The Phosphorus Cycle
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1 The Phosphorus Cycle No gaseous form, present in + 5 valence state phosphate PO3 (4-) Lecture Outline Introduction Global Cycle Overview Major Forms Anthropogenic Influences Terrestrial Processes Freshwater Processes Ocean Processes 1
2 Introduction Phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient for all life 12 th Most abundant element in the lithosphere Major role in biological metabolism RNA ATP DNA Phospholipids Major Reservoirs From: Biogeochemistry of Wetlands, Reddy and Delaune (2008) 2
3 Introduction P is an essential nutrient Marine phytoplankton: 106CO H 2 O + 16NH 3 + H 3 PO 4 + hv C 106 H 179 O 68 N 16 P + 106O 2 (organic matter) Terrestrial plants: 830CO H 2 O + 9NH 3 + H 3 PO 4 + hv C 830 H 1230 O 604 N 9 P + 830O 2 Phosphorus: forms and characteristics Phosphate: PO 4 3- Simplest form of phosphorus in the environment Only form that is readily available for biotic uptake. Highly reactive with cations (e.g. Fe, Ca) AKA: Soluble Reactive Phosphate (SRP) 3
4 The Global Phosphorus Cycle Units: metric tons Treatise on Geochemistry (2 nd Edition), Holland and Turekian Eds. The Global Phosphorus Cycle Units: metric tons running downhill 4
5 Global phosphorus cycle Pools (10 15 g P) Fluxes (10 12 g P yr -1 ) available 25 Black S 1997 Red S and B The Global Phosphorus Cycle No significant gaseous component Phosphine gas PH 3 is made in reduced settings and has been measured over the ocean (Lightning by interaction with P containing soil dust) Atmospheric P associated with dust and sea spray 5
6 The Global Phosphorus Cycle 5 major parts: 1) Tectonic uplift 2) Erosion and chemical weathering 3) River transport to lakes and oceans 4) Sedimentation and burial 5) Eventual uplift completes the cycle Phosphorus: Anthropogenic impacts Major use of P is in agriculture also detergents Also use in home lawn/gardens 6
7 Phosphorus is in limited supply Phosphorus: Anthropogenic impacts Most P mined from marine sedimentary rocks. Biggest P mine in the US is in Florida 7
8 Nature v461- Estimate reserves will last 125 years at our current rate 80% comes from sedimentary deposits Rest igneous and weathering products and guano Phosphorus: Anthropogenic impacts Deforestation increases P loading to streams can cause eutrophication Since no major atmospheric source of P, once it is removed in biomass and erosion then the land can become infertile Almost all P in rainforest is in living material Dams have stopped transport to oceans 8
9 Phosphorus: Anthropogenic impacts P from domestic sewage, human waste and detergents. Historically in the US 2 million tons of P in detergents annually (7-12% of weight of detergent was P) Phosphorus: Anthropogenic impacts Many other anthropogenic sources: plasticisers, flame-retardants, corrosion inhibitors, pesticides, food processing, garbage leachate, livestock industries--feedlots Overall: 3X increase in ocean P loading above pre industrial levels 9
10 Phosphorus: Terrestrial Processes P is very efficiently recycled in ecosystems. From Schlesinger, 1991 Phosphorus: Terrestrial Processes Apatite mineral Ca 5 (PO 4 ) 3 OH P Crustal abundance: (0.1%) Bedrock weathering is the main P source in soils Weathered phosphate can be taken up by plants OR React with Al and Ferric oxides 10
11 Phosphorus: Terrestrial Processes Phosphorus: Terrestrial Processes P availability is controlled by precipitation of Al and Fe in low ph soils & Ca in high ph soils 5.7 is ideal ph for P availability. Organic acids can increase P availability by inhibiting the crystallization of Al and Fe hydrous oxides From Elements April
12 Phosphorus: Terrestrial Processes How plants deal with low P availability in soil: Increase root volume Re-absorb P from leaves before litter fall and/or quickly recycle P in litter fall. Phosphorus: Terrestrial Processes How plants deal with low P availability in soil: Mycorrhizae: Fungi that have a symbiotic relationship between them and the plant root Release enzymes and oxalic acids that can: increase weathering of apatite, solubilize Fe, Al, and Ca bound P, and remove Fe, Al, and Ca from solution through chelation and precipitation. 12
13 Phosphorus: Terrestrial Processes 3 locations of Terrestrial P: Bedrock, soil, living organisms. Table 1 (modified) Phosphorus: Freshwater Processes-- Groundwater P in groundwater is low even in areas of high soil P it is tightly bound in insoluble minerals and/or quickly scavenged by plants 13
14 Phosphorus: Freshwater Processes-- Rivers The main global flux of P is in rivers >90% of P in rivers is particle bound Phosphorus: Freshwater Processes-- Rivers Phosphate buffering mechanism- Suspended sediments can act as a source/sink for dissolved inorganic P (DIP) Protects against P depletion and excess pollution 14
15 Phosphorus: Freshwater Processes-- Lakes Often in limited supply, but too much can cause problem eutrophication Reliant on watershed inputs Phosphorus: Freshwater Processes-- Lakes P is a good measure of lake productivity: <5 ug/l = low productivity >100 ug/l high productivity. 15
16 Phosphorus: Freshwater Processes-- Lakes Phosphorus: Freshwater Processes-- Lakes Much of the hypolimnetic increase in P is near the sediments 16
17 Phosphorus: Freshwater Processes-- Lakes Under oxic conditions the P exchange equilibrium is unidirectional towards the sediments P concentration in sediments is much greater than overlying water and is bound with ferrous iron, If the sediment micro-zone is oxic, then the release of P is prevented. When it is anoxic, P is released due to ferric oxide reduction LAKES 17
18 Phosphorus: Freshwater Processes-- Lakes Seasonal effect: Summer higher temperatures, more OM loading, more microbial activity = anoxic conditions During summer soluble P accumulates in the hypolimnion with fall turnover, ferrous iron is oxidized and precipitates out P as ferric phosphate. Phosphorus: Ocean Processes River inputs are the main source of P to the oceans Some particulate bound P released as ph of water changes or if deposited under certain conditions (anoxic) Some is taken up by algae and some is directly deposited Ocean sediments are the largest store of global P 18
19 Phosphorus: Ocean Processes P stimulates primary productivity in oceans Seawater: C:N:P - 1,000:15:1 Marine phytoplankton: C:N:P - 106:16:1 N and P are closely limiting N most but varies spatially Phosphorus: Ocean Processes Global Warming The limiting nature of P links it to climate change C and P cycles linked through photosynthesis Marine phytoplankton: 106CO H 2 O + 16NH 3 + H 3 PO 4 + hv C 106 H 179 O 68 N 16 P + 106O 2 Terrestrial plants: 830CO H 2 O + 9NH 3 + H 3 PO 4 + hv C 830 H 1230 O 604 N 9 P + 830O 2 19
20 Phosphorus: Ocean Processes Global Warming P limits primary productivity, which influences atmospheric CO 2 levels Interesting feedback to consider. During cold periods, sea level drops, exposing coastal sediments (high in P) to erosion remobilizing P, enhancing productivity and reducing CO2 and enhancing cooling trends. 20
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