Utility'Computing. IaaS'Building'Blocks' Evolution'into'PaaS' Computer Networks. Lecture'22:' Cloud'Computing'and' Data'Center'Networking'
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1 UtilityComputing August2006:AmazonElasticComputeCloud,EC2+S3 successfullyarticulatediaasoffering Computer Networks IaaS==InfrastructureasaService swipeyourcreditcard,andspinupyourvm Whatisutilitycomputing? Lecture22: CloudComputingand DataCenterNetworking computingresourcesasameteredservice( payasyougo ) abilitytodynamicallyprovisionvirtualmachines Whyutilitycomputing? Ithinkthereisaworld marketforaboutfive cost:capexvs.opex computers. scalability: infinite capacity elasticity:scale out (orin)ondemand [Joshi&LagarWCavilla,Lin] IaaSBuildingBlocks EvolutionintoPaaS WhyVM? PlatformasaService(PaaS)ishigherlevel easytomaintain(blackbox) simpledb(relationaltables) simplequeueservice elasticloadbalancing flexiblepaymentservice beanstalk(uploadyourjar) usercanberoot(foregosysadmin) isolation,security AVMisanx86container yourleastcommondenominatorisassemblylanguage ElasticBlockStore(EBS)asstoragemodel PaaSdiversity(andlockWin) yourleastcommondenominatorisabyte MicrosoftAzure:.NET,SQL GoogleAppEngine:python,java,GQL,memcache Heroku:ruby Joyent:node.jsandjavascript AmazonEC2+S3,Rackspace,GoGrid,etc. [Joshi&LagarWCavilla] [Joshi&LagarWCavilla]
2 IaaSvs.PaaS YourNewConcerns HardwareWcentricvs.APIWcentric Nevercareaboutdriversagain orsyswadmins,orpowerbills Youcanscaleifyouhavethemoney youcandeployontwocontinents andtenthousandservers IaaS and20tbofstorage x86 Byte PaaS JAR Key Value [Joshi&LagarWCavilla] Appprovider: howwillihorizontallyscalemyapplication howwillmyapplicationdealwithdistribution latency,partitioning,concurrency howwilliguaranteeavailability failureswillhappen dependenciesareunknown Cloudprovider: howwillimaximizemultiplexing? caniscaleandprovideperformanceguarantees? howcanidiagnoseinfrastructureproblems? [Joshi&LagarWCavilla] FromCloudWUser spov CloudisliketheIPlayer itprovidesabestweffortsubstrate iscostweffective isonwdemand providescomputeandstorageinfrastructure Butyouhavetobuildyourownreliableservice faulttolerance availability,durability,qos EverythingasaService Utilitycomputing=InfrastructureasaService(IaaS) whybuymachineswhenyoucanrentcycles? examples:amazon sec2,rackspace PlatformasaService(PaaS) givemeaniceapiandtakecareofthemaintenance,upgrades, example:googleappengine,heroku SoftwareasaService(SaaS) Justrunitforme! example:gmail,googledocs,salesforce [Joshi&LagarWCavilla] [Lin]
![[Joshi&LagarWCavilla] Appprovider: howwillihorizontallyscalemyapplication howwillmyapplicationdealwithdistribution latency,partitioning,concurrency howwilliguaranteeavailability failureswillhappen](/docs-images/45/5435113/images/page_2.jpg "dependenciesareunknown Cloudprovider: howwillimaximizemultiplexing? caniscaleandprovideperformanceguarantees? howcanidiagnoseinfrastructureproblems?")
3 AnatomyofaDatacenter How Much Power is 30 MW? 6,000 average homes with central air (~5 kw/home) 300 fast food restaurants 45 large retail stores 37 grocery stores 30 large home improvement stores 1.5 Sears Towers 1 computer data center Source:BarrosoandUrsHölzle(2009) Source: Google DataCenterNetworks DataCenterNetworks Loadbalancer:layerW4 switch Tenstohundredsofthousandsofhosts,oftenclosely coupled,incloseproximity: Internet ewcommerce(e.g.,amazon) contentwservers(e.g.,netflix,youtube,apple,microsoft) searchengines,datamining(e.g.,google) receivesexternalclientrequests directsworkloadwithindatacenter returnsresultstoexternalclient (hidingdatacenterinternalsfrom client) borderrouter load balancer Challenges: accessrouter load balancer TierW1/core multipleapplications,eachserving massivenumbersofclients managing/balancingload, avoidingprocessing,networking, databottlenecks TierW2/aggregation TopWofWRack(ToR)/edge Server(blade)racks Insidea40WftMicrosoftcontainer, Chicagodatacenter
4 PotentialNetworkBottleneck Host ToR:1Gbps ToR Tier2andTier1 Tier2:each10Gbps 10hostsonrack1eachtalktoadifferenthostonrack5 Similarlybetweenracks2 6,3 7,and4 8 40flowssharethe10GbpsA Blink, eachgetsonly10/40= 250Mbps, only¼ofthe1gbps host ToRcapacity A 10Gbps 10Gbps B C 1Gbps FatWtreeTopologywithk = 4 Richinterconnectionamongswitches,a.k.a.Closnetwork increasedthroughputbetweenracks EqualCostMultiWPath(ECMP)routing increasedreliabilityviaredundancy originallyintendedfordatacenterwithoffwthewshelfparts! TierW1/core TierW2/aggregation TopWofWRack(ToR)/edge Server/hosts FatWtreeArchitecture kwaryfatwtree:threewlayertopology kpods,eachconsistsof(k/2) 2 hostsandtwolayersofswitches, eachlayerhas k/2kwport eachtorswitchconnectstok/2hostsandk/2tierw2 eachtierw2switchconnectstok/2torandk/2tierw1 (k/2) 2 TierW1switches:eachconnectstoallkpods supportsk 3 /4hosts,k < 256,fatWtreedoesnotscaleindefinitely TierW1/core TierW2/aggregation TopWofWRack(ToR)/edge CostAnalysis Maximumpossibleclustersizewithallhostscapableof fullyutilizinguplinkcapacity HierarchicaldesignuseshigherWspeed,andmore expensive,higherupinthehierarchy(scaleup) Server/hosts [Beyer]
5 AddressinginFatWtree Use /8privateaddressingblock Podhaveaddress10.pod.switch.1 podandswitchinrange[0, k-1], basedonposition TierW1haveaddress10.k.i.j iandjdenoteswitchpositionin(k/2) 2 TierW RoutinginFatWtree TierW1contain(10.pod.0.0/16, port)entries staticallyforwardsinterwpodtrafficonspecifiedport TierW1/core TierW2/aggregation TopWofWRack(ToR)/edge Hostshaveaddress10.pod.switch.ID IDinrange[2, (k/2) + 1],fork = 4,IDcanonlybe2or [Beyer] sroutingtable: Prefix Output port / / / /16 3 [Beyer] TierW2 stwowlevellookuptable Prefixtablecontains(10.pod.switch.0/24, port)entries switchvalueisthetorswitchnumber usedforforwarding intrawpodtraffic Suffixtableusedforforwarding interwpodtraffic Recall:fork = 4,host IDcanonlybe2or [Beyer] TierW2 sroutingalgorithm Prefixtableprevents intrawpodtrafficfrom leavingpod SuffixtableforinterWpodtrafficbasedoffhostIDs: ensuresspreadoftrafficacrosstierw1 preventspacketreorderingbyassigningasinglestaticpath foreachhostwtowhostcommunication betterthanhavingasinglepathbetweensubnets Assumesroutingtablesgeneratedbyacentral controllerwithfullknowledgeoftopology centralcontrolleralsoresponsiblefor detectingswitchfailuresandrewroutingtraffic andforansweringarpanddhcprequests [Beyer]
![ID IDinrange[2, (k/2) + 1],fork = 4,IDcanonlybe2or3 10.0.0.2 10.0.0.3 10.0.1.3 10.2.1.2 10.2.1.3 [Beyer] 10.4.1.1 sroutingtable: Prefix Output port 10.0.0.0/16 0 10.1.0.0/16 1 10.2.0.0/16 2 10.3.0.0/16 3 [Beyer] TierW2 stwowlevellookuptable Prefixtablecontains(10.](/docs-images/45/5435113/images/page_5.jpg "pod.switch.0/24, port)entries switchvalueisthetorswitchnumber usedforforwarding intrawpodtraffic Suffixtableusedforforwarding interwpodtraffic Recall:fork = 4,host IDcanonlybe2or3 2 3 0 1 10.2.1.1 10.2.0.2 10.")
6 FatWtreeRoutingExample TwoWLevelLookupImplementation TierW1/core TierW2/aggregation ImplementedinhardwareusingaTCAM TCAM:Ternary(0,1,don tcare)contentwaddressablememory canperformparallellookupsacrosstable storesdon tcarebits,suitableforvariablelengthprefixes Prefixespreferredoversuffixes Packetsfromsource to destination takethedashedpath TopWofWRack(ToR)/ edge Server/hosts lookup incoming address of switch in the example network [Beyer] TopologyPower/HeatDissipation PackagingProblem FatWtreehassignificantcablingoverhead 1GigEusedtoreducecost lackof10gigeportsleadstomorecabling Apackagingsolutionfork = 48 generalizestoothervaluesofk Cablingingeneralcanbe aproblemindatacenter networks... [Beyer]
7 OtherDCNetworkTopologies VL2: alsobasedon Closnetwork buthasamoreflexible addressingscheme runslinkwstaterouting doesnetworkload balancing Othertopologieshavethehoststhemselvesalsoserve asrouters NetworkSecurityEvolved Virtualprivateclouds internalvlanswithincloud virtualnetworkfunctions(vnfs):virtualgateways, virtualfirewalls:middleboxesimplementedinsoftware removeexternaladdressability MPLSVPNconnectiontocloudgateway butdoesn tprotectexternal facingassets providers:amazon,google, Microsoft,etc. [AmazonAWS] InformationLeakage Isyourtargetinacloud? traceroute networktriangulation Thecircleisnowcomplete Datacenter networkas aswitch IBM PC" 1981 EveryVMgetsitsprivate/publicIP Areyouonthesamemachineastarget? IPaddresses latencychecks sidechannels(cacheinterference) Amazon EC2" 2006 Ethernet 802.3" 1983 Canyougetonthesamemachine? pigeonwholeprinciple(nitems,mcontainers,n > m some containersmustbeshared) placementlocality [Joshi&LagarWCavilla] SETI@home" 1999 Commercial Internet" 1995 Source:VoasandZhang, CloudComputing:NewWineorJustaNewBottle? IT!Professional,11(2):15 17,March2009 [Joshi&LagarWCavilla]
![MPLSVPNconnectiontocloudgateway butdoesn tprotectexternal facingassets providers:amazon,google, Microsoft,etc. [AmazonAWS] InformationLeakage Isyourtargetinacloud?](/docs-images/45/5435113/images/page_7.jpg "traceroute networktriangulation Thecircleisnowcomplete Datacenter networkas aswitch IBM PC\" 1981 EveryVMgetsitsprivate/publicIP Areyouonthesamemachineastarget?")
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