From beta- decay to neutrino- less double beta decay: The quest for Majorana neutrinos
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1 From beta- decay to neutrino- less double beta decay: EPS Historic Site: The Neutrino Experiment at Debrecen by J. Csikai and A. Szalay Debrecen, Hungary October 25, 2013 Stefan Schönert Physik-Department, TU München EPS Historic Site: Debrecen, Hungary: The Neutrino Experiment by J. Csikai and A. Szalay, Ocotber 25, 2013, S. Schönert, TU München
2 1956: The Neutrino Experiment at Debrecen by J. Csikai and A. Szalay ReconstrucVon of neutrino energy and momentum event- by- event 2 EPS Historic Site: Debrecen, Hungary: The Neutrino Experiment by J. Csikai and A. Szalay, Ocotber 25, 2013, S. Schönert, TU München
3 1956: The Reines- Cowan experimental concept Source: AnV- Neutrinos from nuclear reactor core DetecVon via capture on protons (H 2 O): _ ν e + p è n + e + _ ν e travelling of many meters e+ Beta- decays of neutron rich fission products 3 EPS Historic Site: Debrecen, Hungary: The Neutrino Experiment by J. Csikai and A. Szalay, Ocotber 25, 2013, S. Schönert, TU München
4 Ray Davis: are neutrinos and anv- neutrinos idenvcal parvcles? Source: AnV- Neutrinos from nuclear reactor core DetecVon via capture on bound neutrons (Cl) ν e + n è p + e + _ if ν e idenvcal to ν e e+ Not observed! AnV- neutrinos and neutrinos have different helicives 4 EPS Historic Site: Debrecen, Hungary: The Neutrino Experiment by J. Csikai and A. Szalay, Ocotber 25, 2013, S. Schönert, TU München
5 Are neutrinos and anv- neutrinos idenvcal parvcles? Today we know that neutrinos are massive parvcles, thus helicity is not a good quantum number therefore, emission of anv- neutrinos with wrong helicity state possible (prop. m/e) possible _ if ν e idenvcal to ν e e+ 5 EPS Historic Site: Debrecen, Hungary: The Neutrino Experiment by J. Csikai and A. Szalay, Ocotber 25, 2013, S. Schönert, TU München
6 Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay (0νββ) Today we know that Neutrinos are massive parvcles, thus helicity is not a good quantum number Therefore, emission of anv- neutrinos with wrong helicity state possible (prop. m/e) possible (Nukleons bound in core, m) n n (- ) ν e p p 0νββ- decay would imply that neutrinos are Majorana par7cle 6 EPS Historic Site: Debrecen, Hungary: The Neutrino Experiment by J. Csikai and A. Szalay, Ocotber 25, 2013, S. Schönert, TU München
7 The quest(s) A Majorana fermion is a fermion that is its own anvparvcle (N.B.: so far, no elementary fermions are known to be their own anvparvcle) Are neutrinos Majorana fermions? EPS Historic Site: Debrecen, Hungary: The Neutrino Experiment by J. Csikai and A. Szalay, Ocotber 25, 2013, S. Schönert, TU München
8 Double beta decay odd- odd even- even EPS Historic Site: Debrecen, Hungary: The Neutrino Experiment by J. Csikai and A. Szalay, Ocotber 25, 2013, S. Schönert, TU München
9 2νββ vs 0νββ decay 2- neutrino DBD 0- neutrino DBD ν - ν - counts (a.u.) 2- electron spectra kev EPS Historic Site: Debrecen, Hungary: The Neutrino Experiment by J. Csikai and A. Szalay, Ocotber 25, 2013, S. Schönert, TU München
10 0νββ decay and neutrino mass Expected decay rate: 0ν 1 0ν 0ν 2 ( T1 / 2 ) = G ( Q, Z) M mee 2 Phase space integral m U ei ee = i U 2 ei m i Nuclear matrix element EffecVve neutrino mass Elements of (complex) PMNS mixing matrix arbitrary units 2νββ Energy (kev) Ge- 76: Q ββ =2039 kev 0νββ Experimental signatures: peak at Q ββ = m(a,z)- m(a,z+2)- 2m e two electrons from vertex Discovery would imply: lepton number violavon ΔL = 2 ν s have Majorana character mass scale & hierarchy physics beyond the standard model EPS Historic Site: Debrecen, Hungary: The Neutrino Experiment by J. Csikai and A. Szalay, Ocotber 25, 2013, S. Schönert, TU München
11 0νββ: Range of m ee derived from solar and atmospheric oscillavon experiments m ee m ee = f(m 1, Δm² sol, Δm² atm, θ 12, θ 13, α- β) = i U 2 ei m i m ee in ev from oscillavon experiments Inverted hierarchy F.Feruglio, A. Strumia, F. Vissani, NPB 637 Normal hierarchy Lower bounds! 90% CL Negligible errors from oscillavons; width due to CP phases Lightest neutrino (m 1 ) in ev
12 0νββ: Range of m ee derived from solar and atmospheric oscillavon experiments m ee = f(m 1, Δm² sol, Δm² atm, θ 12, θ 13, α- β) KDKC claim: 0.44 ev Goal of next generavon experiments: ~10 mev m ee in ev from oscillavon experiments Inverted hierarchy Normal hierarchy Lower bounds! F.Feruglio, A. Strumia, F. Vissani, NPB % CL Negligible errors from oscillavons; width due to CP phases Lightest neutrino (m 1 ) in ev
13 76 Ge 0νββ search: the claim Klapdor- Kleingrothaus et al. NIM A 522 (2004) PLB 586 (2004) Klapdor- Kleingrothaus et al., NIM A 522 (2004), PLB 586 (2004): 71.7 kg year - Bgd 0.17 / (kg yr kev) ± 6.87 events (bgd:~60) Claim: 4.2σ evidence for 0νββ reported T 1/2 0ν = 1.19 x10 25 yr N.B. Half-life T 1/2 0ν = 2.23 x10 25 yr T 1/2 after PSD analysis (Mod. Phys. Le. A 21, 1547 (2006).) is not considered because: reported half-life can be reconstructed only (Ref. 1) with ε psd = 1 (previous similar analysis ε psd 0.6) ε fep = 1 (also in NIM A 522, PLB 586 (2004) (GERDA value for same detectors: ε fep = 0.9) (1) B. Schwingenheuer in Ann. Phys. 525, 269 (2013): 13
14 LNGS Bare enrge array in liquid argon Shield: high- purity liquid Argon / H2O Phase I: 18 kg (HdM/IGEX) Phase II: add ~20 kg new enriched detectors 14 The quest for Majorana neutrinos EPS Historic Site: Debrecen, Hungary: The Neutrino Experiment by J. Csikai and A. Szalay, Ocotber 25, 2013, S. Schönert, TU München
15 The GERDA collaboravon S. Schönert (TUM): First GERDA results results on 0νββ decay search - LNGS, July 16,
16 GERDA Phases claim EPS Historic Site: Debrecen, Hungary: The Neutrino Experiment by J. Csikai and A. Szalay, Ocotber 25, 2013, S. Schönert, TU 16 München
17 GERDA Phases claim Phase I: Use refurbished HdM & IGEX (18 kg) BI 0.01 cts / (kev kg yr) SensiVvity aer 20 kg yr EPS Historic Site: Debrecen, Hungary: The Neutrino Experiment by J. Csikai and A. Szalay, Ocotber 25, 2013, S. Schönert, TU 17 München
18 GERDA Phases Phase III (LoI): GERDA & Majorana BI cts / (kev kg yr) SensiVvity aer several 1000 kg yr Phase II: Add new enr. BEGe detectors (20 kg) BI cts / (kev kg yr) SensiVvity aer 100 kg yr claim Phase I: Use refurbished HdM & IGEX (18 kg) BI 0.01 cts / (kev kg yr) SensiVvity aer 20 kg yr EPS Historic Site: Debrecen, Hungary: The Neutrino Experiment by J. Csikai and A. Szalay, Ocotber 25, 2013, S. Schönert, TU 18 München
19 plas7c µ- veto clean room with lock and glove box for detector handling The GERDA experiment Eur. Phys. J. C (2013) 73:2330 arxiv: muon & cryogenic infrastructure cryostat, Ø4m, with internal Cu shield control rooms Ge-detector array (enriched in 76 Ge) water plant & radon monitor water tank, Ø10m, part of muon-veto detector EPS Historic Site: Debrecen, Hungary: The Neutrino Experiment by J. Csikai and A. Szalay, Ocotber 25, 2013, S. Schönert, TU 19 München
20 The GERDA construcvon The quest for Majorana neutrinos EPS Historic Site: Debrecen, Hungary: The Neutrino Experiment by J. Csikai and A. Szalay, Ocotber 25, 2013, S. Schönert, TU München
21 Phase I detectors: semi- coaxial detectors 8 diodes (from HdM, IGEX): Enriched 86% in 76 Ge Total mass kg Eur. Phys. J. C (2013) 73:2330 arxiv: HdM & IGEX diodes reprocessed at Canberra, Olen Long term stability in LAr w/o passivavon layer Energy resoluvon in LAr: ~2.5 kev MeV 6 diodes from Genius- TF: nat Ge Total mass: kg EPS Historic Site: Debrecen, Hungary: The Neutrino Experiment by J. Csikai and A. Szalay, Ocotber 25, 2013, S. Schönert, TU 21 München
22 Commissioning with 1- string assembly GTF 45: CalibraVon with 228 Th: Commissioning runs with non- enriched low- background detectors to study performance and backgrounds (June 2010 Mai 2011) GTF 32: 22 GTF 112: Energy resolu7ons during commissioning: dependent on chosen detector configuravon: Coaxial (Phase I): keV 2.6 MeV BEGe (Phase II): 2.8 kev 2.6 MeV EPS Historic Site: Debrecen, Hungary: The Neutrino Experiment by J. Csikai and A. Szalay, Ocotber 25, 2013, S. Schönert, TU 22 München
23 Commissioning with 1- string assembly CalibraVon with 228 Th: Commissioning runs with non- enriched low- background detectors to study performance and backgrounds (June 2010 Mai 2011) 65μm Cu cylinder ( mini- shroud ) to shield E- field Energy resolu7ons during commissioning: dependent on chosen detector configuravon: Coaxial (Phase I): keV 2.6 MeV BEGe (Phase II): 2.8 kev 2.6 MeV EPS Historic Site: Debrecen, Hungary: The Neutrino Experiment by J. Csikai and A. Szalay, Ocotber 25, 2013, S. Schönert, TU 23 München
24 Nov 2011: deployment of 3- string & start of phase I physics runs 8 refurbished enriched diodes from HdM & IGEX 86% isotopically enriched in Ge kg total mass plus 1 natural Ge diode from GTF 2 diodes shut off because leakage current high: total enriched enriched detector mass 14.6 kg EPS Historic Site: Debrecen, Hungary: The Neutrino Experiment by J. Csikai and A. Szalay, Ocotber 25, 2013, S. Schönert, TU 24 München
25 First calibravon spectra Eur. Phys. J. C (2013) 73:2330 arxiv: Th calibravon once every one to two weeks; stability convnuously monitored with pulser EPS Historic Site: Debrecen, Hungary: The Neutrino Experiment by J. Csikai and A. Szalay, Ocotber 25, 2013, S. Schönert, TU 25 München
26 Overview of data taking Total exposure for 0νββ analysis: 21.6 kg yr (bi- )weekly calibravon runs ( spikes ) Eur. Phys. J. C (2013) 73:2330 arxiv: νββ background paper Data blinding: All events in Q ββ ±20 kev removed in Tier 1 2 copies of raw data kept for processing aer unblinding 1 st physics: 2νββ analysis (5.04 kg yr) InserVon of 5 Phase II enr BEGe EPS Historic Site: Debrecen, Hungary: The Neutrino Experiment by J. Csikai and A. Szalay, Ocotber 25, 2013, S. Schönert, TU 26 München
27 Measurement of T 2ν 1/2 (76 Ge) (with 5.04 kg yr exposure) T 2ν 1/2 (76 Ge) = ( ) 1021 yr LAB Talk of J. Phys. G Feb issue: h p://iopscience.iop.org/ /labtalk- arvcle/52398 EPS Historic Site: Debrecen, Hungary: The Neutrino Experiment by J. Csikai and A. Szalay, Ocotber 25, 2013, S. Schönert, TU 27 München
28 CalibraVon: stability of HPGe detectors Peak posivon stability of kev calibravon line: coax: 1.5 kev / BEGe: 1.0 kev (FWHM) Summing all runs: arxiv: shift [kev] shift of kev position GERDA Nov/11 Jan/12 Mar/12 May/12 Jul/12 Aug/12 Oct/12 Dec/12 Mar/13 May/13 no. entries kev (FWHM) ANG 2 ANG 3 ANG 4 ANG 5 RG 1 RG 2 FWHM=1.29 kev mean=-0.11 kev shift 2 [kev] Energy resoluvon of coax detectors at 2039 kev counts all coaxial detectors FWHM: GERDA ±0.12 kev 42 K (1525 kev) energy [kev] Mean energy resoluvon at Q ββ =2039 kev: Coax: 4.8 kev (FHWM) BEGe: 3.2 kev (FWHM) EPS Historic Site: Debrecen, Hungary: The Neutrino Experiment by J. Csikai and A. Szalay, Ocotber 25, 2013, S. Schönert, TU 28 München
29 Physics run: energy spectra arxiv: Submi ed to EPJ A Data for background model natural EPS Historic Site: Debrecen, Hungary: The Neutrino Experiment by J. Csikai and A. Szalay, Ocotber 25, 2013, S. Schönert, TU 29 München
30 Physics run: background model and predicvon of BI at Q ββ Minimal model arxiv: Background model: No background peak expected around Q ββ Maximum model blinded blinded Spectrum can be modeled with flat background (red line) in kev excluding known peaks at 2104 and 2119 kev Background index (BI) at Q ββ ( ) 10-3 cts/(kev kg yr) depending on assumpvons for locavon of sources StaVsVcal uncertainty of BI from interpolavon coincides numerically with systemavc uncertainty from model PredicVon for 30 kev BW: Min./Max Mod: / observed.: 13 è linear fit with flat background kev excluding peaks EPS Historic Site: Debrecen, Hungary: The Neutrino Experiment by J. Csikai and A. Szalay, Ocotber 25, 2013, S. Schönert, TU 30 München
31 Pulse shape discriminavon ClassificaVon of (0νββ) signal- like (SSE) or background- like (MSE, p+) events arxiv: WeighVng potenval for coax and BEGe detectors are different Current pulses of simulated SSE signals Coax BEGe arxiv: EPS Historic Site: Debrecen, Hungary: The Neutrino Experiment by J. Csikai and A. Szalay, Ocotber 25, 2013, S. Schönert, TU München 31
32 Pulse shape discriminavon: Coax survival fracvon for Phase I arxiv: PSD selecvon in 2νββ energy range PSD selecvon in 0νββ energy range Measured 2νββ ANN survival: 0.85±0.02 EsVmated 0νββ ANN survival: EPS Historic Site: Debrecen, Hungary: The Neutrino Experiment by J. Csikai and A. Szalay, Ocotber 25, 2013, S. Schönert, TU 32 München
33 Unblinding at GERDA collaboravon meevng in Dubna, June Discussion and freezing of all parameters and methods prior to un- blinding: 3 Data sets: golden, silver, BEGe StaVsVcal treatment of results: Energy calibravon method and parameters Likelihood fit of 3 indep. data sets ( global fit ) Unblind traces for PSD FrequenVst (constraint profile likelihood) PSD method and cuts Bayesian. EPS Historic Site: Debrecen, Hungary: The Neutrino Experiment by J. Csikai and A. Szalay, Ocotber 25, 2013, S. Schönert, TU 33 München
34 Unblinding at Dubna: the bets of the collaboravon S. Schönert (TUM): First GERDA results results on 0νββ decay search - WIPAC, August 23,
35 S. Schönert (TUM): First GERDA results results on 0νββ decay search - LNGS, July 16,
36 Unblinding: full data set (21.6 kg yr) PRL 111 (2013) arxiv: counts/kev 3 GERDA Q ββ ±5keV blinded window before PSD aer PSD 1 counts/(2 kev) kev 2039 kev ββ Q background interpolation energy [kev] 2190 kev Bi 2204 kev 214 Full data set: 7 event in blinded window 3 event survive PSD cut S. Schönert (TUM): First GERDA results results on 0νββ decay search - WIPAC, August 23,
37 Parameters of 3 data sets and counts in blinded window PRL 111 (2013) arxiv: (in 230 kev) Counts in blinded window (BW) Total counts in BW Expected (bgd only) Observed without PSD with PSD EPS Historic Site: Debrecen, Hungary: The Neutrino Experiment by J. Csikai and A. Szalay, Ocotber 25, 2013, S. Schönert, TU 37 München
38 Profile likelihood fit to full data set (21.6 kg yr) PRL 111 (2013) arxiv: counts/kev 3 GERDA % lower limit (T 1/2 0ν ) 1 counts/(2 kev) kev 2039 kev ββ Q background interpolation energy [kev] 2190 kev Bi 2204 kev 214 EPS Historic Site: Debrecen, Hungary: The Neutrino Experiment by J. Csikai and A. Szalay, Ocotber 25, 2013, S. Schönert, TU 38 München
39 counts/kev counts/(2 kev) 3 GERDA % lower limit (T 1/2 0ν ) Parameter Det./Set Value Uncertainty <ε> w/o PSD Coax FrequenVst and Bayesian limits & median sensivvives kev energy [kev] SystemaVcs: BEGe Energy res. Golden 4.83 kev 0.19 kev Silver 4.63 kev 0.14 kev BEGe 3.24 kev 0.14 kev Energy scale (kev) N.A. 0.2 kev ε PSD Coax kev ββ Q background interpolation BEGe kev Bi 2204 kev 214 arxiv: FrequenVst limit: 90% lower limit derived from profile likelihood fit to 3 data sets (constraint to physical 1/T range; excluding known γ- lines from bgd model at 2104±5 and 2119±5 kev) Best fit: N 0ν =0 No excess of signal counts above the background 90% C.L. lower limit: Limit on half- life corresponds to N 0ν <3.5 cts Median sensivvity (90% C.L.): > yr Bayesian: Flat prior for 1/T Posterior distribuvon for T 1/2 0ν Best fit: N 0ν =0 90% credibile interval: Median sensivvity: (90% C.I.): > yr SystemaVcs folded: limit weakened by 1.5% EPS Historic Site: Debrecen, Hungary: The Neutrino Experiment by J. Csikai and A. Szalay, Ocotber 25, 2013, S. Schönert, TU 39 München
40 Comparison with Phys. Le. B (2004) claim ExpectaVon for claimed T 1/2 0ν = yr (Phys. Le. B (2004)): PRL 111 (2013) arxiv: ±1.4 signal over 2.0±0.3 bgd in ±2σ energy window to be compared with 3 cts (0 in ±1σ) # of realizations H 0 : Background only (T 1/2 P(T GERDA 1/2 H ) 0 = ) 25 H 1 : Claim (T = yr) 1/2 P(T GERDA 1/2 H ) 1 10 H1: claimed signal: 5.9±1.4 H0: background only Bayes factor: P(H1)/P(H0 )= [10 yr -1 ] p- value from profile likelihood P(N=0 = 0 H1 ) = (0.006 if 1/T unconstrained) è Claim refuted with high probability T 1/2 EPS Historic Site: Debrecen, Hungary: The Neutrino Experiment by J. Csikai and A. Szalay, Ocotber 25, 2013, S. Schönert, TU 40 München
41 The claim: global picture PRL 111 (2013) arxiv: ν 76 T 1/2 Ge [yr] Ge combined GERDA Phase I H1: signal with T 1/2 0ν = yr H0: background only Isotope P(H 1 )/ P(H 0 ) Comment GERDA 76 Ge Model independent claim (2004) 68% C.L. EDF ISM IBM-2 pnqrpa SRQRPA-B SRQRPA-A QRPA-B QRPA-A SkM-HFB-QRPA ν 136 T 1/2 Xe [yr] NME from: EXO-200 KamLAND-Zen Xe combined GERDA +HdM+IGEX KamLAND- Zen* 76 Ge Model independent 136 Xe 0.40 Model dependent: NME, leading term EXO- 200* 136 Xe 0.23 Model dependent: NME, leading term GERDA+KLZ* +EXO* 76 Ge Xe Model dependent: NME, leading term *:with conservavve NME ravo M 0ν ( 136 Xe)/M 0ν ( 76 Ge) 0.4 from: EPS Historic Site: Debrecen, Hungary: The Neutrino Experiment by J. Csikai and A. Szalay, Ocotber 25, 2013, S. Schönert, TU 41 München
42 Summary & Outlook GERDA Phase I design goals reached: Background index aer PSD: 0.01 cts / (kev kg yr) Exposure 21.6 kg yr No 0νββ- signal observed at Q ββ = 2039 kev; best fit: N 0ν =0 Background- only hypothesis H 0 strongly favored Claim strongly disfavored (independent of NME and of leading term) Bayes Factor / p- value: GERDA: GERDA+IGEX+HdM: Limit on half- life: GERDA: GERDA+IGEX+HdM: / / - T 0ν 1/2 > yr (90% C.L.) T 0ν 1/2 > yr (90% C.L.) (<m ee > < ev) Results reached aer only 21.6 kg yr exposure because of unprecedented low background: bgd counts in ±2σ aer analysis cuts: 0.01 cts /(mol yr) Gekng ready for Phase II & discussing a Phase III (1 ton) experiment EPS Historic Site: Debrecen, Hungary: The Neutrino Experiment by J. Csikai and A. Szalay, Ocotber 25, 2013, S. Schönert, TU 42 München
43 The search goes on.. The quest whether neutrinos are Majorana par7cles and whether there are sterile neutrinos are among the most fundamental quesvons today ATOMKI could connect to its (neutrino) history EPS Historic Site: Debrecen, Hungary: The Neutrino Experiment by J. Csikai and A. Szalay, Ocotber 25, 2013, S. Schönert, TU 43 München
44 Recent GERDA publicavons: h p:// hd.mpg.de/gerda/public GERDA publica7ons before unblinding: pulse shape analysis: Pulse shape discrimina7on for GERDA Phase I data EPJC 73 (2013) 2583; on arxiv: [physics.ins- det] the plot release the background: The background in the neutrinoless double beta decay experiment GERDA submi ed to EPJC; on arxiv: [physics.ins- det] the plot release 2νββ decay: Measurement of the half- life of the two- neutrino double beta decay of 76 Ge with the GERDA experiment J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys. 40 (2013) DOI: / /40/3/ the plot release the experiment: The GERDA experiment for the search of 0νββ decay in 76 Ge Eur. Phys. J. C 73 (2013) 2330 DOI: /epjc/s the plot release GERDA publica7ons aner unblinding: Results on neutrinoless double beta decay of 76Ge from GERDA Phase I Phys. Rev. Le. 111 (2013) , arxiv:
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