DISCRETE MATHEMATICS WITH COMPUTER SCIENCE APPLICATIONS Fall 2009

Transcription

1 MATH E-104 DISCRETE MATHEMATICS WITH COMPUTER SCIENCE APPLICATIONS Fall 2009 Instructor: Dr. Thomas Koshy Telephone: (O) 1. TEXT: K. H. Rosen, Discrete Mathematics and Its Applications, 6th edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, OBJECTIVES: 1. Gaining factual knowledge. Learning the fundamental concepts, notations, and facts in discrete mathematics. 2. Learning fundamental principles, theories, or generalizations. Predicting conclusions via inductive reasoning. Establishing the validity of such conclusions. Following and appreciating the development of proofs of theorems. Applying the course material in problem-solving. 3. Improving rational thinking, decision-making, and problem-solving. Sharpening problem-solving skills and techniques. Creating simple and short proofs. Developing computational and writing skills. Enhancing the ability for rational thinking. 4. Developing a sense of mathematical maturity. 5. Developing a sense of personal responsibility. 6. Gaining a broad understanding and appreciation of intellectual pursuit. 7. Raising the intellectual curiosity level. 3. COURSE OUTLINE: Chapters 1-4, 6, and 8 Topics Discussed: LOGIC: Symbolic logic, fuzzy logic, arguments, and proof techniques. SETS: Sets, set operations, fuzzy sets, cardinality, recursively defined sets, and formal languages. FUNCTIONS AND MATRICES: Functions, special functions, properties of functions, pigeonhole principle, composition, the summation and product notations, and matrices.

2 ALGORITHMS and THEIR COMPLEXITIES: Standard searching and sorting algorithms, Division algorithm, divisibility properties, Euclidean algorithm, nondecimal bases, induction, algorithm correctness, growth of functions, big-oh, big-omega, and big-theta notations, and complexities of algorithms. RECURSION: Recursion, Fibonacci and Lucas numbers, Pell and Pell Lucas numbers, Pell walks, solving recurrence relations, recursive algorithms, correctness and complexities of recursive algorithms, and generating functions. COMBINATORICS: Fundamental counting principles, permutations, derangements, combinations, permutations and combinations with repetitions, binomial theorem, and the numbers of surjections and derangements. GRAPHS: Graph terminology, paraffins and Pascal-like triangles, isomorphic graphs, paths, cycles, circuits, Eulerian and Hamiltonian graphs, planar graphs, graph coloring, and Fibonacci trees. CATALAN NUMBERS: Catalan numbers, permutations revisited, rail road tracks, and binary and full binary trees. 3. EXAMINATIONS (all closed book): Hour Exams: Sept. 22, Oct. 20, Nov. 17 Final Exam (cumulative): Tuesday, Dec. 15, points each 200 points 4. HOMEWORK: 100 points Homework problems are assigned every week and are due every Tuesday. They are due in class and no late arrivals are accepted, except in case of emergency or death in immediate family (see the para on make-ups). They are worth 100 points. All assignments must be done independently without any outside help; in other words, no collaborative work is acceptable. Solutions must be complete with complete justifications for full credit. Solutions that look similar will be assigned zero grade. 5. PROGRAMMING ASSIGNMENTS: 100 points Mandatory for graduate students. Penalized at 5% per weekday for late arrivals. Not accepted two weeks after due dates. Last day for submitting assignments is January 06, MAKEUPS: All tests must be taken on time. No make-ups will be given except in the case of a real emergency, serious illness, or death in the immediate family, which must be substantiated. In such a case, the instructor must

3 be contacted as soon as possible. If you fall ill on a test day, a physician's note to the effect that you would not be able to attend the class, must be produced. In the case of a death, a copy of an obituary must be presented. All make-ups, if applicable, must be taken on the first day you return to the class. Schedule your appointments to avoid conflicts with the class meetings, especially, the tests. 7. SCIENTIFIC CALCULATORS: A scientific calculator is strongly recommenced for use in class and on examinations. Get used to the various function keys and refer to a manual as often as needed. If you need to buy one, get a graphing calculator, say, TI-89; it is a good investment into the future! 8. ATTENDANCE: Not mandatory, but can be very helpful. If you miss a class, it is your responsibility to find out from others in class to find out what was said, discussed, and assigned in class. 9. OFFICE HOURS: Every Tuesday 5:00-5:30 p.m., after class, or by appointment. 10. TEACHING ASSISTANT: TBA 11. REVIEW SECTIONS: TBA 12. SUGGESTED REFERENCES: K. P. Bogart, Discrete Mathematics, D. C. Heath, J. Bradley, Introduction to Discrete Mathematics, Addison-Wesley J. A. Dossey, et al, Discrete Mathematics, HarperCollins, Glenview, Illinois, R. L. Graham, et al, Concrete Mathematics, Addison-Wesley, R. P. Grimaldi, Discrete and Combinatorial Mathematics: An Applied Introduction, 5th ed., Pearson, R. Johnsonbaugh, Discrete Mathematics, Macmillan, K. Kalmanson, An Introduction to Discrete Structures and its applications, Addison-Wesley, B. Kolman, et al, Discrete Mathematical Structures, 4th edition,

4 Prentice-Hall, T. Koshy, Fibonacci and Lucas Numbers with Applications, Wiley, New York, T. Koshy, Discrete Mathematics with Applications, Elsevier, Burlington, MA, T. Koshy, Elementary Number Theory with Applications, 2nd edition, Academic Press, Boston, T. Koshy, Catalan Numbers with Applications, Oxford University Press, New York, F. S. Roberts, Applied Combinatorics, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, S. Roman, An Introduction to Discrete Mathematics, 2nd edition, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, New York, K. A. Ross and C. R. B. Wright, Discrete Structures, 3rd ed., Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, GRADING: Total Number of Points: Hour-Exams 300 points Homework 100 Programming Assignments 100 Final Exam (cumulative) 200 Total: 700 Grading Policy: Your grade for the course depends on the number of points you will have earned by the end of the course, as defined by the following table: Range in percentage letter grade A A B B B C C C D D D E A Final Word: Study the material every day; review the material every weekend; do the assignments in advance; score as many points as possible in each category. Factors such as class participation could contribute to your

5 final grade, especially if yours is a borderline case. MATH E-104 HOMEWORK Fall 2009 All homework solutions must be legible, complete, and independent, written on regular 8½ 11 paper. If more than one sheet is needed, staple all sheets together in an orderly fashion. All assignments are due in class and no late arrivals will be entertained. 1. Exercises 20, 26c, 28f, 30e, 38, 60 p Exercises 10d, 30, 32, 50a, 50b p Exercises 6e, 6f, 8c, 8d, 14, 24 p Exercises 4, 8, 12a-h p Exercises 2, 4d, 4e, 14a p Exercises 18d, 18e, 24, 26c, 36, 50 p Exercises 10c, 10f, 14d, 16d, 18b p Exercises 8, 14, 20 p Exercises 16, 26, 28, 32 p Exercises 6, 14, 16, 26, 28 p Exercises 4c, 4d, 6, 8b, 18, 24d, 26 p Exercises 6, 12, 16 p Exercises 2c, 4c, 8b, 12, 26a, 48c p Exercises 22, 4d, 6g, 10, 20 p Exercises 4a, 4f, 14 p Exercises 12, 16,, 20, 30, 32d p Exercises 8, 12, 18, 20, 22 p Exercises 10, 12, 14, 16a, 16b p Exercises 14, 26, 28, 48 p Exercises 2, 8, 12, 18, 24, 34, 40 p Exercises 4, 26, 32, 36 p Exercises 4, 8, 20, 24 p Exercises 4, 8, 18, 20 p. 673

6 PROGRAMMING ASSIGNMENTS Your programs must be your own independent creations. They must have all standard features, such as prologues, detailed comments, indentation, error-checking, modular, and tabular output with proper headings. They must be as general as possible and should never abort. Assignment I Due: Sept Check if a (p q) (q r) (r s) (p s) is a tautology. 2. Determine if (p (q (r s))) (p q) (r s). Assignment II Due: Sept Read in two sets A and B, where U = {1,2,, n}. Print the bit-representations of A and B. Use them to find the elements in A B, A B, A, A B, A B, and A B, and their cardinalities. 4. Read in an arbitrary sequence of characters that include left and right parentheses, each containing at most 31 characters. Determine if each sequence is consists of legally paired parentheses. Assignment III Due: Oct January 1, 2000 fell on a Saturday. Determine the day of the week of January 1, 1776 and January 1, Print the calendar for February for the years 2999 and Place two queens on an 8 8 chessboard, if possible, such that one cannot attack the other. Print the total number of solutions, if they exist. Assignment IV Due: Oct Suppose you place one grain of wheat on the first square of a chess board, 2 on the second square, 4 on the third square, 8 on the fourth square, and so on. Compute the number of grains of wheat needed for the last square and the total number of grains on the chess board. 8. Construct a table of values of the Fermat numbers f n = 2^(2^n) + 1, where 0 n 6. Identify each value as prime or composite. Assignment V Due: Nov Suppose the Tower of Brahma puzzle consists of 20 disks. Print the various moves and the number of moves needed to transfer them from peg X to peg Z using peg Y as an intermediary step. 10. Print all triangular numbers 10,000 that are squares, say, (ab) 2. Make a table of the numbers a and b; do they follow any patterns? If yes, predict them. Assignment VI Due: Nov Print all solutions of the LDE x 1 + x 2 + x 3 + x 4 + x 5 = 13, where x i 0, and the number of such solutions. Redo the problem if x i > Read in a positive integer n, and list all subsets and permutations of the set {1,2,3,...,n} in lexicographic order.

7 παγε 8 Assignment VII Due: Dec Read in a positive integer n and the various edges {i,j} of a graph G with n vertices labeled 1 through n, where 1 n 12.. Print the following:. The adjacency matrix of G.. The degree of each vertex.. The linked list representation of G.. Determine if G is a simple graph.. Determine if G is a complete graph. 14. Read in a positive integer n. Determine if a knight at an arbitrary position {i,j} on an n n chessboard can visit every square on the chessboard; if yes, print the chessboard indicating the order of the squares visited; print also each row sum, each column sum, and the two diagonal sums. Is the resulting n n array a magic square? If so, why? If not, why not?

8 παγε 9 A FEW SUGGESTIONS FOR STUDYING MATHEMATICS 1. Read a few sections in advance before each class. 2. Always go to the class prepared. Be prepared to ask and answer questions. 3. Do not skip classes. The information is cumulative; every step counts. 4. Always take down notes (on the RHS of your notebook; use the LHS for problems in the book). 5. Always have some scrap paper and a pencil with you. 6. Study the material taught in class on the same day. 7. Write the definitions, properties, and theorems in your own words. Develop a working vocabulary on the subject. (Remember, math is a language.) 8. Keep on writing formulas, definitions, and facts, preferably in your own words. 9. Study the examples done in class; close your notebook; try to do them on your own. If you cannot do them without any help, study them again and then try again. Similarly, study the examples in the text and do them yourself. 10. After studying (as in step 9) the relevant portion of the section, do the corresponding exercises at the end of the section. 11. Do not skip steps or write over previous steps. 12. If you can't solve a problem because it involves a new theorem, formula, or some property, then restudy the relevant portion of the section. 13. Do math every day. Remember, practice is the name of the game. 14. Math can be learned in "small quantities" only. 15. Work with others whenever helpful. 16. Look for help when in doubt or trouble. (e.g. friend or tutor.) 17. Make the best use of your instructor's office hours. 18. Since math is a cumulative subject, you must build a good foundation to do additional work. 19. Use your time wisely and carefully. 20. Always review earlier materials before each week. Things must be fresh in your mind to build upon them.

9 παγε 10 HOW TO PREPARE FOR AN EXAM? 1. Review the definitions, formulas, and theorems. Practice writing them down. 2. Study every example worked out in class. 3. Do a few typical problems from every section. 4. On the night before the exam, go to bed early and get a good night's sleep; otherwise you won't be able to concentrate during the exam and your mind will wander around. 5. Do not stay up late trying to learn any new material. 6. On the morning of the exam, glance over all materials, for easy recollection, especially, formulas and theorems. HOW TO TAKE AN EXAM? 0. Take enough writing tools (and a good scientific calculator, if allowed for use in the exam). 1. Take a few minutes to glance over every problem quickly. 2. Next, do the problems that are easiest for you and those that carry the most weight. 3. Always write the formula, if a formula is involved. 4. Save all your work on scrap paper for later verification. 5. Then do the less easy ones. 6. Whenever possible, save enough time for checking your answers at the end. 7. Always save time to double-check the solutions that carry the most weight. Good Luck