The Rock Cycle, Isostasy, and the Dynamics of the Lithosphere
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1 The Rock Cycle, Isostasy, and the Dynamics of the Lithosphere Siccar Point, Scotland Rock - aggregates of minerals Rock cycle - movement and transformations of rock in the lithosphere What is the ultimate origin of rock in the lithosphere? Molten magma from the Earth s mantle. Basic geology on Mars would be easy to learn - almost all of the rocks are basalt. Mars has volcanism. Mars does not have: Plate Tectonics Oceans Water-rich atmosphere
2 The Rock Cycle Cooled from molten rock Igneous rock Magma / Lava Igneous Rocks (from the L. ingnis fire) rocks that have crystallized (solidified) directly from a molten state. Molten rock - magma / lava Composed of randomly interlocked crystals of silicate minerals. Plate Tectonic Setting Dry mantle (basalt, gabbro) Wet mantle (andesite) Physical Geology - Rock Cycle and Isostasy Continental crust (rhyolite, granite)
3 The Rock Cycle Gravel Sand Mud Dissolved ions Cooled from molten rock uplift and weathering Igneous rock Magma / Lava Weathering / Erosion the physical and chemical breakdown of rock. occurs at the Earth s surface. Physical Geology - Rock Cycle and Isostasy Weathering does several very important things: Breaks down rock to make sediments. Forms soils. Forms economic mineral deposits. Removes CO 2 from the Earth s atmosphere. Physical Geology - Weathering
4 Mechanical Weathering physical disintegration of rock jointing sheeting wedging Physical Geology - Weathering Vertical jointing - tectonic stress + gravity Failed geology 1C Passed geology 1C Physical Geology - Weathering Lysefiord, Norway Sheeting of Granite bedrock Physical Geology - Rock Cycle and Isostasy Enchanted Rock, Texas
5 Ice and Frost Wedging caused by freeze - thaw cycles. water expands when it freezes. ice has 9% more volume than liquid water. Physical Geology - Weathering Chemical Weathering The chemical reaction of minerals with air and water. hydrolysis (acid attack) oxidation dissolution (leaching) Physical Geology - Weathering CO 2 + H 2 O = H + + HCO 3 - Chemical Weathering H + + feldspar = Ca + + clay + silica to the ocean HCO 3-, Ca +, silica
6 Minerals prone to chemical weathering feldspars pyroxenes amphiboles micas Common in Igneous Rocks Stable mineral products of chemical weathering quartz clay minerals (e.g. kaolinite) iron oxides (e.g. hematite) carbonate (calcite) Common in Sedimentary Rocks Physical Geology - Weathering Sedimentary Rocks (from the L. sedimentum to settle) Composed of layers of mineral grains. Grains produced by the weathering of other rock. Layers form at the Earth s surface. Layers preserve fossils and other information about past environments.
7 Alluvial fan depositional environment, Death Valley, California River System depositional environment, New Zealand Fossils are organic remains buried in sediments and preserved in sedimentary rock. These Cape Buffalo carcasses are on their way to becomming fossils.
8 Ankylosaur skeleton being excavated from sandstone, Mongolia. Ankylosaur skeleton being excavated from sandstone, Mongolia. Fossil Fuels are found in Sedimentary Rock Coal - carbon derived from plant matter Plants Peat Lignite Coal Tar, oil, natural gas - hydrocarbon from marine algae
9 Fossil Fuels oil coal Uplift and Erosion Redeposition Deposited in layers on the surface. Sedimentary Rock uplift and erosion The Rock Cycle Cooled from molten rock burial and subsidence Igneous rock Magma / Lava Metamorphic Rocks (from the G. meta to change, and morphos form, shape) Rocks altered by heat and pressure. Changes texture and mineral composition. Usually happens when rock is buried beneath mountain ranges during plate collisions.
10 Sedimentary Rock 200 C 3000 ATM Low Grade Metamorphic Rock High Grade Metamorphic Rock 600 C Migmatite Magma Physical Geology - Rock Cycle and Isostasy Progressive Metamorphism Slate Phyllite Schist Low Grade High Grade Uplift and Erosion Redeposition Deposited in layers on the surface. Sedimentary Rock uplift and erosion The Rock Cycle Cooled from molten rock burial and subsidence Uplift and Erosion Igneous rock Magma / Lava Changed by heat and pressure. Burial and subsidence Metamorphic Rock melting
11 Uplift - the movement of the crust upward. Subsidence - the movement of the crust downward. The crust can move because it is floating on the asthenosphere. What causes the lithosphere to float higher or lower on the underlying asthenosphere? changes in density of the crust. changes in thickness of the crust. What changes the density of rock? Heating - rock expands, becomes less dense. Cooling - rock contracts, becomes more dense. Changes in density cause the lithosphere to float higher or lower on the asthenosphere.
12 What changes the thickness of the crust? Plate collisions Shortening and thickening of the crust in the collision zone. Thrusting of one plate on top of another. Erosion Thinning of the crust exposed above sea level. Isostasy - equilibrium position of lithosphere floating on asthenosphere. oceanic lithosphere continental lithosphere oceanic lithosphere Asthenosphere Physical Geology - Rock Cycle and Isostasy Isostacy oceanic lithosphere continental lithosphere oceanic lithosphere Rock at earth s surface. Asthenosphere
13 Isostacy Crust is loaded with rock, increasing its thickness. Surface rock is buried. Loaded crust subsides. Loaded crust subsides.
14 Loaded crust subsides. Loaded crust subsides. Loaded crust subsides.
15 New isostatic equilibrium is achieved. Surface rock is now deep in the Earth s interior. Surface topography erodes. Crust rebounds to new isostatic equilibrium.
16 Erosion Rebound Erosion
17 Rebound Erosion Rebound
18 Erosion Rebound Erosion
19 Rebound Erosion Rebound
20 Erosion Rebound Erosion
21 Once deeply buried rock has been uplifted back to the surface Rebound Uplift and Erosion Redeposition Deposited in layers on the surface. Sedimentary Rock uplift and erosion The Rock Cycle Cooled from molten rock burial and subsidence Uplift and Erosion Igneous rock Magma / Lava Changed by heat and pressure. Burial and subsidence Metamorphic Rock melting
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