Warm-up for What do you think are the five most important inventions in history? Put them in order of importance and explain your reasoning.

Transcription

1 Warm-up for 14-1 What do you think are the five most important inventions in history? Put them in order of importance and explain your reasoning.

2 3 reasons for industrial boom after Civil War 1. abundant natural resources 2. govt. support for business 3. growing urban pop. that provided cheap labor Black Gold Edwin L. Drake- (1859) 1 st to remove oil from beneath the earth s surface * gasoline is a byproduct of refining oil- not popular until automobile

3 Steel U.S. had abundant coal & iron deposits steel- flexible, rust-resistant metal that results from removing carbon from iron Bessemer process- cheap process for making steel (injecting air into molten iron removing carbon) open-hearth process allowed steel to be produced from scrap metals as well as raw materials (steel allows for innovative construction and expansion)

4 Inventions Thomas Alva Edison world s 1 st research laboratory *Menlo Park, NJ* perfected incandescent light bulb invented system for producing & distributing electrical power electricity changes business runs machines leads to inventions of time-saving appliances streetcars promote outward spread of cities & cheap travel The phonograph was the first method of recording and playing back sound.

5 Edison is considered to be the greatest inventor in modern times. He earned the nickname, Wizard of Menlo Park (NJ), where he built the first industrialized research laboratory in His 1093 inventions have greatly changed the lives of nearly all people living across the world. His work includes improving the incandescent electric light bulb and inventing the phonograph and kinetoscope, or a small box for viewing moving pictures or films. Edison sometimes worked twenty hours a day. Edison was quoted as saying, Genius is 1% inspiration and 99% perspiration. In tribute to this important American, electric lights in the U.S. were dimmed for one minute on October 21, 1931, a few days after his death.

6 Christopher Sholesinvented the typewriter in 1867 Alexander Graham Bellinvented the telephone in 1876 *both affected office work & created jobs for women

7 Go to the website and determine the relationship between voltage, amperage, and resistance learning about Ohm s Law. ml Go to the website and take the online Edison Mental Fitness Test (Sample 30 Questions). Click on teachers & click on online games.

8 Warm-up for 14-2 Today we will discuss The Age of the Railroads. What name might you give the present age we are in? Why? Consider different technologies and their influence on all aspects of American life. The Railroad Game

9 Railroads created opportunity to expand west for individuals & business transcontinental railroad- (1 st -1869) railroad linking the Atlantic & Pacific coasts life as a railroad worker was harsh thousands died from accidents, diseases, & harsh conditions thousands of Chinese immigrants worked for less $

10 railroad time unifies cities & towns Professor C. F. Dowd proposed 24 time zones, w/ 4 in U.S. international community adopts railroad time in 1884 railroads promote trade & interdependence by linking cities & towns individual towns specialize in particular products George M. Pullman- built town for factory workers to manufacture railroad cars

11 Credit Mobilier famous corruption scheme construction company formed by owners of the Union Pacific, who used it to skim profits for themselves & to payoff Congress (majority of Congressmen were Republicans- hurt the party) Uncle Sam directs U.S. Senators (and Representatives?) implicated in the Credit Mobilier scheme to commit Hari-Kari

12 Grange & the Railroads (ch.13- org. fighting the RR s by sponsoring legislation) Grangers demanded govt. control railroad abuses hurt farmers (3 reasons) 1. railroads sold land grants to businesses, not settlers 2. railroads fixed prices, which prohibited farmers from getting out of debt 3. railroads charged different customers different rates

13 Granger laws- sought state regulation of the railroads to benefit farmers (ex- est. maximum freight & passenger rates) Munn v. Illinois SC case that upheld regulatory Granger laws (helped est. idea of govt. regulating private industry) SC ruled that states could not regulate interstate commerce (overturned Munn) Interstate Commerce Act (1887) est. right of the fed. govt. to supervise railroad activities had little impact due to long legal process & railroad resistance

14 bankruptcy of railroad companies plays role in the panic of 1893 (4 reasons) 1. corporate abuses 2. mismanagement 3. overbuilding 4. competition (eventually only a few large companies controlled the nation s railroads) The 1896 Broadway melodrama The War of Wealth was inspired by the Panic of 1893

15 Cornelius Vanderbilt was born on May 27, 1794, in Port Richmond, New York. He began a passenger ferry business in New York harbor with one boat, then started his own steamship company, eventually controlling Hudson River traffic. He also provided the first rail service between New York and Chicago. In 1869, he directed the Harlem to begin construction of the Grand Central Depot on 42nd Street in Manhattan. Finished in 1871, the depot was replaced by Grand Central Terminal in When he died in 1877, Vanderbilt had amassed the largest fortune accumulated in the U.S. at that time.

16 Warm-up for 14-3 What personal qualities do you think one needs to become a billionaire in today s world?

17 Andrew Carnegie ( ) industrial mogul that rose from poverty founded Carnegie steel successful management strategies 1. always searched for way to make products cheaper 2. attracted talent by offering stock in the company 3. encouraged competition attempted to control as much as he could

18 vertical integration- process of buying out suppliers to control materials & transportation horizontal integration- process of merging companies that produce similar products

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20 Carnegie s success explained scientifically Social Darwinism economic & social philosophy a system of unrestrained competition will ensure survival of the fittest developed from Charles Darwin s theory of biological evolution used to justify the doctrine of laissez faire (allow to do, hands off) *marketplaces should not be regulated survival & success appealed to Protestant work ethic of many Americans poor people were lazy or inferior

21 Fewer Control More merger- occurred when one company bought out stock of another company monopoly- achieved when a company bought out all of its competitors, or complete control over its production, wages, & prices holding companycorporation that did nothing but buy out the stock of other companies

22 John D. Rockefeller ( ) est. Standard Oil Company joined competing companies in trust agreements trust-companies would hand over their stock to a board of trustees & receive trust certificates; trustees control company, but original owners got dividends paid employees low wages & forced them to work in dangerous conditions sold oil lower than it cost to produce it to bankrupt competition, then raised $ critics called industrialists Robber Barons was a philanthropist & 1 st U.S. billionaire

23 Sherman Antitrust Act-1890 act that made it illegal to form a trust that interfered w/ free trade between states or w/ other countries companies reorganized & act did not clearly define a trust which led to little enforcement Labor Unions Emerge exploitation & unsafe working conditions brought workers together nationwide people worked 12 or more hours a day, 6 days a week no vacation, sick leave, unemployment, or compensation sweatshops- workshops in tenements that employed women & children In 1882, an average of 675 laborers were killed in work-related accidents each week

24 It would be a great mistake for the community to shoot the millionaires for they are the bees that make the most honey, and contribute most to the hive even after they have gorged themselves full. Andrew Carnegie Carnegie did donate about 90% of his wealth In 1899, women earned an average of $267 a year, men earned an average of $498. The next year Andrew Carnegie earned $23 million- with no income tax

25 The Johnstown Flood occurred on May 31, 1889, after the catastrophic failure of the South Fork Dam on the Little Conemaugh River 14 miles upstream of the town of Johnstown, Pennsylvania, USA. The flood killed 2,209 people and caused $17 million of damage (about $425 million in 2012 dollars). It was the first major disaster relief effort handled by the new American Red Cross, led by Clara Barton. Henry Frick purchased the abandoned reservoir, and converted it into a private resort lake for the wealthy. Many were connected through business and social links to Carnegie Steel. Development included lowering the dam to make its top wide enough to hold a road. These alterations are thought to have increased the vulnerability of the dam. The members built cottages and a clubhouse to create the South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club, an exclusive and private mountain retreat. Membership grew to include more than 50 wealthy Pittsburgh steel, coal, and railroad industrialists.

26 Strikes Turn Violent Homestead Strike-1892 Carnegie steel plant that killed 9 union lost power & failed to mobilize for 45 yrs. Pullman Strike-1894 cut wages of workers by 25-50% federal troops ended the strike railroad blacklisted strikers Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Incident-1911 garment factory in NYC fire killed 146 women brought attention to poor factory working conditions