Pages of Earth s Past: Sedimentary Rocks
|
|
|
- Wesley Cannon
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Pages of Earth s Past: Sedimentary Rocks
2 Sedimentary Cover Earth is covered by a thin veneer of sediment. The veneer caps igneous and metamorphic basement. Sediment cover varies in thickness from 0 to 20 km. Thinner (or missing) where ig and meta rocks outcrop. Thicker in sedimentary basins.
3 Sedimentary Rocks Sediments are the building blocks of sedimentary rocks. Sediments are diverse, as are the rocks made from them. Four classes: Clastic Made from weathered rock fragments (clasts). Biochemical Cemented shells of organisms. Organic The carbon-rich remains of plants. Chemical Minerals that crystallize directly from water. Clastic Biochemical Organic Chemical
4 Clastic Sedimentary Rocks Clastic sedimentary rocks reflect several processes. Weathering Generation of detritus via rock disintegration. Erosion Removal of sediment grains from rock. Transportation Dispersal by wind, water, and ice. Deposition Settling out of the transporting fluid. Lithification Transformation into solid rock.
5 Clastic Sedimentary Rocks Lithification Transforms loose sediment into solid rock. Burial More sediment is added onto previous layers. Compaction Overburden weight reduces pore space. Sand 10 to 20% Clay 50 to 80% Cementation Minerals grow in pores, gluing sediments.
6 Clastic Sedimentary Rocks Classified on the basis of texture and composition. Clast (grain) size. Clast composition. Angularity and sphericity. Sorting. Character of cement. These variables produce a diversity of clastic rocks.
7 Clastic Sedimentary Rocks Clast (grain) size The average diameter of clasts. Range from very coarse to very fine. Boulder, cobble, pebble, sand, silt, and clay. With increasing transport, average grain size decreases.
8 Clastic Sedimentary Rocks Clast composition The mineral makeup of sediments. May be individual minerals or rock fragments. Mineral identities provide clues about The source of the sediment. The environment of deposition.
9 Clastic Sedimentary Rocks Angularity and sphericity Indicate degree of transport. Fresh detritus is usually angular and non-spherical. Grain roundness and sphericity increases with transport. Well-rounded Long transport distances. Angular Negligible transport.
10 Clastic Sedimentary Rocks Sorting The uniformity of grain size. Well-sorted Uniform grain sizes. Poorly sorted Wide variety of grain sizes. Sorting becomes better with distance from source.
11 Clastic Sedimentary Rocks Cement Minerals that fill sediment pores. Fluids with dissolved solids flush through pore system. Dissolved ions slowly crystallize and fill pores. Cementation varies from weak to strong. Common cements: Quartz Calcite Hematite Clay minerals
12 Clastic Sedimentary Rocks Coarse clastics Composed of gravel-sized clasts. Breccia Comprised of angular fragments. Angularity indicates a lack of transport processing. Deposited relatively close to source.
13 Clastic Sedimentary Rocks Coarse clastics Composed of gravel-sized clasts. Conglomerate Indicates water transport. Collisons round angular corners and edges of clasts. Conglomerates are deposited at a distance from the source.
14 Clastic Sedimentary Rocks Sandstone Clastic rock made of sand-sized particles. Forms in many depositional settings. Quartz is, by far, the dominant mineral in sandstones. Sandstone varieties. Arkose Contains abundant feldspar. Quartz sandstone Almost pure quartz.
15 Clastic Sedimentary Rocks Fine clastics - Composed of silt and clay. Silt-sized sediments are lithified to form siltstone. Clay-sized particles form shale. Fine clastics are deposited in quieter waters. Floodplains, lagoons, mudflats, deltas, deep-water basins. Organic-rich shales are the source of petroleum.
16 Biochemical and Organic Rocks These are sediments derived from living organisms. Biochemical Hard mineral skeletons. Organic Cells of plants, algae, bacteria and plankton.
17 Biochemical Rocks Biochemical limestone CaCO 3 skeletal (shell) remains. Warm, tropical, shallow, clear, O 2 -rich, marine water. Diverse organisms (plankton, corals, clams, snails, etc.). Many textural varieties. Reefs. Shell debris. Lime mud (micrite).
18 Biochemical Rocks Chert Rock made of cryptocrystalline quartz. Formed from opalline silica (SiO 2 ) skeletons. Diatoms. Radiolarians. Opalline silica added to bottom sediments dissolves. Silica pore fluids solidify to form chert nodules or beds.
19 Organic Rocks Made from organic carbon. Coal Altered remains of fossil vegetation. Accumulates in lush tropical wetland settings. Requires deposition in the absence of oxygen. Oil shale Shale with heat altered organic matter.
20 Chemical Sedimentary Rocks Comprised of minerals precipitated from water solution. Evaporites Created from evaporated seawater. Evaporation triggers deposition of chemical precipitates. Examples include halite (rock salt) and gypsum.
21 Chemical Sedimentary Rocks Travertine Calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) precipitated from groundwater where it reaches the surface. Dissolved calcium (Ca 2+ ) reacts with bicarbonate (HCO 3- ). CO 2 expelled into the air causes CaCO 3 to precipitate. Thermal (hot) springs. Caves.
22 Chemical Sedimentary Rocks Dolostone Limestone altered by Mg-rich fluids. CaCO 3 altered to dolomite CaMg(CO 3 ) 2 by Mg 2+ -rich water. Dolostone looks like limestone, except It has a sugary texture and a pervasive porosity. It weathers to a buff, tan color.
23 Chemical Sedimentary Rocks Replacement chert Nonbiogenic in origin. Many varieties. Flint Black or gray from organic matter. Jasper Red or yellow from Fe-oxides. Petrified wood Wood grain preserved by silica. Agate Concentrically layered rings.
24 Sedimentary Structures Features imparted to sediments at or near deposition. Layering. Surface features on layers. Arrangement of grains. Help decipher conditions at or near time of deposition.
25 Sedimentary Structures Sedimentary rocks are usually layered or stratified. Arranged in planar, close-to-horizontal beds. Bedding is often laterally continuous for long distances. Beds are often similar in composition, color and texture.
26 Sedimentary Structures Bedding reflects changing conditions during deposition. These can be changes in Energy conditions, and hence, grain size. Disturbance by organisms. Bedding may also reflect non-deposition or erosion.
27 Sedimentary Structures A series of beds are referred to as strata. Formation: Strata recognized on a regional scale. Geologic maps display the distribution of formations. i.e. Coconino Formation
28 Sedimentary Structures Water flowing over loose sediment creates bedforms. Bedforms are linked to flow velocity and sediment size. Ripples, cm-scale ridges, and troughs, indicate flow. Asymmetric ripples Unidirectional flow. Symmetric ripples Wave oscillation. Ripples are commonly preserved in sedimentary rocks.
29 Bedforms Cross beds Created by ripple and dune migration. Sediment moves up the gentle side of a ripple or dune. Sediment piles up, then slips down the steep face. The slip face continually moves downstream. Added sediment forms sloping cross-bedded layers.
30 Bedforms Dunes Similar to ripples except much larger. Form from windblown sand in desert or beach regions. Often preserve large internal crosslaminations.
31 Bedforms Turbidity currents. Sediment moves on a slope as a pulse of turbid water. As pulse wanes, water loses velocity and grains settle. Coarsest material settles first, medium next, then fines. This process forms graded beds in turbidite deposits.
32 Bed-Surface Markings Occur after deposition while sediment is still soft. Mudcracks Polygonal desiccation features in wet mud. Indicate alternating wet and dry conditions. Necessitate deposition in a terrestrial setting. Scour marks Troughs eroded in soft mud by current flow. Fossils Evidence of past life. Footprints. Shell impressions.
33 Depositional Environments Locations where sediment accumulates. They differ in Energy regime. Sediment delivery, transport, and depositional conditions. Chemical, physical and biological characteristics. Environments range from terrestrial to marine.
34 Depositional Environments Terrestrial environments Deposited above sea level. Glacial Due to movement of ice. Ice carries and dumps every grain size. Creates glacial till; poorly sorted gravel, sand, silt, and clay.
35 Depositional Environments Terrestrial environments Deposited above sea level. Mountain streams. Water carries large clasts during floods. During low flow, these cobbles and boulders are immobile. Course conglomerate is characteristic of this setting.
36 Depositional Environments Terrestrial environments Deposited above sea level. Alluvial fan - Sediments that pile up at a mountain front. Rapid drop in stream velocity creates a coneshaped wedge. Sediments are immature conglomerates and arkoses.
37 Depositional Environments Terrestrial Environments Deposited above sea level. Sand dunes Wind-blown piles of well-sorted sand. Dunes move according to the prevailing winds. Result in uniform sandstones with gigantic cross beds.
38 Depositional Environments Terrestrial environments Deposited above sea level. Rivers Channelized flow transports sediment. Sand and gravel fill concave-upward channels. Fine sand, silt, and clay are deposited on nearby floodplains.
39 Depositional Environments Terrestrial environments Deposited above sea level. Lake Large ponded bodies of water. Gravels and sands trapped near shore. Well-sorted muds deposited in deeper water. Often capped with wetland muds.
40 Depositional Environments Marine environments Deposited at or below sea level. Deltas Sediments dropped where a river enters the sea. Sediment carried by the river is dumped when velocity drops. Deltas grow over time, building out into the basin. Often develop a topset foreset bottomset geometry.
41 Depositional Environments Marine environments Deposited at or below sea level. Coastal beaches Surf zone. Sediments are constantly being processed by wave attack. A common result? Well-sorted, well-rounded medium sand. Beach sandstones may preserve oscillation ripples.
42 Depositional Environments Marine environments Deposited at or below sea level. Shallow marine Finer version of beach sediment. Fine silts and muds turn into siltstones and mudstones. Usually support an active biotic community.
43 Depositional Environments Marine environments Deposited at or below sea level. Shallow water carbonates Tropical. Skeletons of marine invertebrates. Born in the carbonate factory. Warm, clear, shallow, normal salinity, marine water.
44 Depositional Environments Marine environments Deposited at or below sea level. Deep marine Fines predominate far from land sources. Skeletons of planktonic organisms make chalk or chert. Fine silts and clays turn to shale.
45 Sedimentary Basins Sediments vary in thickness across Earth s surface. Thin to zero edge where non-sedimentary rocks outcrop. Thicken to 10 to 20+ km in sedimentary basins. Subsidence Sinking of the land during sedimentation. Due to crustal flexure and faulting. Compounded by the weight of added sediments. Basins are important locations for natural resources. Coal. Petroleum. Natural gas. Uranium.
46 Sedimentary Basins Basins form where tectonic activity creates space. Rift basins Divergent (pull-apart) plate boundaries. Crust thins by stretching and rotational normal faulting. Thinned crust subsides. Sediment fills the down-dropped basin.
47 Sedimentary Basins Basins form where tectonic activity creates space. Passive margin basins Non-plate-boundary continental edge. Underlain by crust thinned by previous rifting. Thinned crust subsides as it cools.
48 Sedimentary Basins Basins form where tectonic activity creates space. Intracontinental basins Interiors far from margins. Result from differential thermal subsidence. May be linked to failed crustal rifts.
49 Sedimentary Basins Basins form where tectonic activity creates space. Foreland basins Craton side of collisional mountain belt. Flexure of the crust from loading creates a downwarp. Fills with debris eroded off of the mountains.
Sediment and Sedimentary Rocks
Page 1 of 10 EENS 1110 Tulane University Physical Geology Prof. Stephen A. Nelson Sediment and Sedimentary Rocks This page last updated on 15-Sep-2015 Sedimentary Rocks Rivers, oceans, winds, and rain
Characteristics of Sedimentary Rocks
Characteristics of Sedimentary Rocks Deposited at the earth s surface by wind, water, glacier ice, or biochemical processes Typically deposited in strata (layers) under cool surface conditions. This is
All sediments have a source or provenance, a place or number of places of origin where they were produced.
Sedimentary Rocks, Processes, and Environments Sediments are loose grains and chemical residues of earth materials, which include things such as rock fragments, mineral grains, part of plants or animals,
FROM SEDIMENT INTO SEDIMENTARY ROCK. Objectives. Sediments and Sedimentation
FROM SEDIMENT INTO SEDIMENTARY ROCK Objectives Identify three types of sediments. Explain where and how chemical and biogenic sediments form. Explain three processes that lead to the lithification of sediments.
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS. Sedimentary rocks are formed near or at the surface of the earth.
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS Sedimentary rocks are formed near or at the surface of the earth. They are derived from preexisting source rocks. They are composed by sediments, this is material that has been weathered,
Sedimentary Rocks Practice Questions and Answers Revised September 2007
Sedimentary Rocks Practice Questions and Answers Revised September 2007 1. Clastic sedimentary rocks are composed of and derived from pre-existing material. 2. What is physical weathering? 3. What is chemical
7) A clastic sedimentary rock composed of rounded to subrounded gravel is called a A) coal. B) shale. C) breccia.
Please read chapters 10 and 5 CHAPTER 5 Sedimentary Rocks 1) Sedimentary rocks A) form by compaction and cementation of loose sediment. B) are widespread on the continents and ocean floor. C) are common
Rocks & Minerals. 10. Which rock type is most likely to be monomineralic? 1) rock salt 3) basalt 2) rhyolite 4) conglomerate
1. Of the Earth's more than 2,000 identified minerals, only a small number are commonly found in rocks. This fact indicates that most 1) minerals weather before they can be identified 2) minerals have
Sedimentary Rocks, Depositional Environments and Stratigraphy
Sedimentary Rocks, Depositional Environments and Stratigraphy The Nature of Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary rocks are composed of: Fragments of other rocks (detrital or clastic) Chemical precipitates Organic
Sedimentary Rocks. Find and take out 11B-15B and #1 From Egg Carton
Sedimentary Rocks Find and take out 11B-15B and #1 From Egg Carton Erosion Erosion is a natural process where rocks and soil are Broken and Moved We will focus on 4 types of erosion; Wind, Rain, Ice and
WEATHERING, EROSION, AND DEPOSITION PRACTICE TEST. Which graph best shows the relative stream velocities across the stream from A to B?
NAME DATE WEATHERING, EROSION, AND DEPOSITION PRACTICE TEST 1. The diagram below shows a meandering stream. Measurements of stream velocity were taken along straight line AB. Which graph best shows the
Name: Rocks & Minerals 1 Mark Place, www.learnearthscience.com
Name: Rocks & Minerals 1 KEY CONCEPT #1: What is a mineral? It is a, substance which has a What would be the opposite of this? KEY CONCEPT #2: What causes minerals to have different physical properties?
What is a rock? How are rocks classified? What does the texture of a rock reveal about how it was formed?
CHAPTER 4 1 The Rock Cycle SECTION Rocks: Mineral Mixtures BEFORE YOU READ After you read this section, you should be able to answer these questions: What is a rock? How are rocks classified? What does
Sedimentary Rocks. What are they and where do they form?
Sedimentary Rocks What are they and where do they form? 1 Guiding Questions What characteristics of sedimentary rocks can we use to identify the environment of deposition, i.e., where it was formed? How
Rocks & Minerals 1 Mark Place, www.learnearthscience.com
Name: KEY Rocks & Minerals 1 KEY CONCEPT #1: What is a mineral? It is a naturally occurring, inorganic substance which has a definite chemical composition What would be the opposite of this? man-made,
What are the controls for calcium carbonate distribution in marine sediments?
Lecture 14 Marine Sediments (1) The CCD is: (a) the depth at which no carbonate secreting organisms can live (b) the depth at which seawater is supersaturated with respect to calcite (c) the depth at which
1. Base your answer to the following question on on the photographs and news article below. Old Man s Loss Felt in New Hampshire
UNIT 3 EXAM ROCKS AND MINERALS NAME: BLOCK: DATE: 1. Base your answer to the following question on on the photographs and news article below. Old Man s Loss Felt in New Hampshire FRANCONIA, N.H. Crowds
Carbonate Rock Formation
Limestone, dolomite (or dolostone), and marble are often collectively referred to as carbonate rocks because the main mineral is calcite. The chemical name of calcite is calcium carbonate. Limestone, dolomite,
Unit 4: The Rock Cycle
Unit 4: The Rock Cycle Objective: E 3.1A Discriminate between igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks and describe the processes that change one kind of rock into another. E 3.1B Explain the relationship
Instructor: Ms. Terry J. Boroughs Geology 305 INTRODUCTION TO ROCKS AND THE ROCK CYCLE
DATE DUE: Name: Instructor: Ms. Terry J. Boroughs Geology 305 INTRODUCTION TO ROCKS AND THE ROCK CYCLE Instructions: Read each question carefully before selecting the BEST answer Provide specific and detailed
GEOL 104 Dinosaurs: A Natural History Geology Assignment. DUE: Mon. Sept. 18
GEOL 104 Dinosaurs: A Natural History Geology Assignment DUE: Mon. Sept. 18 Part I: Environments of Deposition Geologists can use various clues in sedimentary rocks to interpret their environment of deposition:
Topic: Rocks, Minerals and Soil Duration: Grade Level: 6 9 days
6 th Grade Science Unit: Sedimentary Rocks Unit Snapshot Topic: Rocks, Minerals and Soil Duration: Grade Level: 6 9 days Summary The following activities allow students to focus on the study of rocks.
Chapter 5 - Sediments
Chapter 5 - Sediments Distribution of sediments on the sea floor Seabed Resources Study of Sediments is important to oceanography because: 1. Sediments and volcanism are the most important agents of physical
Instructor: Ms. Terry J. Boroughs Geology 305 INTRODUCTION TO ROCKS AND THE ROCK CYCLE
DATE DUE: Name: Instructor: Ms. Terry J. Boroughs Geology 305 INTRODUCTION TO ROCKS AND THE ROCK CYCLE Instructions: Read each question carefully before selecting the BEST answer Provide specific and detailed
FIRST GRADE ROCKS 2 WEEKS LESSON PLANS AND ACTIVITIES
FIRST GRADE ROCKS 2 WEEKS LESSON PLANS AND ACTIVITIES ROCK CYCLE OVERVIEW OF FIRST GRADE CHEMISTRY WEEK 1. PRE: Comparing solids, gases, liquids, and plasma. LAB: Exploring how states of matter can change.
Rocks and Plate Tectonics
Name: Class: _ Date: _ Rocks and Plate Tectonics Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. What is a naturally occurring, solid mass of mineral or
Deserts, Wind Erosion and Deposition
Deserts, Wind Erosion and Deposition By definition, a desert has less than 10 in (25 cm) of precipitation per year. Deserts occur at 30 o and 60 o in regions of descending air. Deserts can be hot or cold.
The rock cycle. Introduction. What are rocks?
The rock cycle This Revision looks at the three types of rock: sedimentary, igneous and metamorphic. It looks at how they are formed, the weathering of rocks and the way one form of rock turns into another,
Sedimentary Rocks and the Rock Cycle. Designed to meet South Carolina Department of Education 2005 Science Academic Standards
Sedimentary Rocks and the Rock Cycle Designed to meet South Carolina Department of Education 2005 Science Academic Standards 1 What are Rocks? (slide 3) Major Rock Types (slide 4) (standard 3-3.1) The
FIFTH GRADE ROCKS 2 WEEKS LESSON PLANS AND ACTIVITIES
FIFTH GRADE ROCKS 2 WEEKS LESSON PLANS AND ACTIVITIES WEEK 1. PRE: Describing a chemical reaction. LAB: Illustrating how molecules move. POST: Comparing salt and sugar crystals. ROCK CYCLE OVERVIEW OF
Clastic/Detrital Sedimentary Rocks. I.G.Kenyon
Clastic/Detrital Sedimentary Rocks I.G.Kenyon Characteristics of Sedimentary Rocks Formed at or very close to the earth s surface Deposited in layers or beds - often horizontal Frequently contain fossils
How can you tell rocks apart?
How can you tell rocks apart? Grade Range: 4-7 G.L.E Focus: 1.1.5 Time Budget: 1 1.5 hours WASL Vocabulary: Overview: Different rocks have different characteristics because of their minerals, the ways
Rock Identification. Introduction
Introduction Rock Identification In our everyday lives, we often find confusion between the terms rock and mineral. People will sometimes use the terms interchangeably since they are both found in the
SGL MATERIALS OF THE EARTH Lecture 6 C.M. NYAMAI LECTURE 6 6.0 NATURE AND CLASSIFICATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS OBJECTIVES
LECTURE 6 6.0 NATURE AND CLASSIFICATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS 6.1 INTRODUCTION Welcome to Lecture 6. In the last lecture we looked at the nature and classification of igneous rocks. We established that
Sedimentary Rock Formation Models. 5.7 A Explore the processes that led to the formation of sedimentary rock and fossil fuels.
Sedimentary Rock Formation Models 5.7 A Explore the processes that led to the formation of sedimentary rock and fossil fuels. The Formation Process Explained Formation of these rocks is one of the important
What are Rocks??? Rocks are the most common material on Earth. They are a naturally occurring collection of one or more minerals.
The Rock Cycle What are Rocks??? Rocks are the most common material on Earth. They are a naturally occurring collection of one or more minerals. The Rock Cycle a cycle that continuously forms and changes
Ch6&7 Test. Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Ch6&7 Test Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Which of the following does NOT change the form of existing rock? a. tremendous pressure c.
Rocks and Minerals What is right under your feet?
Rocks and Minerals What is right under your feet? Name: 1 Before you start What do you already know? What is the difference between a rock and a mineral? What are the three categories of rocks? 1. 2. 3.
Weathering, Erosion, and Soils. Weathering and Erosion. Weathering and Erosion
Weathering, Erosion, and Soils 1 The Grand Canyon, a landscape shaped by weathering and erosion 2 Weathering vs. erosion Types of weathering Physical Chemical Rates of weathering and erosion Climate Rock
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS. Teacher Guide including Lesson Plans, Student Readers, and More Information
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS Teacher Guide including Lesson Plans, Student Readers, and More Information Lesson 1 - Overview of Sedimentary Rocks Lesson 2 - Classifying Sedimentary Rocks Lesson 3 - Sand (Lab) Lesson
Earth Structure, Materials, Systems, and Cycles
Page 1 of 19 EENS 3050 Tulane University Natural Disasters Prof. Stephen A. Nelson Earth Structure, Materials, Systems, and Cycles This page last updated on 31-Aug-2016 Objectives Since this course is
Rock Identification Lab
Rock Identification Lab Name Mineral Hardness Objective: You will determine the relative hardness of common objects relative to the known hardness of index minerals. We will use fingernail, copper, glass,
2 Wind Erosion and Deposition
CHAPTER 3 2 Wind Erosion and Deposition SECTION Agents of Erosion and Deposition BEFORE YOU READ After you read this section, you should be able to answer these questions: How can wind erosion shape the
The concepts developed in this standard include the following: Oceans cover about 70% of the surface of the Earth.
Name Date Grade 5 SOL 5.6 Review Oceans Made by SOLpass - www.solpass.org solpass100@comcast.net Reproduction is permitted for SOLpass subscribers only. The concepts developed in this standard include
Igneous, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic Rocks Earth Science Rock Lab. Introduction
Igneous, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic Rocks Earth Science Rock Lab Introduction A rock is any natural aggregate composed of minerals, mineraloids, glass, or organic particles. There are three primary rock
Ocean Floor Continental Slope Begins at the Continental Shelf Very sharp drop to depths over 2 miles Covered with thick layers of sand, mud, and rocks
Ocean Floor Continental Shelf Begins at the shoreline Gently slopes underwater Average depth of 430 feet Thick layers of sand, mud, and rocks The beach is part of the Continental Shelf Ocean Floor Continental
Summary of Basalt-Seawater Interaction
Summary of Basalt-Seawater Interaction Mg 2+ is taken up from seawater into clay minerals, chlorite, and amphiboles, in exchange for Ca 2+, which is leached from silicates into solution. K + is taken up
Chapter 3. Sedimentary Rocks
Chapter 3 Sedimentary Rocks Rivers that flow into the Gulf of Mexico through Alabama and other Gulf Coast states are typically brown, yellow-orange or red in color due to the presence of fine particulate
1. Michigan Geological History Presentation (Michigan Natural Resources)
1. Michigan Geological History Presentation (Michigan Natural Resources) The Michigan Geological History Presentation provides an overview of the approximately 3 billion years of Earth Processes that the
EARTH SCIENCE 110 INTRODUCTION to GEOLOGY MINERALS & ROCKS LABORATORY
EARTH SCIENCE 110 INTRODUCTION to GEOLOGY DR. WOLTEMADE NAME: SECTION: MINERALS & ROCKS LABORATORY INTRODUCTION The identification of minerals and rocks is an integral part of understanding our physical
1. A student found a sample of a solid material that was gray, shiny and made of all the same material. What category does this sample best fit?
Grade 4 Standard 3 Unit Test A Earth Materials Multiple Choice 1. A student found a sample of a solid material that was gray, shiny and made of all the same material. What category does this sample best
8/18/2014. Chapter 9: Erosion and Deposition. Section 1 (Changing Earth s Surface) 8 th Grade. Weathering
Section 1 (Changing Earth s Surface) Weathering the chemical and physical processes that break down rock at Earth s surface Chapter 9: Erosion and Deposition 8 th Grade Mechanical weathering when rock
Igneous rocks formed when hot molten material (magma) cools and hardens (crystallizes).
Objectives You will learn about how the land of North Dakota was formed. Introduction North Dakota is a wonderful place to live. Have you ever though about how it was formed? To answer that question, you
How Did These Ocean Features and Continental Margins Form?
298 10.14 INVESTIGATION How Did These Ocean Features and Continental Margins Form? The terrain below contains various features on the seafloor, as well as parts of three continents. Some general observations
6. Base your answer to the following question on the graph below, which shows the average monthly temperature of two cities A and B.
1. Which single factor generally has the greatest effect on the climate of an area on the Earth's surface? 1) the distance from the Equator 2) the extent of vegetative cover 3) the degrees of longitude
Geologic History Review
1. The climate that existed in an area during the early Paleozoic Era can best be determined by studying (1) the present climate of the area (2) recorded climate data of the area since 1700 (3) present
TECTONICS ASSESSMENT
Tectonics Assessment / 1 TECTONICS ASSESSMENT 1. Movement along plate boundaries produces A. tides. B. fronts. C. hurricanes. D. earthquakes. 2. Which of the following is TRUE about the movement of continents?
TYPES OF ROCKS & THE ROCK CYCLE
Visit http://www.learner.org/interactives/rockcycle/index.html to complete the following questions and activities. TYPES OF ROCKS: 1. Click on TYPES OF ROCKS. Read the information on the webpage and answer
Basic Soil Erosion and Types
Basic Soil Erosion and Types 2015 Wisconsin Lakes Convention Stacy Dehne DATCP Engineer Types of Soil Erosion Rain drop or splash erosion: Erosion preceded by the destruction of the crumb structure due
Earth Science Grade 4 Minerals
Earth Science Grade 4 Minerals Standards: Identifies the physical properties of minerals Teacher Background Minerals are pure substances and mix together to make rocks. Rocks have a cycle and different
Continental Drift. Alfred Wegener (1880-1930) Proposed that all of the continents were once part of a large supercontinent - Pangaea Based on:
Plate Tectonics and Continental Drift Continental Drift Alfred Wegener (1880-1930) Proposed that all of the continents were once part of a large supercontinent - Pangaea Based on: Similarities in shorelines
http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/oceans narrated by sylvia earle/oceans overview 71% is covered by the Earth's Ocean
Chapter 13 Exploring the Oceans Section 1 Earth's Ocean List the major divisions of the global ocean. Describe the history of Earth's oceans Identify the properties of ocean water. Describe the interactions
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS INTRODUCTION. Weathering, erosion and deposition
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS INTRODUCTION Weathering, erosion and deposition The start of sedimentary rocks is the weathering process of the rock cycle as surface materials are weathered they decay to particles and
WEATHERING, EROSION, and DEPOSITION REVIEW
WEATHERING, EROSION, and DEPOSITION REVIEW Weathering: The breaking up of rock from large particles to smaller particles. a) This Increases surface area of the rock which speeds the rate of chemical weathering.
Earth Science Landforms, Weathering, and Erosion Reading Comprehension. Landforms, Weathering, and Erosion
Reading Comprehension Name 1 How many people have been to the Rocky Mountains or the Grand Canyon? When people go to visit these natural wonders, they may not realize that it took millions of years for
SECOND GRADE ROCKS 1 WEEK LESSON PLANS AND ACTIVITIES
SECOND GRADE ROCKS 1 WEEK LESSON PLANS AND ACTIVITIES ROCK CYCLE OVERVIEW OF SECOND GRADE CHEMISTRY WEEK 1. PRE: Comparing the states of matter. LAB: Observing the elements on the periodic table. POST:
1. The diagram below shows a cross section of sedimentary rock layers.
1. The diagram below shows a cross section of sedimentary rock layers. Which statement about the deposition of the sediments best explains why these layers have the curved shape shown? 1) Sediments were
Rapid Changes in Earth s Surface
TEKS investigate rapid changes in Earth s surface such as volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, and landslides Rapid Changes in Earth s Surface Constant Changes Earth s surface is constantly changing. Wind,
Atoms and Elements. Atoms: Learning Goals. Chapter 3. Atoms and Elements; Isotopes and Ions; Minerals and Rocks. Clicker 1. Chemistry Background?
Chapter 3 Atoms Atoms and Elements; Isotopes and Ions; Minerals and Rocks A Review of Chemistry: What geochemistry tells us Clicker 1 Chemistry Background? A. No HS or College Chemistry B. High School
Soils, Foundations & Moisture Control
Soils, Foundations & Moisture Control Soil The top loose layer mineral and/or organic material on the surface of the Earth that serves as a natural medium for the growth of plants and support for the foundations
The Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS) Correlation to. EarthComm, Second Edition. Project-Based Space and Earth System Science
The Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS) Achieve, Inc. on behalf of the twenty-six states and partners that collaborated on the NGSS Copyright 2013 Achieve, Inc. All rights reserved. Correlation to,
GEOL 414/514 CARBONATE CHEMISTRY
GEOL 414/514 CARBONATE CHEMISTRY Chapter 6 LANGMUIR SOLUBILITY OF CALCITE CaCO 3 in nature: calcite & aragonite Reaction with strong acid: CaCO 3 + 2H + Ca +2 + H 2 O + CO 2 Reaction with weak acid: CaCO
Earth Materials: Intro to rocks & Igneous rocks. The three major categories of rocks Fig 3.1 Understanding Earth
Earth Materials: 1 The three major categories of rocks Fig 3.1 Understanding Earth 2 Intro to rocks & Igneous rocks Three main categories of rocks: Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic The most common minerals
Water & Climate Review
Water & Climate Review 1. The cross section below shows the direction of air flowing over a mountain. Points A and B are at the same elevation on opposite sides of the mountain. 4. The graph below shows
Water and Weathering. Chapter 11
Chapter 11 Water and Weathering In Unit 2, you learned about energy in the Earth system. In Unit 3, you learned about plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanoes. These are examples of Earth systems that
Earth Science. River Systems and Landforms GEOGRAPHY 1710. The Hydrologic Cycle. Introduction. Running Water. Chapter 14.
Earth Science GEOGRAPHY 1710 River Systems and Landforms DAVID R. SALLEE Robert W. Christopherson Charlie Thomsen Chapter 14 Introduction Rivers and streams are dynamic systems that continually adjust
Foundations of Earth Science (Lutgens and Tarbuck, 6 th edition, 2011)
EAS 100 Study Guide to Textbook Foundations of Earth Science (Lutgens and Tarbuck, 6 th edition, 2011) STUDY GUIDE 8/2010 The textbook for EAS 100, Foundations of Earth Science, by Lutgens and Tarbuck
The formation of polluted mine water
The formation of polluted mine water Abandoned Mine Drainage How it happens How we can fix it Bruce Golden Western PA Coalition for Abandoned Mine Reclamation What we ll cover Brief Discussion about Mining
College of Science and Health ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & GEOGRAPHY Course Outline
College of Science and Health ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & GEOGRAPHY Course Outline 1. TITLE OF COURSE AND COURSE NUMBER: General Geology ENV 115, 4 credits 2. DESCRIPTION OF THE COURSE: Includes the study
6.E.2.2 Plate Tectonics, Earthquakes and Volcanoes
Name: Date: 1. The road shown below was suddenly broken by a natural event. 3. The convergence of two continental plates would produce Which natural event most likely caused the crack in the road? island
Topics: The Petroleum System. Origin of Petroleum. Arguments for biogenic origin. Google search : Origin of Petroleum : Hugoton Gas Field (Kansas)
The Petroleum System Topics: Origin of Petroleum Controversy Carbon Cycle Global Implications Petroleum System Gas Oil Water Origin of Petroleum Long standing debate: Where does rock oil come from? Organic
Foundations of Earth Science (Lutgens and Tarbuck, 5 th edition, 2008)
EAS 100 Study Guide to Textbook Foundations of Earth Science (Lutgens and Tarbuck, 5 th edition, 2008) STUDY GUIDE 1/08 The textbook for EAS 100, Foundations of Earth Science, by Lutgens and Tarbuck is
P1: Rock identification (I)
P1: Rock identification (I) Examine the rocks specimens provided with the aid of these notes. All the rocks come from Ireland, as detailed on the attached map. Answer the short question on each specimen
5-Minute Refresher: WEATHERING AND EROSION
5-Minute Refresher: WEATHERING AND EROSION Weathering and Erosion Key Ideas Weathering is the wearing away of the surface of rock, soil, and minerals into smaller pieces. Example of weathering: Wind and
BOWEN'S REACTION SERIES
BOWEN'S REACTION SERIES Purpose John J. Thomas Frequently, people cannot visualize the mineral associations that form the sequences of igneous rocks that you find in the earth's crust and what happens
Metamorphic rocks are rocks changed from one form to another by intense heat, intense pressure, and/or the action of hot fluids.
Metamorphic Rocks, Processes, and Resources Metamorphic rocks are rocks changed from one form to another by intense heat, intense pressure, and/or the action of hot fluids. Protolith or parent rock is
Ride the Rock Cycle. Suggested Goals: Students will gain an understanding of how a rock can move through the different stages of the rock cycle.
Illinois State Museum Geology Online http://geologyonline.museum.state.il.us Ride the Rock Cycle Grade Level: 5 6 Purpose: To teach students that the rock cycle, like the water cycle, has various stages
CHAPTER 6 THE TERRESTRIAL PLANETS
CHAPTER 6 THE TERRESTRIAL PLANETS MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Which of the following is NOT one of the four stages in the development of a terrestrial planet? 2. That Earth, evidence that Earth differentiated.
Geological Importance of Sand Compatibility for Sustaining Beaches (Economically Wasteful and Environmentally Damaging Beach Renourishment )
Geological Importance of Sand Compatibility for Sustaining Beaches (Economically Wasteful and Environmentally Damaging Beach Renourishment ) Harold R. Wanless Katherine L. Maier (Donald F. McNeill) Department
Georgia Performance Standards Framework for Science Grade 6. Unit Organizer: Water in Earth s Processes. (Approximate Time: 5-6 Weeks)
The following instructional plan is part of a GaDOE collection of Unit Frameworks, Performance Tasks, examples of Student Work, and Teacher Commentary. Many more GaDOE approved instructional plans are
Chesapeake Bay Governor School for Marine and Environmental Science
Choose the best answer and write on the answer sheet provided. 1. Which of the following is LEAST likely to be an effect of global warming? (a) Loss of fertile delta regions for agriculture (b) Change
Lesson 13: Plate Tectonics I
Standards Addressed Lesson 13: Plate Tectonics I Overview Lesson 13 introduces students to geological oceanography by presenting the basic structure of the Earth and the properties of Earth s primary layers.
1. Which weather station model for a New York State location indicates that snow may be about to fall?
1. Which weather station model for a New York State location indicates that snow may be about to fall? 4. Weather-station measurements indicate that the dewpoint temperature and air temperature are getting
Hardness Comparisons
Hardness Comparisons Hardness Adapted from: An original Creek Connections activity. Creek Connections, Box 10, Allegheny College, Meadville, Pennsylvania 16335. Grade Level: all Duration: 50 minutes Setting:
Oil and Gas Terms. Anticline: An arch of stratified rock layers that may form a trap for hydrocarbons.
Oil and Gas Terms American Petroleum Institute (API): The API is the trade organization for the oil and gas industry, which establishes standards governing industry operations, safety and the manufacturing
Introduction to Classification of Rocks Using the Building Stones of the Brooklyn College Campus
Rocks and Stones EESC 1101 Introduction to Classification of Rocks Using the Building Stones of the Brooklyn College Campus Rocks and stones are not exactly the same thing: a rock is a natural material
Communities, Biomes, and Ecosystems
Communities, Biomes, and Ecosystems Before You Read Before you read the chapter, respond to these statements. 1. Write an A if you agree with the statement. 2. Write a D if you disagree with the statement.
FOURTH GRADE PLATE TECTONICS 1 WEEK LESSON PLANS AND ACTIVITIES
FOURTH GRADE PLATE TECTONICS 1 WEEK LESSON PLANS AND ACTIVITIES PLATE TECTONIC CYCLE OVERVIEW OF FOURTH GRADE VOLCANOES WEEK 1. PRE: Comparing different structures of volcanoes. LAB: Modeling three types
5 th Grade Science Vocabulary Words
5 th Grade Science Vocabulary Words abiotic factor A nonliving part of an ecosystem. acceleration Change in velocity with respect to time. action The force one object applies to a second, as in Newton
Regents Questions: Plate Tectonics
Earth Science Regents Questions: Plate Tectonics Name: Date: Period: August 2013 Due Date: 17 Compared to the oceanic crust, the continental crust is (1) less dense and more basaltic (3) more dense and