Solar power as part of an integrated approach to sustainable development. Mark Booth BSc PhD ARCS MA Senior Lecturer Durham University, UK

Transcription

1 Solar power as part of an integrated approach to sustainable development Mark Booth BSc PhD ARCS MA Senior Lecturer Durham University, UK Luanda, 24 a 27 de Setembro de 2013 CONFERÊNCIA INTERNACIONAL SOBRE ENERGIA E ÁGUAS INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ENERGY AND WATER Centro de Convenções de Talatona, Luanda 24 a 27 de Setembro de 2013

2 Solar resource [kwh/m2/year] Comparison of solar resource in Angola vs other places Advantages of solar: Luanda London Paris New York Lagos Cape Town Nairobi Plentiful Accessible Non-territorial Reliable Sustainable Clean Scalable Available

3 Solar scaling examples Letsdochange.com Inhabitat.com Ecofriend.com Durham.ac.uk

4 The cost of solar is falling...

5 Net present cost [$000s] Cost of diesel vs PV PV Diesel generator Diesel is estimated to be approximately 10% cheaper than distributed solar in Angola

6 Projected number of people without access to electricity by region (millions) Currently 10% of rural Angolans (41% of popn) has access to electricity Government Target is to reach 60% electrification by 2025 Source: IEA

7 Challenges What is the appropriate scale of Solar deployment for cost-effective electrification? Can Solar help supply electricity to the remaining 40%? Can Solar accelerate momentum to existing targets? Can Solar help raise the 2025 target? How does Solar complement other aspects of sustainable development?

8 Sustainability challenges Population growth Poverty alleviation Climate Change Conflict prevention Political cycles Resource security Decade of Sustainable Energy for All (UN General Assembly)

9 Model community Community boundary Shops School Household

10 Model community Community Centre

11 Renewable-resource technology components Rainwater Harvesting Solar PV Solar Thermal Heat Exchange Anaerobic Digestion

12 The Universal Sustainable Habitat Development An Innovative concept for sustainable development that integrates: Scalable, modular and flexible architecture Energy sufficient design renewable energy sources water and waste management monitoring and evaluation tools Revenue generation opportunities research, education and training programmes Patron: The Archbishop of Canterbury

13 3D view of a community centre Seminar rooms Theatre space kiosk library Health post Kitchen garden Green Globe Architecture

14 USHD implementation possibilities School Health Centre Domestic Housing Science lab Commercial centre Municipal Buildings Community Centre All buildings derive from the same reference design and reflect the scalable and flexible nature of the architecture

15 Different configurations can be supported at the same low running cost 35Kw system Use of PV saves 164 tons of Carbon per year compared to equivalent power supplied by diesel generator Possible income from carbon offsetting at 2013 prices ~= $1640 pa Angola diesel cost per annum at 2013 prices ~= $3700 pa

16 Cost effectiveness of Solar vs Diesel Cumulative cost With oil subsidy Cost-effectiveness ratio PV costs cumulatively less depending on carbon payments Cost-effectiveness in favour of PV increases year on year

17 Cost effectiveness of Solar vs Diesel Cumulative cost Without oil subsidy Cost-effectiveness ratio PV costs cumulatively less depending on carbon payments Cost-effectiveness in favour of PV increases year on year

18 SERVICES We can adopt a theory of change approach to measuring impact Inputs Outputs Outcomes Impact BUILDING Health Environmental Educational Social Cultural Economic KwHrs electricity produced Litres of bio-gas sold Litres of drinking water harvested Days sicknessabsence prevented Consumables purchased Crimes prevented Health status Sports outcomes Educational attainment Crime reduction Economic returns Environmental status Community empowerment and integration Improved Institutions Improved Cultural understanding Improved Knowledge Base Healthier Populations Poverty Alleviation

19 Domains and USHD contribution Domain Challenge Criteria for success USHD contribution Energy Lack of access, high costs, poor reliability Water & Sanitation Lack of sustainable infrastructure, lack of clean water Empowerment Gender inequalities, domestic duty burdens Low-cost, sustainable and reliable supply of electricity and gas Sustainable infrastructure and effective organic-waste management and sanitation systems Less time collecting water, biomass; improved working and learning environments Low-cost generation of sustainable energy through PV, geo-thermal and wind resources Integrated water and waste management facilities, education programmes Provision of alternative source of energy; water harvesting, meeting spaces Socio-economic High-levels of absolute poverty Improved employment levels Create construction and maintenance jobs, support for 3 rd party services requiring sustainable energy supply Environment Deforestation, high-carbon usage, unsustainable resources reduced carbon-footprint, increased recycling Alternative to diesel, kerosene and biomass Health High morbidity and mortality due to infectious and noncommunicable disease Reduced risk of disease.e.g. from reduced exposure to indoor pollution Improved health services Safe-water and waste management; Delivery of Health Education programmes; Low-cost support of medical devices and equipment.

20 M.E.T.R.E. programme Domain Monitoring Evaluation Training Research Education Description Fit USHD buildings with sensors to record and analyse functionality, usage etc. Conduct community-based surveys to assess impact of the USHD across various domains. The USHD can be used as a training centre for health workers, teachers for capacity building etc. Basic and applied research on inputs, outputs and outcomes associated with the USHD. The USHD is an educational resource for use by local and international higher education providers.

21 The USHD is multi-sector and multi-disciplinary Thank you for your attention

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23 Every $ counts. Domain Benefits of investing Cost of not investing Clean Energy 2 C cap on global temperature rise 1-4% of GDP Water & Sanitation $4 per $1 invested 5% of GDP Education Health Education + Health 0.58% GDP per year of additional school 4%GDP for every 1 year increase in lifeexpectancy 1 more year of girls education reduces child mortality by 18% 3-70% of GDP DALY s per capita See above

24 Health Impact of Indoor air pollution Around 3 billion people cook and heat their homes using open fires and leaky stoves burning biomass (wood, animal dung and crop waste) and coal. Nearly 2 million people die prematurely from illness attributable to indoor air pollution from household solid fuel use. Nearly 50% of pneumonia deaths among children under five are due to particulate matter inhaled from indoor air pollution. More than 1 million people a year die from chronic obstructive respiratory disease (COPD) that develop due to exposure to such indoor air pollution. Both women and men exposed to heavy indoor smoke are 2-3 times more likely to develop COPD.

25 IEA and Sustainable Buildings Buildings contribute 40% of CO 2 burden IEA recommends Integrated building design that emphasises energy sufficiency at the design stage and incorporation of renewable energy to give net-zero energy consumption buildings.