Systemic Insecticide Technology for Tree Care

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1 Systemic Insecticide Technology for Tree Care Dan Herms Department of Entomology The Ohio State University Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center Wooster

2 Landscapes are diverse ecosystems

3

4 Advantages of systemics: Effective control of diversity of pests. Timing: fall or spring. Diverse application methods. Can be used where spraying is undesirable. Very low use rates: low environmental risk. Very low vertebrate toxicity. Reduced impact on natural enemies.

5 Advantages of systemics: Effective control of diversity of pests. Timing: fall or spring. Diverse application methods. Can be used where spraying is undesirable. Very low use rates: low environmental risk. Very low vertebrate toxicity. Reduced impact on natural enemies. But they have to be applied preventively.

6 Questions: Selectivity: which pests are controlled? Patterns of uptake, translocation, and accumulation in the plant? Length of residual activity? Timing: fall vs. spring vs. summer? Application rate vs. tree size? Placement?

7 Systemic Insecticides: Soil Systemic vs. Foliar Translaminar

8 Soil Systemic Activity

9 Systemic Activity?

10 True Systemic Activity?

11 Translaminar Activity

12 Systemic Insecticides Soil Drench / Injection: Acelepryn Acephate (Lepitect) Clothianidan (Arena) Dinotefuran (Safari, Transect) Imidacloprid (e.g. Merit, Xytect, Bayer Advanced Tree & Shrub Insect Control) Systemic Trunk Injections: Acephate (Acecap) Emamectin benzoate (TREE-äge) Imidacloprid (IMA-jet, Imicide, Pointer) Systemic Trunk Sprays Dinotefuron (Safari)

13 Soil Treatments: Drench / Injections

14 Trunk Injections

15 Systemic Basal Trunk Sprays

16 Selectivity: Imidacloprid is effective against: Sucking insects: plant bugs, lace bugs, adelgids, aphids, soft scales, psyllids (but not armored scales) Defoliators: sawflies, leaf beetles, Japanese beetle, (but not caterpillars) Leafminers: sawflies, dipterans Borers: flatheaded and roundheaded borers (but not clearwing borers)

17 Selectivity: Acelepryn Controlled: Gypsy moth Rhododendron lace bug Birch leafminer Magnolia scale (fall not spring) Clearwing borers Did not control: Mimosa webworm Bagworm Holly leafminer Emerald ash borer

18 Systemics for Control of Wood Borers

19 Bronze birch borer

20

21 Emerald Ash Borer

22 Host Impact: Larvae feed under bark; disrupt transport of water, nutrients, carbohydrates. All major ash species are susceptible (white, green, black, blue, pumpkin). Healthy trees killed within 2-3 years of first symptoms. Trees of all size are susceptible: 1/2 inch saplings to the largest mature trees.

23 A Toledo street before and after EAB June 2006 August 2009

24 Systemic Insecticide options for EAB: Systemic Soil Injections / Drenches: Imidacloprid (e.g. Merit, Xytect, Bayer Advanced Tree & Shrub Insect Control) Dinotefuran (Safari, Transect) Systemic Trunk Injections: Imidacloprid (IMA-jet, Imicide) Emamectin benzoate (TREE-äge) Systemic Trunk Sprays Dinotefuron (Safari, Transect)

25 EAB larvae per m2 Deb McCullough, MSU Trees treated in 2007 & a 80 ab abc bc c abc bc 0 Ctrl Dino Dino-PB Em Ben Imid Imid-PB Maug-imi

26 EAB larvae per m2 Deb McCullough, MSU Emamectin benzoate (Tree-age): 2 years control with a single injection. Trees treated in a a a a a a b 20 0 Ctrl Dino Dino-PB Em Ben Imid Imid-PB Maug-imi

27

28 Objective: multi-year evaluation of systemic insecticides for control of EAB on street trees Imidacloprid soil drenches Imidacloprid and Emamectin Benzoate trunk injections

29 Trial 1: Imidacloprid Soil Drenches 1. Merit 2F, 1.4 g ai / inch DBH, spring 2. Merit 2F, 1.4 g ai / inch DBH, fall 3. Xytect 75WP, 1.4 g ai / inch DBH, fall 4. Xytect 75WP, 2.8 g ai / inch DBH, spring 5. Xytect 75WP, 2.8 g ai / inch DBH, fall

30 Treatment evaluation: Canopy decline rating using photographic scale (Smitley et al J. Econ. Entomol. 101: ) Exit hole density in canopy branches.

31

32 Four years of imidacloprid soil drenches (D. Smitley, MSU)

33 Trial 2: Systemic trunk injections, product comparison Emamectin benzoate (Tree-äge) Rate: 0.4 g ai / inch DBH & 2008 Imidacloprid (Ima-jet), Rate: 0.4 g ai / inch DBH & & 2008

34 Systemic Trunk Injections for Control of EAB Treatment % Canopy Decline Untreated a 90 a Tree-äge, b 13 c Tree-äge, 2006 & b 6 c Ima-jet, 2006 & b 33 b Ima-jet, 2006 & b 20 bc

35 Systemic Trunk Injections for Control of EAB Treatment Exit holes / m Untreated 15.3 a 34.7 a Tree-äge, b 1.9 c Tree-äge, 2006 & b 0.6 c Ima-jet, 2006 & b 3.8 c Ima-jet, 2006 & b 11.9 b

36 Trial 3: Systemic trunk injections, rate comparison Emamectin benzoate (Tree-äge) 0.1 g ai / inch DBH 0.2 g ai / inch DBH 0.4 g ai / inch DBH 0.8 g ai / inch DBH Imidacloprid (Ima-jet) 0.4 g ai / inch DBH Treat in 2006 and see how long they work.

37 Effect of Emamectin Benzoate Applied in 2006 for Control of EAB Treatment % Canopy Decline Untreated a 96 a Emamectin benzoate 0.1 g ai / inch DBH b 13 bc 0.2 g ai / inch DBH b 38 b 0.4 g ai / inch DBH b 38 b 0.8 g ai / inch DBH b 5 c Ima-jet, 0.4 g ai / inch DBH b 53 ab

38 Effect of Emamectin Benzoate Applied in 2006 for Control of EAB Treatment Exit Holes / m Untreated 19.2 a 24.6 a Emamectin benzoate 0.1 g ai / inch DBH 0.2 b 2.9 c 0.2 g ai / inch DBH 0.5 b 10.1 ab 0.4 g ai / inch DBH 1.4 b 3.3 c 0.8 g ai / inch DBH 0.0 b 0.5 c

39 Trunk Injections vs. Soil Treatments Soil treatments: Non-invasive. More uniform distribution in the tree. Can be applied under diverse environmental conditions. Can be applied during dormant season. Slower uptake. No way to know how much uptake. Don t require specialized equipment. Trunk injections: Less environmental exposure. Faster uptake and distribution in tree. May be more effective on larger trees. Rate of uptake is weather dependent. Invasive: wounding and compartmentalization.

40 Optimal Timing of Treatments Soil treatments: in spring allowing time for uptake before adults begin feeding and eggs begin to hatch. Fall treatments can also be effective. Trunk injections: in spring just after the canopy has fully developed

41 EAB adult emergence begins when black locust blooms. Black locust, Robinia pseudoacacia

42 Google: OSU degree-day website

43

44

45 Banded Ash Clearwing Borer

46 Banded Ash Clearwing Borer

47 Emamectin Benzoate Controls Banded Ash Clearwing Borer

48 Soil Drenches: 8 DBH Street Trees Treatment % Decline Untreated control 41 Merit 2F 5 Bayer Advanced TSIC 12 Imidacloprid + Clothianidin 14 Acelepryn, fall 37 Acelepryn, spring 52

49 Chief Conclusions: 1. Insecticides can control EAB on large caliper trees even under intense pest pressure. 2. Imidacloprid soil drenches are most effective on large trees when applied at the 2X (2.8 g ai / inch DBH) rate. Xytect is the only product currently labeled at this rate. 3. Soil drenches must be applied annually. 4. A single application of Emamectin Benzoate can provide three, and possibly four, years of control. 5. Emamectin benzoate also controls banded ash clearwing borer.

50 Bark Beetles

51

52 % Control Imid a c lo p rid So il Dre n c h e s fo r Co n tro l o f Pi n e Ba rk Be e tl e s Ev a l u a te d J u l y June 2003 Nov 2003 April 2004 Nov 2003 Merit 75 WP Bayer Advanced Tree and Shrub

53 Insecticides to not control blue stain fungi

54

55 White Pine Weevil

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57 Soft Scales: phloem sap

58 Magnolia Scale

59

60

61 Calico Scale

62 % Survival Imid a c lo p rid fo r Co n tro l o f Ca l i c o Sc a l e 100 a b c 0 Cont rol Bayer Advanced Tree and Shrub I micide Application: 14 June Evaluation: 10 September

63 Calico scale nymphs on untreated control (left) and Imicide treated (below) honeylocust trees

64 Armored scales: Oystershell scale Pine needle scale Euonymus scale

65 Euonymus scale feeding sites: Intracellular (palisade, spongy mesophyll) C.S. Sadof and J.J Neal Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 86: (Figs. 1-3).

66

67 Pine needle scale

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69 % Control Al l e c tu s fo r Co n tro l o f M o l te d Pi n e Ne e d l e Sc a l e Alect us 1% Oil Alect us + 1% oil

70 Boxwood Psyllid

71 % Control Imid a c lo p rid So il Dre n c h e s fo r Bo x wo o d Ps y l l i d May 2001 Merit 75 WP Dec 2001 Dec 2001 Bayer Advanced Tree and Shrub Evaluated May 2002

72 Lace Bugs

73

74 Acephate (Lepitect) as a systemic soil treatment for spider mites

75

76 Defoliators Imidacloprid controls sawflies but not caterpillars. Bt controls caterpillars but not sawflies.

77 European pine sawfly

78

79 % survival European pine sawfly survival in bioassays one year post treatment (May 2001) No v Ap r Cont r ol Mer it 75WP Flagship 25WG

80 Birch leafminer

81

82 No control of birch leafminer one year post treatment (May 2001)

83

84 Gypsy moth

85 Acephate (Lepitect) soil drenches controlled gypsy moth on small caliper but not large caliper trees

86

87

88 Japanese Beetle

89

90 Acephate (Lepitect) soil drench provided excellent control of Japanese Beetle

91 Soil applications for control of black vine weevil larvae

92

93 Timing: fall vs. spring? Uptake by dormant deciduous trees

94 Honeylocust plant bug

95 Insects / sample Imidac loprid soil injec tionsfor plant bug on large c aliper( honey l oc us t 24") trees a b Untreated 24 October Evaluated on 6 May

96 Length of residual activity?

97 Birch leafminer

98

99 No control of birch leafminer one year post treatment (May 2001)

100 European pine sawfly

101

102 % survival European pine sawfly survival in bioassays one year post treatment (May 2001) No v Ap r Cont r ol Mer it 75WP Flagship 25WG

103 Length of residual activity? Residual toxicity? or Lack of recolonization?

104 Placement? Fine root density is highest adjacent to the trunk.

105

106 How much water to apply? Balancing the trade-off. Not enough water: poor distribution Too much water: dilutes the soil solution, which may reduce uptake rate and concentration in the plant

107

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