NEW radiation conduction convection stability temperature inversion

Transcription

1 Name Earth s Atmosphere How does Earth s atmosphere affect life on Earth? Before You Read Before you read the chapter, think about what you know about Earth s atmosphere Record your thoughts in the first column Pair with a partner, and discuss his or her thoughts Write those thoughts in the second column Then record what you both would like to share with the class in the third column Date Think Pair Share Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Vocabulary Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Lesson 4 NEW atmosphere water vapor troposphere stratosphere ozone layer ionosphere REVIEW liquid NEW radiation conduction convection stability temperature inversion ACADEMIC process NEW wind trade winds westerlies polar easterlies jet stream sea breeze land breeze NEW air pollution acid precipitation photochemical smog particulate matter A Lesson Content Vocabulary page for each lesson is provided in the Chapter Resources Files Earth s Atmosphere 117

2 Lesson 1 Describing Earth s Atmosphere Scan Lesson 1 Read the lesson titles and bold words Look at the pictures Identify three facts that you discover about Earth s atmosphere Record these facts in your Science Journal Importance of Earth s Atmosphere 409 Define atmosphere, and identify four things the atmosphere does for Earth Atmosphere: a thin layer of gases surrounding Earth 1 provides oxygen and water 2 acts as an insulator, regulating temperature 3 protects organisms from some of the Sun s harmful rays 4 protects Earth s surface from meteorites Origins of Earth s Atmosphere 410 Write the number of each event on the time line to describe how Earth s atmosphere changed over time 1 Photosynthetic organisms remove carbon dioxide from the air and release oxygen 2 Water vapor cools and condenses Rain falls, evaporates, and eventually accumulates in oceans 3 Atmosphere contains present levels of carbon dioxide, oxygen, nitrogen, and other gases 4 Atmosphere is mainly water vapor with a little carbon dioxide and nitrogen Early atmosphere Present time Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc 118 Earth s Atmosphere

3 Lesson 1 Describing Earth s Atmosphere (continued) Composition of the Atmosphere 411 Assess information about the atmosphere Read each statement below If the statement is true, write true on the line If the statement is false, write false on the line and rewrite the underlined portion so that it is true Earth s atmosphere is mostly made of visible gases, including nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide False; invisible Solid and liquid particles are also present in the atmosphere True 411 Identify the gases that make up Earth s atmosphere Percent a b Gases in the Atmosphere Gas nitrogen oxygen water vapor argon Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc 411 c carbon dioxide d ozone Identify solid and liquid particles in the atmosphere Particles in the Atmosphere Solids Liquids a pollen a water droplets b dust b acids from volcanic c salt eruptions d volcanic ash c acids from burning e soot from exhaust fossil fuels Earth s Atmosphere 119

4 Lesson 1 Describing Earth s Atmosphere (continued) Layers of the Atmosphere Describe the layers of the atmosphere First, list the layers in order from the surface to space Identify the height of each layer Then describe each layer 413 Layer and Height above Earth s Surface Exosphere above 500 km Layers of the Atmosphere Description Sample answers are shown Pressure and density are so low that gas molecules can be kilometers apart; air molecules move so rapidly that some escape to space 413 Thermosphere extends from about 85 km to more than 500 km This layer contains very few gas molecules; protects Earth from meteorites; includes part of the ionosphere; auroras, colors emitted by the ionosphere s electrically charged particles, are found here Mesosphere extends from about 50 km to about 85 km Stratosphere extends from about 15 km to about 50 km Troposphere from the surface to a height of 8 15 km Distinguish ozone from oxygen Ozone O 3, made of 3 oxygen atoms; effectively absorbs harmful UV rays This layer contains very few gas molecules; protects Earth from meteorites; includes part of the ionosphere Bottom half contains the ozone (O 3 ) layer, which absorbs the Sun s ultraviolet rays more effectively than O 2 ; UV absorption causes temperatures in the stratosphere to increase with height As height increases, temperature decreases; warmest part of troposphere is near Earth s surface; weather occurs in this layer Oxygen O 2, made of 2 oxygen atoms Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc 120 Earth s Atmosphere

5 Lesson 1 Describing Earth s Atmosphere (continued) Identify the 2 layers of the atmosphere that contain the ionosphere 1 mesosphere 2 thermosphere Explain, in your own words, how auroras form in the ionosphere Auroras form when the ionosphere s electrically charged particles are exposed to sunlight They emit vivid colors that are most visible at Earth s North Pole and South Pole Air Pressure and Altitude 414 Temperature and Altitude 414 Describe the relationship between altitude and air pressure As altitude increases, air pressure decreases Identify the changes in temperature and altitude in the d ifferent layers of the atmosphere Layer of the Atmosphere Altitude Temperature Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Troposphere Stratosphere Mesosphere Thermosphere Exosphere increases increases increases increases increases decreases increases decreases increases increases Suppose that you move from a town near the ocean to a town in the mountains To what atmospheric changes would your body need to adjust? Accept all reasonable responses Sample answer: Air pressure is greater at sea level than it is high in the mountains Higher pressure causes the air to be denser, and therefore more oxygen is available for people to breathe If a person were to move from sea level to the mountains, his or her body would need to adjust to lower air pressure and less available oxygen Earth s Atmosphere 121

6 Lesson 2 Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere Predict three facts that will be discussed in Lesson 2 after reading the headings Record these facts in your Science Journal Energy from the Sun 418 Define radiation R adiation: the transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves Identify the 3 forms of radiation that make up most of the Sun s energy visible light ultraviolet light infrared radiation Compare and contrast infrared and ultraviolet light Energy on Earth 419 Students should color the graph according to the percentages listed Infrared wavelengths longer than visible light; felt as heat Both near-visible energy from the Sun; absorbed by atmosphere Ultraviolet wavelengths shorter than visible light; overexposure harmful to humans Color the circle graph to represent the portion of radiation reflected and absorbed by Earth s surface and atmosphere Complete the key to show what each color indicates 20% 25% 50% 5% KEY 25% reflected back to space by particles in the atmosphere 20% absorbed by particles in the atmosphere 50% absorbed by Earth s surface 5% reflected back by land and sea surfaces Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc 122 Earth s Atmosphere

7 Lesson 2 Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere (continued) Radiation Balance 420 Explain how radiation levels are kept in balance Incoming Solar radiation that reaches Earth s surface is absorbed by land, trees, soil, and oceans Outgoing Earth emits absorbed radiation back toward the Sun in the form of infrared radiation The Greenhouse Effect 420 Identify three greenhouse gases, and include their chemical formulas water vapor (H 2 O) carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) methane (CH 4 ) Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc 420 Students should draw a yellow arrow indicating light from the Sun Red arrows should indicate the infrared energy that radiates away from Earth as well as some of the outgoing radiation that is directed back toward Earth Thermal Energy Transfer 421 Draw a yellow arrow to indicate the incoming visible light Draw red arrows to indicate the paths of infrared energy Sunlight Greenhouse Effect Greenhouse gases Earth s surface Identify and define 3 ways that thermal energy is transferred 1 2 radiation: the transfer of thermal energy by electromagnetic waves conduction: the transfer of thermal energy by collisions between particles of matter 3 convection: the transfer of thermal energy by the movement of matter from one place to another Earth s Atmosphere 123

8 Lesson 2 Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere (continued) 421 Identify each type of energy transfer Sun radiation surface air convection conduction 421 Describe latent heat s relationship to water, and give an example Latent heat is exchanged when water changes from one phase to another Example: When water turns to ice, energy (latent heat) is released into the atmosphere When frozen water absorbs energy (latent heat), it changes to liquid water Circulating Air 422 Describe how air moves as it is heated and cooled Indicate what happens at each position Position 1: As air warms, it becomes less dense and i s pushed upward by cooler air sinking under it Position 2: As air moves away from the warm surface, it loses heat and cools Cool air is denser than warm air, so it begins to sink Position 3: Cool air sinks and pushes the warm air out of the way Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc 422 Define stability Stability: the property of the atmosphere that describes whether rising or sinking air motions will be strong or weak 124 Earth s Atmosphere

9 Lesson 2 Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere (continued) 422 Distinguish the motion of stable and unstable air Motion of Stable Air weak rising and sinking air motions Motion of Unstable Air strong rising and sinking air motions Explain air movement during a thunderstorm During unstable conditions, ground level air is much warmer than higher-altitude air Air rises rapidly, cools, and produces large, tall clouds Latent heat, released as water vapor, changes from a gas to a liquid, adds to the instability, and produces a violent storm Sequence a temperature inversio n Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Ground-level air is nearly the same temperature as A layer of a layer of A trap higher-level air cooler air temperature inversion pollution warmer air is trapped by above it prevents air from mixing and can in the air close to Earth s surface While on a picnic in the Rocky Mountains, you notice that clouds form and disappear at the top of the peaks How can you explain this phenomenon? Accept all reasonable responses Sample answer: Air moving over a mountain range must rise and flow over it As the air rises, it cools Water vapor condenses and forms a cloud As the air moves over the mountain, it begins to sink The air warms, and liquid water in the air again changes to water vapor Earth s Atmosphere 125

10 Lesson 3 Air Currents Skim Lesson 3 in your book Read the headings and look at the photos and illustrations Identify three things you want to learn more about as you read the lesson Write your ideas in your Science Journal Global Winds 427 Explain the formation of Earth s global winds The Sun heats Earth s surface unevenly because of the angle at which the Sun s light strikes the surface This uneven heating causes differences in air pressure Low pressure develops over the tropics High pressure develops over the poles The movement of air from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure is called wind Global wind belts influence a climate b weather Global Winds Belts Assess information about circulation in Earth s atmosphere Read each statement below If the statement is true, write true on the line If the statement is false, write false on the line and rewrite the underlined portion so that it is true Two of the three cells that scientists use to describe circulation of Earth s atmosphere are conduction cells False; convection The first belt begins with warm air rising at the equator and dropping back to Earth near 30 latitude True The third cell, at the lowest latitude, is also a convection cell False; highest Explain the Coriolis effect Coriolis effect: The rotation of Earth causes moving air and water to appear to turn to the right in the northern Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc hemisphere and to the left in the southern hemisphere 126 Earth s Atmosphere

11 Lesson 3 Air Currents (continued) Analyze prevailing win ds Winds Trade Doldrums Westerlies Polar easterlies Description steady winds that flow toward the equator from east to west between 30 N latitude and 30 S latitude areas of high pressure and light, calm winds at about 30 N latitude and 30 S latitude steady winds that flow from west to east between latitudes 30 N and 60 N and between latitudes 30 S and 60 S cold winds that blow from east to west near the North Pole and the South Pole 429 Jet stream a narrow band of high winds, commonly located near the top of the troposphere; influences weather Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Local Winds 430 Compare and contrast a sea breeze and a land breeze Sea Breeze b lows during the day; blows from the water to the land Both winds caused by local temperature and pressure differences Land Breeze blows during the night; blows from the land to the water An airplane pilot flying from California to New York would like to make the flight in the shortest amount of time possible What could the pilot do to decrease his travel time? Accept all reasonable responses Sample answer: The pilot could enter the jet stream and cut his travel time by using these strong east-blowing winds Earth s Atmosphere 127

12 Lesson 4 Air Quality Scan Lesson 4 Read the lesson titles and bold words Look at the pictures Identify three facts that you discover about Earth s air quality Write these facts in your Science Journal S ources of Air Pollution Identify the 2 general sources of air pollution, and give an example of each 1 Point-source: emissions from factories or power plants that burn fossil fuel 2 Nonpoint-source: emissions from all the cars in a city or from aerobic bacteria in swamps Causes and Effects of Air Pollution 435 Cause Analyze the causes and effects of air pollution Effect Acid precipitation 1 changes water chemistry 2 weathers objects made of stone Particulate Pollution damages plant and animal tissue 2 reduces visibility 3 causes difficulty breathing De fine particulate matter Then list three ways in which particulates can harm humans P articulate matter : a mixture of dust, acids, and other chemicals that can be harmful to human health Photochemical smog asthma bronchitis heart attacks Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc 128 Earth s Atmosphere

13 Lesson 4 Air Quality (continued) Movement of Air Pollution 436 Identify the problems of wind moving or not moving air pollution When the wind blows, it carries pollution with it When the wind does not blow, pollution does not mix with the surrounding air, and pollution levels can grow to dangerous levels Maintaining Healthful Air Quality 437 Describe two aspects of the Clean Air Act 1 The Clean Air Act gives the US government the power to set air quality standards 2 The standards require states to monitor air pollution levels 437 Complete the statement to explain how monitoring air quality helps people Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Air Quality Trends 438 Sample answers are shown If air pollution levels are too high then the public is notified of danger and advised to limit outdoor activities Identify four sources of indoor air pollution 1 tobacco smoke 3 cleaning products 2 radon leaks 4 pesticides Suppose that a doctor has just diagnosed you with a respiratory problem She has suggested that you remove sources of air pollution from your living space What could you do? Accept all reasonable responses Sample answer: Ban tobacco smoke and pesticides from inside the house Use only safe cleaning products that will not contribute to the problem Replace upholstered furniture, carpets, and draperies with materials that will not hold dust particles Discontinue using the fireplace Have an expert check for radon Earth s Atmosphere 129

14 Review Chapter Wrap-Up Earth s Atmosphere Now that you have read the chapter, think about what you have learned Use this checklist to help you study Complete your Foldables Chapter Project Study your Science Notebook on this chapter Study the definitions of vocabulary words Reread the chapter, and review the charts, graphs, and illustrations Review the Understanding Key Concepts at the end of each lesson Look over the Chapter Review at the end of the chapter Reread the chapter Big Idea and the lesson Key Concepts Explain how Earth s atmosphere affects life on Earth Accept all reasonable responses Sample answer: Earth s atmosphere provides the oxygen, water, and temperature regulation needed for life to survive on Earth Earth s atmosphere protects living things from some of the Sun s harmful rays and protects Earth s surface from meteorites The unequal heating of Earth s land and water causes convection currents called winds Local winds help to moderate air temperatures near large bodies of water Global winds move heat from the tropics to the poles Weather occurs in the atmosphere as water circulates between the surface and the air Earth s atmosphere can become polluted To preserve the quality of Earth s atmosphere, people have made laws to limit and to monitor pollution Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Challenge What is being done in your community to improve air quality? What could you do to promote the effort? 130 Earth s Atmosphere