Whitefly in the Landscape. April 2012
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1 Catharine Mannion UF/IFAS Tropical Research and Education Center Whitefly in the Landscape April 2012
2 Approximately 75 species in Florida Common pests of many ornamental plants Narrow and wide host range depending on the species Photos: H. Glenn, UF/IFAS
3 Photo: H. Glenn, UF/IFAS Moth-like with white wings. Piercing-sucking mouthparts Excrete honeydew Some capable of transmitting viruses
4 Photo: H. Glenn, UF/IFAS
5
6 Rugose Spiraling Whitefly Bondar s Nesting Whitefly Photo: H. Glenn, UF/IFAS Ficus Whitefly
7 Photo: H. Glenn, UF/IFAS Keys whitefly (Aleurodicus dispersus) Cardin s whitefly (Metalurodicus cardini) Giant whitefly (Aleurodicus dugesii)
8 Photo: H. Glenn, UF/IFAS 2011 First detected in Dec 2011, Lee County New US continental record Three other species known in Florida Not known as economic pest
9 Photo: H. Glenn, UF/IFAS 2011 Currently in: Miami-Dade, Broward, Palm Beach, Lee and Collier Counties Hosts Ficus (Banyan, weeping fig, Indian laurel) Avocado, canary laurel, guava, lemon, orange, sapote, surinam cherry, sweetsop, Chinese hibiscus, tilo (stinkwood), Palms (Coconut, Chamaedorea)
10 Photo: H. Glenn, UF/IFAS Bondar s Nesting Whitefly Nymphs
11 Photo: H. Glenn, UF/IFAS Whitefly nest
12 Photo: H. Glenn, UF/IFAS Beetle predator, Nephaspis oculatus Wasp parasitoid, Encarsia variegata
13 White wax Honeydew Sooty mold
14 Photo: H. Glenn, UF/IFAS Not whitefly Powdery Mildew
15 Photo: H. Glenn, UF/IFAS Not whitefly Powdery Mildew
16 Photo: H. Glenn, UF/IFAS Photo: H. Glenn, UF/IFAS Only feeds on ficus species Currently in several south and central Florida Counties Will likely spread to areas where ficus is grown Photo: A. Roda, USDA APHIS
17 Photo: H. Glenn, UF/IFAS 2 nd -3 rd instars nymphs 2 nd instar 3.7 days; 3 rd instar 3. 3 days Photo: H. Glenn, UF/IFAS Adult Whitefly (2-4 days) Eggs (10 days) Constant temperature (80º F) 4 th instar puparia (5.8 days) *3rd *2nd 1 st instar crawler (4.2 days)
18 Photo: H. Glenn, UF/IFAS Photo: H. Glenn, and C. Mannion, UF/IFAS Causes leaf yellowing Leaf drop (severe) Branch dieback (highly variable)
19 Photo: H. Glenn, UF/IFAS Harmonia axyridis Encarsia protransvena Olla v-nigrum Exochomus childreni Chilocorus nigritis Amitus bennetti Curinus coeruleus
20 Live whitefly
21 Parasitized whitefly
22 White ovals on the leaves - adult whiteflies come from these
23 Mean Number Days from Egg to Adult ºC 27ºC 30º C
24 3-Mar 3-May 3-Jul 3-Sep 3-Nov 3-Jan 3-Mar 3-May 3-Jul 3-Sep 3-Nov 3-Jan 3-Mar 3-May 3-Jul 3-Sep 3-Nov Mean No. Whitefly per Trap up down east west
25 Breakdown of pesticides -??? Are there whiteflies Resistance? Viruses/bacteria/toxins Other factors Low use rates Drought
26 Cumulative stress Poor planting, age, drought, whiteflies and other insects, disease Importance of nutrition Fertilization (ex: 2 lb N per 1000 sq ft) Micronutrients Disease management
27 Samples with leaf yellowing, defoliation and dieback Isolated a fungus from all of them Phomopsis and Diaporthe Common endophytes Previously shown to cause dieback of Ficus spp. Likely causing dieback due to stress
28 Photo: H. Glenn, UF/IFAS Rugose Spiraling Whitefly First found in Miami on Bursera simaruba Spring 2009 Adult is relatively large and docile
29 Acalypha wilkesiana (Copperleaf) Annona sp. (Sugarapple) Araucaria heterophylla (Norfolk island pine) Bucida buceras (Black olive) Bursera simaruba (Gumbo limbo) Calophyllum species Catharanthus roseus (Madagascar periwinkle) Chrysobalanus icaco (Cocoplum) Chrysophyllum oliviforme (Satinleaf) Cocos nucifera (Coconut palm) Conocarpus erectus (Buttonwood) Cordyline fruticosa (Hawaiian ti) Dictyosperma album (Hurricane palm) Dypsis lutescens (Areca palm) Eugenia spp. Ficus aurea (Strangler fig) Ficus carica (Edible fig) Hyophorbe verschaffeltii (Spindle palm) Mangifera indica (Mango) Manilkara roxburghiana Myrica cerifera (Wax myrtle) Musa sp. (Banana) Parthenocissus quinquefolia (Virginia creeper) Persea americana (Avocado) Phoenix roebelenii (Pigmy palm) Quercus virginiana (Live oak) Sabal palmetto (Sabal palm) Schinus terebinthifolius (Brazilian pepper) Simarouba glauca Smilax auriculata Spondias sp. Spondias purpurea Strelitzia nicolai (White bird of paradise) Strelitzia reginae (Bird of paradise) Tabebuia species Terminalia catappa (Tropical almond) Veitchia species Washingtonia palm Zeuxine strateumatica And, the list continues to grow
30 Photo: H. Glenn, UF/IFAS
31 Photos: K. Gabel, Monroe County Extension and H. Glenn, UF/IFAS
32 Photo: H. Glenn, UF/IFAS Adult Eggs Rugose Spiraling Whitefly 1 st Instar 4 th Instar 3 rd Instar 2 nd Instar
33 Photo: H. Glenn, UF/IFAS
34
35 Photo: H. Glenn, UF/IFAS Wasp parasite Beetle predator Lacewing predator
36 Photo: H. Glenn, UF/IFAS Coccinellid predator Feeds on many whitefly species Well established in Florida for > 25 years Been introduced to other places for control of spiraling whitefly Currently found feeding on Rugose spiraling and Bondar s nesting whiteflies
37 Another common predator Feeds on many whiteflies Commercially available NOT commonly seen feeding on Rugose spiraling whitefly indicating it may not be a suitable natural enemy Photos: BugGuid.net
38
39
40 Photo: C. Mannion, UF/IFAS Can be difficult to control Often have short life cycles Often not initially noticed Waxy secretions/coverings that provide protection Production of honey dew
41 Important and necessary component for long-term control Potential natural enemies For each whitefly there are beetle predators and wasp parasitoids currently feeding on the whitefly Potential of predators/parasitoids for closely related whiteflies MUST MATCH THE CORRECT NATURAL ENEMY WITH THE APPROPRIATE PEST
42 Cultural control Alternative plant choices (difficult for rugose spiraling whitefly) Washing plants off with water Small infestations or small plants Must remove the immature stages and eggs.
43 Soaps and oils Strictly contact so thorough coverage is required Several applications are required 7-10 days Phytotoxicity under high temperatures
44 Insecticides Sometimes important in the early management of a pest Appropriate choices of insecticide, formulation, methods of application and frequency of application Effects on natural enemies
45 Insecticides Misuse or overuse can cause problems such as insect resistance, secondary pest problems, environmental contamination, and detrimental effects on non-target organisms Follow label instructions - The site and method of application must be on the label (i.e. landscape, nursery, etc.)
46 Whitefly should be present Foliar insecticides may provide quick control, most will not provide long-term control. Some foliar insecticides (i.e. pyrethroids) may disrupt the natural enemies and should be used very selectively. It is not recommended to use the same insecticide on both the foliage and in the soil
47 Abamectin (Avid) Acetamiprid (TriStar) Azadirachtin (Azatin XL) Bifenthrin (Talstar) Buprofezin, (Talus) Clothianidin (Arena) Endosulfan (Endosulfan; Thiodan) Flonicamid (Aria) Horticultural oil Imidacloprid (Merit, Marathon, Discus, Allectus) Pymentrozine (Endeavor) Pyriproxyfen (Distance) Spiromesifen (Judo) Beauveria bassiana (BotaniGard)
48 Use of these insecticides has grown considerably since the forerunner of the group (imidacloprid) was first introduced in the early 1990 s Acetamiprid Clothianidin Dinotefuran Imidacloprid Thiamethoxam Nitempyram Thiacloprid
49 Systemic Insecticides (Neonicotinoids) Active Ingredient Acetamiprid Trade Names Professional Use TriStar** (no soil application) Trade Names Over-the-Counter Ortho Max Flower, Fruit and Vegetable Insect Killer; Ortho Rose Pride Insect Killer Clothianadin Dinotefuran Arena, Aloft Safari**, Zylam Green Light Tree & Shrub Insect Control with Safari Imidacloprid Merit, Marathon, Coretect, Discus, Allectus, Bandit, several generic labels Thiamethoxam Flagship, Meridian Bayer Advanced Rose and Flower Insect Killer; Bayer Advanced Tree & Shrub Protect & Feed; Bonide Systematic Insect Control; Ferti- Lome Tree and Shrub Systematic Insect Drench; Ortho Max Tree & Shrub Insect Control *;*labeled also for trunk treatment (basal trunk spray)
50 Apply a systemic (neonicotinoid) insecticide to the soil or trunk Soil application (drench, granular, pellets) Trunk application (basal spray, injection) Longer term control
51 Photos: H. Glenn, UF/IFAS and J. Chamberlin, Valent, Inc. Systemic insecticide soil and trunk methods Drench Granular Injection Trunk spray
52 There are numerous options on how to apply the neonicotinoids; Take advantage of the different methods Take advantage of the different formulations Fit the method of application for the site The site and method needs to be on the label
53 Type of Plant Growing Environment (container, field, greenhouse, landscape, etc) Target Pest(s) Application Method (foliar, drench broadcast, injection, etc) Ecological Considerations (runoff, leaching, non-targets)
54 Slide Credit: Presentation by C. Sclar, Longwood Gardens
55 Slide information courtesy C. Sclar. Longwood Gardens
56 K oc Source: Shetlar, Turfgrass Trends, July 2007
57 Applied April 11, 2009 Dr. A. D. Ali (Davey Tree), Walter Albeldano (Valent USA Corp).
58 Applied: May 7, 2011 Buzz Uber (Crop Inspection Service), Walter Albeldano (Valent USA Corp).
59 Important to monitor for active pest populations to determine time of retreatment Neonicotinoids (applied as soil or trunk treatments) Generally provide long-term control (6 12 months) Consider a.i., use rate, formulations, environmental conditions
60 Percent Mortality control Marathon drench Safari drench Arena drench Flagship drench
61 Percent Mortality 100 control TriStar foliar 80 Kontos foliar 60 Judo foliar AzaSol foliar 40 Distance foliar
62 Mean Live Immature Whitefly per Leaf month 2 month 3 month 4 month 5 0 Control Injection
63 Mean No. Eggs. Per Leaf month 2 month 3 month 4 month 5 0 Control Injection
64 Mean No. Live Nymphs per Leaf Soil and Foliar Application of Insecticides Ficus Whitefly Control Hort Oil-foliar Days After Application
65 Mean No. Live Nymphs per Leaf Soil and Foliar Application of Insecticides Ficus Whitefly Days After Application Control Hort Oil-foliar Merit-foliar TriStar-foliar Aria-foliar
66 Mean No. Live Nymphs per Leaf Soil and Foliar Application of Insecticides Ficus Whitefly Control Hort Oilfoliar Merit-foliar TriStar-foliar Days After Application Aria-foliar Merit.6ml Merit 1.2 ml Merit 2.4 ml CoreTectlow
67 Mean No. Live Nymphs per Leaf Foliar Application of Insecticides 80 Control Talstar Botanigard Forbid Safari Aloft Days After Application
68 Drought conditions have affected the activity of the systemic insecticides Particularly imidacloprid Need to follow recommended methods of application Use rates sometimes below recommended rates
69 Rugose spiraling whitefly and Bondar s nesting whitefly Nuisance versus pest Less washing effect of rain Large host range Excessive wax production can impede contact between insecticide and insect
70 Ficus Whitefly Scout immature stages; do not rely on the presence of adults Foliar insecticides only when live whitefly are present Soil or trunk insecticides can be preventative; provide long term control
71 Rugose Spiraling Whitefly Scout spiraling eggs on undersides of leaves; easy to see
72 Whatever control method you use, there will be impact on natural enemies Insecticide use Use appropriate insecticides and methods of application DO EVERYTHING POSSIBLE TO CONSERVE NATURAL ENEMIES Necessary for long term control
73 Remember - the below symptoms do not stop or go away immediately even if you are controlling the pest Leaf drop White, waxy flock Sooty mold Do not apply additional insecticide unless you are sure it is necessary
74 ure/whitefly/
75 Catharine Mannion Research and Extension Specialist Ornamental Entomology University of Florida, IFAS Tropical Research and Education Center SW 280 th Street Homestead, FL
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