Resources and Reserves

Transcription

1 Resources and Reserves Trans-Alaska Pipeline, Alaska Estimated Nonrenewable Energy Resources Worldwide Fossil Fuels Fig

2 Changes in U.S. Use of Energy Resources The Carbon Cycle and Fossil Fuels* * Stored solar energy! How do oil and gas deposits form? production preservation maturation migration trapping 2

3 Thermal Conditions of Oil Formation C (also depends on time) oil wet gas dry gas gone Fault Trap Fig Salt Dome Trap Fig

4 F.Y.I. U.S. production of oil has been decreasing since U.S. consumption has been largely increasing since at least we presently import over 50% of all the oil we use in the U.S. Estimated Worldwide Oil Reserves by Region At the End of 2000 Fig The Process of Forming Coal Peat Lignite Bituminous Coal Anthracite Fig

5 U.S. Coal Fields Fig Indiana Coal Strip Mine: Before Reclamation Fig Indiana Coal Strip Mine: After Reclamation Fig

6 Per Capita Energy Consumption There are not enough Energy or Mineral Resources for the rest of the world to have Our lifestyle World Energy Demand Transitional economies Developing countries Developed countries (OECD) Fig World Primary Energy Production Developing countries Transitional economies Developed countries (OECD) 6

7 Energy Resources Hydrocarbons (Captured Solar Energy) Created in 200,000,000 years Depleted in 200 years Oil Shale Tar Sand Gas (Methane) Hydrate Crystalline Structure of Methane Hydrate 7

8 Locations of Methane Hydrate Deposits Methane Hydrate from Blake Ridge, offshore Florida Alternatives to Fossil Fuels 1. nuclear energy advantages: virtually inexhaustible supply disadvantages : dangerous waste 8

9 Radioactive waste leached into slow moving groundwater(1) as well as into the Columbia River(2) Box 23.1 Alternatives to Fossil Fuels 2. solar energy advantages: virtually inexhaustible supply disadvantages :very expensive with current technology; and not as portable as hydrocarbons Solar Cells in Nepal Fig

10 Alternatives to Fossil Fuels 3. geothermal energy advantages: cheap and clean disadvantages : cannot be transported long distances Geothermal Energy in California Alternatives to Fossil Fuels 4. Wind Energy advantages: clean and quiet disadvantages :expensive with current technology; birds; opposition from (wealth) home owners 10

11 Energy Alternatives Environmental Footprint 18 Wheeler Human Activities Could Result in Changes in: Atmospheric composition and circulation Sea ice and extent of glaciers Land surface, vegetation, and ecosystems The hydrologic cycle Fig Oceanic circulation, sea level, and geochemistry 11

12 Before and After the Effects of Acid Rain Fig Burning high-sulfur coal generates atmospheric sulfuric acid which falls as acid rain down-wind, wind, to the northeast. Fig

13 Rains became more acidic and affected broader areas until sulfur-reducing reducing regulations were enacted Fig reducing acid rain in the Northeast, however coal-fired power plants in the Southwest have increased acid rain there. Fig What are the greenhouse gases? (excluding H 2 O) Carbon Dioxide: 49% Methane: 18% CFC s : 14% Nitrous Oxides: 6% Others: 13% 13

14 Fig Projected Changes in Ozone Concentration With and Without the Montreal Protocol Fig Global Temperatures Compared to Increased CO 2 Concentration Fig. 23.8a 14

15 Projected Changes in Global Temperature Under Three Different Scenarios Continued reliance on fossil fuels increased reliance on nonfossil fuels Range of uncertainty Rapid conversion to cleaner and more resource-efficient efficient technologies Fig b Global warming is projected to reduce the north polar ice cap, disrupting Arctic ecosystems, but possibly improving navigation. Fig Shorter Pack Ice Season is causing Stress for Polar Bears 15

16 Runaway Greenhouse or Snowball? Grotzinger et al., 2007 Potential Climate-Change Change Effects on Various Systems Systems Potential Effects Table 23.1 Potential Climate-Change Change Effects on Various Systems Systems Potential Effects Table

17 Mineral Resources Your House Comes From the Ground 250,000 lbs of minerals/metals are mined to make a 2,000 ft 2 house U.S. annual per capita consumption U.S. imports large percentage of its metals Mining would not be so expensive and destructive if metals were naturally concentrated 17

18 Kennecott Bingham Canyon mine, Utah (0.8 km by 4 km) A line of Ore Trucks Ore Truck Ore Truck Tire (Geophysicist for scale) 18

19 One of 2000 abandoned mines in Colorado Oil, Natural Gas, Coal and Sedimentary Rocks contain Sulfur Sulfur + Water + Oxygen -> Sulfuric Acid Sulfuric acid from weathering of pyrite Acid leaches out heavy metals Process continues for centuries 19

20 Acid Mine Drainage (ph = 3), Mike Horse Mine, Montana AMD remediation, Mike Horse Mine Treatment of AMD 20

21 Cyanide Heap Leach Gold Recovery Cyanide drip lines Ore must be crushed Pregnant Pond (gold in cyanide solution) Note - netting to keep birds/animals out Six Billion People Produce a Lot of Waste. What do we do with it? Wash it away? 21

22 Relative Contributions to Total U.S. Solid Waste Full, graded landfill prior to planting World s Largest Landfill, NYC 22

23 U.S. Toxic Waste generated in 1981 Sources of Pollution/Density Modern Landfill design with Lechate and Methane controls 23