sismic inspction. Emrgncy Mngmnt: Extrnl stt or locl mrgncy mngmnt gncis my ssign spcific rols school buildings must prform in cs mrgncis, including rthquks. This my ffct occupncy ctivitis by rquiring priodic xrciss involving building occupnts. Sismic Considrtion Emrgncy mngmnt plns rltd to rol school fcilitis in disstr my b gnrl nd brod, or dtild nd spcific. In som css, spcific schools r ssignd prticulr function y r to prform in n mrgncy. Complints by Occupnts: Intrnl complints r potntilly significnt prssur on fcility mngmnt procss. In rctiv school districts, y r tn only motivtors to ction. In or districts, thos nggd in proctiv strtgic fcility plnning ctivitis, complints my bcom vhicl for chnnling intrnl prssurs ll kinds, including policis doptd by Bord nd complints gnrtd in occupncy phs, into cpitl improvmnts nd mintnnc. Sismic Considrtion Rrly hv r bn complints bout sismic vulnrbility gnrtd by school building occupnts outsid Cliforni. This is bcus sismic risk nd sismic dmg r not routin xprincs in most rgions Unitd Stts. Howvr, to cit two xmpls, rsponss to 1949 rthquk dmg in Sttl nd to dmg xprincd by school in modrt Northwst Orgon Erthquk Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion School Buildings

69 App-5 Mrch 25, 1993 suggst tht informd occupnts schools in s rgions my just bcom n ffctiv constituncy for sismic rhbilittion. 2. Th PLANNING Phs School Fcility Mngmnt Typicl Procss Th plnning phs consists projcting nd forcsting futur nds. It cn b crrid out priodiclly or continuously, nd my vry s to mount tim covrd by projctions nd forcsts. Plnning functions my b crrid out by school district dministrtion, with or without ssistnc consultnts. Plnning consists two sprt but rltd ctivitis ductionl plnning nd fcility plnning nd is ffctd by both xtrnl govrnmnt rquirmnts nd intrnl bord policis. Figur 4: Plnning Eductionl Plnning: Eductionl plnning ttmpts to formult futur ductionl progrms nd ir support nds by nlyzing nd forcsting svrl fctors, such s: Dmogrphics (popultion growth or dclin, nighborhood shifts) Eductionl philosophy, including spcil duction, dult duction Eductionl tchnology Culturl nd sociologicl fctors Fdrl nd stt mndts Equity nd civil rights Fcility Plnning: Fcility plnning consists prpring long-rng fcility plns, strtgic fcility plns, or som similr documnt, which som districts my not crry out systmticlly. It combins products two distinct ctivitis ductionl pln nd fcility ssssmnt (s Figur 4) Appndix

70 App-6 into dtild projction fcility rquirmnts. Th projction my covr dfind tim frm, such s 5 yrs. Diffrnt districts my us diffrnt clssifictions projcts in ir fcility plns, rflcting vrity lgl, dministrtiv, jurisdictionl, nd or fctors. Howvr y my b clssifid, comprhnsiv fcility pln should includ following lmnts: Nw construction Additions to xisting buildings Rnovtions xisting buildings Building systms rplcmnts Building systms rpirs Schduld mintnnc Prvntiv mintnnc Building disposition (chng us, sl, dmolition) Th pln will idntify tim frms in which ch projct is to b ccomplishd nd my includ cost stimts. Som xprts hv concptulizd fcility pln s consisting four gnrl ctgoris, which my provid guidnc for budgting: Physicl plnt rnwl Physicl plnt dpttion Ctch-up mintnnc Nw construction If ffctiv, fcility pln will b usd s budgting tool nd will provid vlubl informtion for budgt procss. It should b rvisd nd updtd on routin bsis to rflct: Chngs in ductionl pln Rvisd fcility ssssmnts Budgting nd funding rlitis Influncs nd Rltd Sismic Considrtions Bord Policis: In trms intrnl influncs, school bords my occsionlly dopt writtn policis on issus politicl nd socil significnc tht cn ffct both ductionl nd fcility plnning. Ths policis guid ctions district dministrtion. Sismic Considrtion School bords my dopt policis ddrssing sismic issus, including sismic prformnc objctivs nd rhbilittion school buildings, s ir on-tim tsk or rcurring incrmntl progrm. Govrnmnt Mndts: Fdrl, stt, nd locl govrnmnt gncis hv historiclly stblishd xtrnl rquirmnts ffcting both ductionl nd fcility plnning. Ths rquirmnts my hv fcility rhbilittion implictions. Som s rquirmnts my b ccompnid by funding, prhps providing n opportunity to intgrt disprt objctivs into coordintd ctions. Sismic Considrtion Currntly r r no sismic rhbilittion mndts or implictions in ny fdrl or stt progrms rltd to xisting schools outsid Cliforni. Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion School Buildings

71 App-7 3. Th Mintnnc nd Rhbilittion BUDGETING Phs School Fcility Mngmnt Typicl Procss Th budgting phs consists projction futur finncil rsourcs rquird to mt futur nds. It is crrid out nnully (covring priod on or mor yrs) by school district dministrtion (suprintndnt, businss mngr) nd bord. It is ffctd by xtrnl risk mngmnt policis nd intrnl budgt constrints. Figur 5: Budgting Thr lmnts budgt r rlvnt to discussion fcility mngmnt: Cpitl improvmnts Mintnnc Insurnc Cpitl Improvmnt Budgts: Cpitl improvmnt budgts gnrlly rlt to cquisition buildings nd mjor systms, occurrnc which is not nnul or rptitiv, nd which cn rfor b mortizd. Th distinction btwn cpitl improvmnt nd mintnnc budgts vris widly mong school districts. At on xtrm is totl sprtion, mndtd by lw, lbor jurisdiction, or or fctors. At or xtrm is rr unclr sprtion btwn two funding mchnisms. Mintnnc Budgts: Mintnnc budgts gnrlly rlt to rcurring nnul xpnditurs nd ddrss xisting invntoris buildings nd systms without dding to invntoris. Mintnnc ctivitis r tn prt oprtions budgts or gnrl fund budgts. Rportdly, mintnnc funds r tn usd to covr shortflls in oprtions, which my hv contributd to prolifrtion dfrrd mintnnc in mny school districts. Insurnc Budgts: Finncil rsourcs rmrkd for insurnc my b usd in diffrnt wys, including purchsing third-prty insurnc, contribut- Appndix

72 App-8 ing to rgionl or sttwid risk nd insurnc pool, or funding slf-insurnc rsrv. Proprty nd gnrl libility insurnc r rlvnt to fcility mngmnt considrtions. Influncs nd Rltd Sismic Considrtions Budgtry Constrints: Intrnlly, politicl nd conomic conditions my plc limits on school cpitl nd mintnnc budgts. Th problm is tn xcrbtd by unfundd mndts imposd on school districts by fdrl nd stt gncis. Sismic Considrtion Th strtgy intgrting incrmntl sismic rhbilittion with or work, which is n intgrl prt this fcility nd finncil mngmnt modl, cn provid mthod for ddrssing sismic risk rduction within budgt constrints. S full discussion this opportunity undr Rcommndd Activitis in Sction B.2.2.4, Sismic Rhbilittion Plnning for Spcific Buildings. Risk nd Insurnc Mngmnt: Extrnlly or intrnlly, stt nd/or locl school district risk nd insurnc mngmnt rquirmnts my hv dirct or indirct rol in budgt phs procss rgrding dcisions rltd to insurnc. Sismic Considrtion In rs sismic hzrd, risks building loss or dmg, occupnt dth or injury, nd school district libility must ll b ssssd. It must b dcidd whr to sk rthquk proprty nd csulty insurnc covrg nd gnrl libility covrg. Insurnc compnis tht fr such covrg do not usully fr incntivs to customrs to undrtk loss rduction msurs in form sismic rhbilittion. Howvr, this sitution might chng, nd qustion my b subjct to ngotition. 4. Th Mintnnc nd Rhbilittion FUNDING Phs School Fcility Mngmnt Typicl Procss Th funding phs consists obtining finncil rsourcs to mt school nds. Th funding school budgts in gnrl, nd thr budgt lmnts cpitl improvmnt, mintnnc, nd insurnc, vris from district to district. Funding is influncd xtrnlly by rgionl nd locl conomic conditions, fdrl nd stt progrms, nd bond finncing rgultions. Thr is grt vrition from stt to stt, nd tn within stt, stt contribution to locl school budgts. Som stts limit ir contribution to cpitl improvmnt budgts nd ors contribut to gnrl fund. Stts my us diffrnt formuls for lloction rsourcs to school districts in ordr to chiv quliztion. School districts cn fund ir budgts by vrious combintions txtion nd dbt, both which r in som css controlld or limitd by stt constitutions or by priodic votr inititivs. Diffrnt school budgts my b subjct to vrying rquirmnts pprovl txtion nd/or dbt by lctort. At on xtrm, som school bords r fr to issu bonds without dditionl pprovl. At or xtrm, r r districts whr locl school budgts must b votd on t town mtings. Thr r mny locl vritions in funding whr school districts, municiplitis, nd countis hv ovrlpping jurisdictions. Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion School Buildings

73 App-9 Figur 6: Funding Influncs nd Rltd Sismic Considrtions Rgionl nd Locl Economic Conditions: Extrnlly, funding school construction is subjct to locl nd ntionl socioconomic conditions wll byond control school district. It dpnds on intrst rts, rgion's nd school district's bond rting, nd similr prmtrs. Sismic Considrtion Evn though sismic rhbilittion is clrly risk rduction ctivity, r is no vidnc tht ny school district hs improvd its bond rting s rsult undrtking sismic mitigtion ctivitis ny kind. Fdrl nd Stt Progrms: Th funding school construction nd rhbilittion my b subjct to fdrl nd stt progrms byond control school district, but tht should b tkn dvntg to fullst xtnt possibl for sismic rhbilittion purposs. Bond Finncing Rgultions: Th dministrtiv procdurs nd structur loclly in plc to obtin bond finncing will hv significnt impct on bility school district to chiv its objctivs, rgrdlss whr or not y includ sismic risk rduction. Crtin typs xpnditurs out procds bond issu, such s oprtions or mintnnc, my b prohibitd by conditions bond. Sismic Considrtion Som sismic rhbilittion incrmnts my b clssifid s rpir or mintnnc work, nd rby b prcludd from cpitl improvmnt bond. As xplind in Sction B.2.2.7, Sttl Public Schools usd two typs bonds to covr funding its incrmntl sismic rhbilittion progrm bcus Wshington stt lw. Appndix

74 App-10 Figur 7: Implmnttion 5. Th Mintnnc nd Rhbilittion IMPLEMENTATION Phs School Fcility Mngmnt Typicl Procss Th implmnttion phs includs dsign nd construction, nd cn b brokn into thr ctgoris projcts, which lttr two r rlvnt to xisting buildings: Nw building cquisition projcts Cpitl improvmnt projcts Mintnnc projcts Th implmnttion phs is primrily ffctd by fdrl nd stt progrms nd xtrnl building cod rquirmnts. Cpitl improvmnt nd mintnnc projcts r mngd by district stff nd crrid out by district stff nd contrctors. Th mngmnt s two ctgoris my b sprtd or combind, dpnding on issus lbor jurisdiction nd lgl uthority. Influncs nd Rltd Sismic Considrtions Fdrl nd Stt Mndts nd Progrms: Extrnlly, fdrl nd stt progrms my stblish rquirmnts ffcting implmnttion phs (.g., ADA nd OSHA rquirmnts). Additionlly, govrnmntl funding progrms my mndt rquirmnts for fcilitis in prticipting school districts (.g., nrgy consrvtion). Sismic Considrtion Currntly r r no sismic rhbilittion mndts or implictions in ny fdrl progrms rltd to xisting schools. Incrmntl Sismic Rhbilittion School Buildings

75 App-11 Cods nd Cod Enforcmnt: Also xtrnlly, building cods impos rquirmnts on implmnttion phs in css rpir, ltrtion, or ddition to xisting buildings. Ths rquirmnts my b nforcd by stt or locl gncy, or r my b rquirmnt tht school district stff b rsponsibl for nforcmnt (for xmpl, in stt Uth). Such rquirmnts cn dd costs to projct nd joprdiz fsibility. Sismic Considrtion Cods do not mndt sismic rhbilittion in rpir nd ltrtion projct, though dditions must comply with building cod sismic rquirmnts. Incrmntl sismic rhbilittion is consistnt with most building cod rquirmnts pplicbl to xisting buildings. Appndix

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