6! Programming with Images
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1 6! Programming with Images 6.1! Graphics and Pictures Across Platforms! 6.2! Displaying Static Vector/Bitmap Graphics! 6.3! Structured Graphics: Display Lists, Scene Graphs! 6.4! Sprites Literature:!! LMU München, Sommer 2014 Prof. Hußmann: Multimedia-Programmierung! Kapitel 6, Folie 1
2 Vector Graphics vs. Bitmap Graphics Vector Graphics! Picture synthesized from geometric primitives (points, lines, curves)! Easy access through programming interface! Dynamic adaptation to current program state is easily possible! Basis for dynamic graphics (animation)! Bitmap Graphics! Picture pre-recorded, in many cases sampled from analog original (e.g. through camera, scanner)! Programming interface restricted to picture manipulations! Difficult to adapt dynamically! Essentially static LMU München, Sommer 2014 Prof. Hußmann: Multimedia-Programmierung! Kapitel 6, Folie 2
3 2D Rendering Pipeline Geometric Primitives Modeling Transformation Placing geometric primitives in world coordinates Specified explicitly Clipping Restriction to displayed area Implicit (stage size) Viewing Transformation Transformation to screen coordinates Automatic Scan Conversion Transformation to pixel values Automatic Image Adapted from: Funkhouser, Princeton U LMU München, Sommer 2014 Prof. Hußmann: Multimedia-Programmierung! Kapitel 6, Folie 3
4 Low-Level 2D Graphics Immediate mode:! Screen content is created pixel by pixel! (vs.: Retained Mode)! Sometimes: Full-screen & hardware-accelerated! Main problems:! Screen Flickering: due to interference between screen update and drawing commands! Simultaneous drawing from different processes/threads on same target! Traditional solutions:! Double-buffering, multi-buffering! Screen locking! Please note:! Most of these principles (or better remedies thereof) are built into modern graphics frameworks already! LMU München, Sommer 2014 Prof. Hußmann: Multimedia-Programmierung! Kapitel 6, Folie 4
5 Blitting BLIT = Block Image Transfer! Bit blit = Name for a hardware technology for speeding up image transfer into frame buffer! Also used for optimization technique:!» Combine small local changes into a larger buffer!» Display large image at once faster than individual updates! Possible only by using a second buffer besides frame buffer! Double buffering LMU München, Sommer 2014 Prof. Hußmann: Multimedia-Programmierung! Kapitel 6, Folie 5
6 Double Buffering Idea:! Draw to a separate memory area from screen buffer! Draw all contents at once! Implementations may use very fast buffer switching (change pointers)! Double buffering is implicitly used in most modern graphics frameworks!! One traditional explanation for speedup effect:! Consider filling an outdoor pool with water 1 bucket 2 buckets LMU München, Sommer 2014 Prof. Hußmann: Multimedia-Programmierung! Kapitel 6, Folie 6
7 Double Buffering for Images LMU München, Sommer 2014 Prof. Hußmann: Multimedia-Programmierung! Kapitel 6, Folie 7
8 Page Flipping LMU München, Sommer 2014 Prof. Hußmann: Multimedia-Programmierung! Kapitel 6, Folie 8
9 Screen/Surface Locking Locking reserves a part of the screen (surface in Pygame)! No other process can interfere ( one change at a time, please )! Locking takes place automatically every time when drawing! Manual locking/unlocking may improve performance! Add a lock/unlock pair of commands around a logically contingent group of graphics commands! Reduces number of (implied) locking/unlocking operations LMU München, Sommer 2014 Prof. Hußmann: Multimedia-Programmierung! Kapitel 6, Folie 9
10 6! Programming with Images 6.1! Graphics and Pictures Across Platforms! 6.2! Displaying Static Vector/Bitmap Graphics! 6.3! Structured Graphics: Display Lists, Scene Graphs! 6.4! Sprites Literature:!! P. Ackermann: Developing Object-Oriented Multimedia Software!! based on the MET++ Application Framework, dpunkt 1996!! B. B. Bederson, J, Grosjean, J. Meyer: Toolkit Design for Interactive!! Structured Graphics, IEEE TSE vol. 30 no. 8, pp , 2004!! LMU München, Sommer 2014 Prof. Hußmann: Multimedia-Programmierung! Kapitel 6, Folie 10
11 How to Describe Vector Graphics Content <svg xmlns=" version="1.0" viewbox= " "> <rect x="10" y="10" width="230" height="80" fill="red"/> <circle cx="50" cy="50" fill="white" r="40"/> <circle cx="200" cy="50" fill="white" r="40"/> </svg> Declarative document:! Vector graphics file format, e.g. SVG! Vector graphics is not part of pure media integration languages like SMIL!! Graphical editor:! Either to create a graphics file (e.g. Illustrator, Inkscape)! Or as integral part of authoring tool (e.g. Flash)! Program code:! Drawing by method/procedure calls (e.g. Java 2D, Python/Pygame) LMU München, Sommer 2014 Prof. Hußmann: Multimedia-Programmierung! Kapitel 6, Folie 11
12 QUIZ How can we realize the reuse of structures like the two concentric circles in the drawing (wich appears twice) in SVG?! Are there alternatives, what are the differences? LMU München, Sommer 2014 Prof. Hußmann: Multimedia-Programmierung! Kapitel 6, Folie 12
13 Drawing Vector Graphics in Python/Pygame screen = pygame.display.set_mode((250,100),0,32) red = pygame.color.color("red") white = pygame.color.color("white")! pygame.init() screen.fill(white)! while True: for event in pygame.event.get(): if event.type == QUIT: Not really necessary exit() screen.lock() pygame.draw.rect(screen,red,rect((10,10),(230,80))) pygame.draw.circle(screen,white,(50,50),40) pygame.draw.circle(screen,white,(200,50),40) screen.unlock() pygame.display.update() LMU München, Sommer 2014 Prof. Hußmann: Multimedia-Programmierung! Kapitel 6, Folie 13
14 QUIZ Why is there a loop in the preceding code example? Isn t everything static there? LMU München, Sommer 2014 Prof. Hußmann: Multimedia-Programmierung! Kapitel 6, Folie 14
15 Bitmap Image Usually a special data type in multimedia framework! Often subclass of (2D vector) graphical elements! Input/Output functionality:! Reading picture files and conversion into internal representation (decoder)!» Image constructor in JavaFX!» Pygame: pygame.image.load method!» CreateJS: Load queue (preloader) and createjs.bitmap class! Conversion of internal representation into external code (coder) and writing external file! Internal representation:! Reference to image information (class Image in JavaFX)! Or integrated with surface (e.g. in Pygame) LMU München, Sommer 2014 Prof. Hußmann: Multimedia-Programmierung! Kapitel 6, Folie 15
16 Compositing, Alpha Channel Graphical elements may overlap! Rules for deciding what to draw in the area where a second graphical element (source) is drawn onto an existing element (destination)! Standard: SRC_OVER! Other options:!» Only draw where destination exists (SRC_ATOP)!» Overwrite destination, draw source where destination exists (SRC_IN)!» Overwrite destination, draw source where destination does not exist (SRC_OUT)!» Merge source and destination (ADD, MULTIPLY)! Result of composition depends on transparency (alpha) value of source LMU München, Sommer 2014 Prof. Hußmann: Multimedia-Programmierung! Kapitel 6, Folie 16
17 Compositing Example, Opaque LMU München, Sommer 2014 Prof. Hußmann: Multimedia-Programmierung! Kapitel 6, Folie 17
18 Compositing Example, Transparent LMU München, Sommer 2014 Prof. Hußmann: Multimedia-Programmierung! Kapitel 6, Folie 18
19 6! Programming with Images 6.1! Graphics and Pictures Across Platforms! 6.2! Displaying Static Vector/Bitmap Graphics! 6.3! Structured Graphics: Display Lists, Scene Graphs! 6.4! Sprites Literature:!! P. Ackermann: Developing Object-Oriented Multimedia Software!! based on the MET++ Application Framework, dpunkt 1996!! B. B. Bederson, J, Grosjean, J. Meyer: Toolkit Design for Interactive!! Structured Graphics, IEEE TSE vol. 30 no. 8, pp , 2004!! LMU München, Sommer 2014 Prof. Hußmann: Multimedia-Programmierung! Kapitel 6, Folie 19
20 Program Objects and Visual Representations Following the model-view paradigm: c1: Car c2: Car s1: TrackSegment sx: TrackSegment s2: TrackSegment t: RaceTrack Model (logical program objects) Modular update of display:! Paint me method in object! Triggering the display update:! Automatic periodical update! Observer mechanism for local updates LMU München, Sommer 2014 Prof. Hußmann: Multimedia-Programmierung! Kapitel 6, Folie 20
21 Scenes, Objects and Groups Scene graph Logical program objects Scene: Collection of all relevant (view-oriented) objects! Abstract representation of the world (in a certain state)! Often several objects are grouped into one (view-oriented) representation! Operations shall be applied to whole group (movement, copy, )! Two-level view mechanism:! Model! Scene graph (abstract view)! Concrete view LMU München, Sommer 2014 Prof. Hußmann: Multimedia-Programmierung! Kapitel 6, Folie 21
22 JavaFX Scene Graph docs.oracle.com LMU München, Sommer 2014 Prof. Hußmann: Multimedia-Programmierung! Kapitel 6, Folie 22
23 Scene Graph Example with JavaFX Group root = new Group(); Scene scene = new Scene(root, 250, 100); Rectangle r = new Rectangle(10, 10, 230, 80); r.setfill(color.red); root.getchildren().add(r); Group circles = new Group(); circles.settranslatex(10); circles.settranslatey(10); root.getchildren().add(circles); Circle circle1 = new Circle(40, 40, 40); circle1.setfill(color.white); circles.getchildren().add(circle1); Circle circle2 = new Circle(190, 40, 40); circle2.setfill(color.white); circles.getchildren().add(circle2); primarystage.settitle("javafx Scene Graph"); primarystage.setscene(scene); LMU München, Sommer 2014 Prof. Hußmann: Multimedia-Programmierung! Kapitel 6, Folie 23
24 QUIZ How does the scene graph of the preceding example look like? LMU München, Sommer 2014 Prof. Hußmann: Multimedia-Programmierung! Kapitel 6, Folie 24
25 Object-Oriented Scene Graph Example Scene Rectangle red Group CircleNode CircleNode CircleNode Often called custom component or custom node" Circle white Circle black LMU München, Sommer 2014 Prof. Hußmann: Multimedia-Programmierung! Kapitel 6, Folie 25
26 Object-Oriented Scene Graph in JavaFX (1)! class CircleNode extends Parent { public CircleNode() { Circle circle1 = new Circle(40, 40, 40); circle1.setfill(color.white); this.getchildren().add(circle1); Circle circle2 = new Circle(40, 40, 10); circle2.setfill(color.black); this.getchildren().add(circle2); } } Coordinates relative to local coordinate system! LMU München, Sommer 2014 Prof. Hußmann: Multimedia-Programmierung! Kapitel 6, Folie 26
27 Object-Oriented Scene Graph in JavaFX (2) Group root = new Group(); Scene scene = new Scene(root, 250, 100); Rectangle r = new Rectangle(10, 10, 230, 80); r.setfill(color.red); root.getchildren().add(r); CircleNode c1 = new CircleNode(); CircleNode c2 = new CircleNode(); c2.settranslatex(150); Group twocircles = new Group(); twocircles.getchildren().add(c1); twocircles.getchildren().add(c2); twocircles.settranslatex(10); twocircles.settranslatey(10); root.getchildren().add(twocircles); LMU München, Sommer 2014 Prof. Hußmann: Multimedia-Programmierung! Kapitel 6, Folie 27
28 FXML: Markup Language for Scene Graphs <AnchorPane id="anchorpane" prefheight="100.0" prefwidth="250.0" xmlns:fx=" xmlns=" <children> <Rectangle fill="red" height="80.0" width="230.0" layoutx="10.0" layouty="10.0" /> <Group> <children> <Circle fill="white" layoutx="50.0" layouty="50.0" radius="40.0"/> <Circle fill="black" layoutx="50.0" layouty="50.0" radius="10.0"/> </children> </Group> <Group> <children> <Circle fill="white" layoutx="200.0" layouty="50.0" radius="40.0"/> <Circle fill="black" layoutx="200.0" layouty="50.0" radius="10.0"/> </children> </Group> </children> </AnchorPane> Formatting information can alternatively be kept in CSS-like style sheets LMU München, Sommer 2014 Prof. Hußmann: Multimedia-Programmierung! Kapitel 6, Folie 28
29 JavaFX Scene Builder Tool LMU München, Sommer 2014 Prof. Hußmann: Multimedia-Programmierung! Kapitel 6, Folie 29
30 Object-Oriented Scene Graph in Flash (1) LMU München, Sommer 2014 Prof. Hußmann: Multimedia-Programmierung! Kapitel 6, Folie 30
31 Object-Oriented Scene Graph in Flash (2) LMU München, Sommer 2014 Prof. Hußmann: Multimedia-Programmierung! Kapitel 6, Folie 31
32 Object-Oriented Scene Graph in Flash (3) LMU München, Sommer 2014 Prof. Hußmann: Multimedia-Programmierung! Kapitel 6, Folie 32
33 QUIZ Where is the scene graph in the Flash example? LMU München, Sommer 2014 Prof. Hußmann: Multimedia-Programmierung! Kapitel 6, Folie 33
34 Scene Graph: Outlook Scene graphs are used in many drawing programs! Illustrator, CorelDraw! Scene graphs are a main concept in 3D modeling and programming! VRML, X3D, OpenSceneGraph! Python language binding for OpenSceneGraph exists LMU München, Sommer 2014 Prof. Hußmann: Multimedia-Programmierung! Kapitel 6, Folie 34
35 6! Programming with Images 6.1! Graphics and Pictures Across Platforms! 6.2! Displaying Static Vector/Bitmap Graphics! 6.3! Structured Graphics: Display Lists, Scene Graphs! 6.4! Sprites Literature:!! Will McGugan: Beginning Game Development with Python and Pygame,!! Apress 2007!! LMU München, Sommer 2014 Prof. Hußmann: Multimedia-Programmierung! Kapitel 6, Folie 35
36 Sprite A sprite (Kobold, Geist) is a movable graphics object which is presented on top of the background image.! Mouse pointer images are examples of sprites! Hardware sprite:! Outdated technique for hardware-supported fast display of moving image! Software sprite:! Any moving picture displayed over background! Pygame sprite:! Special class designed to display movable game objects LMU München, Sommer 2014 Prof. Hußmann: Multimedia-Programmierung! Kapitel 6, Folie 36
37 Simple Sprite in Pygame class MagSprite(pygame.sprite.Sprite):! def init (self): pygame.sprite.sprite. init (self) self.image = pygame.image.load(sprite_imgfile) self.rect = self.image.get_rect()! def update(self): self.rect.center = pygame.mouse.get_pos()! sprite = MagSprite() allsprites = pygame.sprite.group() allsprites.add(sprite)! while True: for event in pygame.event.get():... screen.blit(background,(0,0)) allsprites.update() allsprites.draw(screen) pygame.display.update() LMU München, Sommer 2014 Prof. Hußmann: Multimedia-Programmierung! Kapitel 6, Folie 37
38 Sprites in CreateJS/EaselJS Sprite term used in EaselJS! Tool for animated image sequence! Using a sprite sheet! See Animation chapter for details LMU München, Sommer 2014 Prof. Hußmann: Multimedia-Programmierung! Kapitel 6, Folie 38
6 Images, Vector Graphics, and Scenes
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