3. In which sex is the urethra part of the reproductive system? A) male B) female C) male and female D) neither male nor female Ans: A

Transcription

1 Chapter 16: The Urinary System 1. Which is an excretory waste? A) feces B) bacteria C) urea 2. Where are the kidneys located? A) ventral region of the thorax B) lumbar region C) ventral region of the pelvis D) dorsal region of the thorax 3. In which sex is the urethra part of the reproductive system? A) male B) female C) male and female D) neither male nor female 4. Which sex has a ureter? A) male B) female C) male and female D) neither male nor female 5. The ureter carries urine from the A) medulla. B) pyramid. C) cortex. D) pelvis. 6. Which kidney structure provides urine? A) pyramid B) nephron C) pelvis Page 129

2 7. Of what does the nephron consist? A) glomerular capsule B) proximal and convoluted collecting tubules figure Which letter in figure 16.1 points to the glomerulus? Ans: a 9. Which letter in figure 16.1 points to the proximal convoluted tubule? Ans: c 10. Which letter in figure 16.1 points to the efferent arteriole? Ans: b 11. Which letter in figure 16.1 points to the collecting duct? Ans: d 12. Which is a nitrogenous waste? A) ammonia B) urea C) uric acid 13. Which is formed from the breakdown of amino acids? A) urea B) uric acid C) creatinine Page 130

3 14. Which is part of the circulatory system? A) glomerular capsule B) glomerulus 15. Protein 16. Salts 17. Urea 18. Glucose 19. Why are some salts excreted? A) they are end products of metabolism B) to maintain proper salt concentration in the blood C) they are not excreted Page 131

4 figure Which letter in figure 16.2 indicates filtration? Ans: a 21. Which letter in figure 16.2 indicates tubular reabsorption? Ans: b 22. Which letter in figure 16.2 indicates tubular secretion? Ans: c 23. Which letter in figure 16.2 indicates movement of water, glucose, and urea? Ans: a 24. Which letter in figure 16.2 indicates movement of water and nutrients, but no waste? Ans: b 25. Which letter in figure 16.2 indicates movement of water and wastes, but no nutrients? Ans: d 26. Tubular reabsorption is by A) active transport. B) passive transport. C) active transport and passive transport. 27. ADH A) is secreted by the posterior pituitary gland. B) helps maintain the blood volume. C) helps regulate water reabsorption. D) is described by all of these characteristics. Page 132

5 28. Diuretics A) decrease water reabsorption. B) raise blood volume. C) raise blood pressure. D) are described by all of these characteristics. 29. Aldosterone A) is a hormone produced by the adrenal cortex. B) causes sodium to be reabsorbed into the blood. C) increases blood pressure. D) is described by all of these characteristics. 30. Renin is secreted by A) the posterior pituitary gland. B) the adrenal cortex. C) the juxtaglomerular apparatus The kidneys A) control blood volume. B) regulate the electrolyte balance of blood. C) control acid-base balance. D) are described by all of these characteristics. 32. Excess uric acid A) is routinely removed by dialysis. B) may form crystals that collect in joints. C) is due to overactive tubular secretions. D) is routinely removed by dialysis and due to overactive tubular secretions. 33. State the parts of the nephron and describe the steps involved in urine production. Ans: The parts of the nephron are the glomerular capsule, glomerulus, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of the nephron, and distal convoluted tubule. The first step in urine formation is pressure filtration which occurs in the glomerular capsule. Here water, nutrient molecules, and waste molecules are moved from the glomerulus into the glomerular capsule. The second step is tubular reabsorption. During this process nutrient and salt molecules are reabsorbed into the peritubular capillary and water follows. The third step is tubular secretion occurring mainly in the distal tubule. During this process, waste molecules are actively secreted into the distal tubule. Page 133

6 34. Explain ADH's role in the control of blood volume. DH controls the amount of water secreted in urine. The more water secreted, the thicker the blood. 35. The renal function in the elderly is greatly decreased. Besides the kidneys being smaller, what is the other most significant change that contributes to their decreased function? Ans: Glomeruli degenerate and are destroyed. 36. Explain the difference between excretion and defecation. Ans: Excretion deals with eliminating the waste products of metabolism from the body. Defecation deals with the elimination of undigested material from the digestive tract. The undigested material is not a waste product of metabolism. 37. List the nonexcretory functions of the kidneys. Ans: The kidneys secrete the enzyme renin which helps to maintain blood pressure and the hormone erythropoietin which stimulates the production of red blood cells. 38. List the primary ways by which water enters and is lost by the body. Ans: Water enters the body as part of the foods and liquids that we consume. In addition, water is a product of many metabolic reactions. Water is lost by the body as a result of sweating, exhalation of air, elimination of feces, and production of urine. 39. Describe the components of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Ans: When blood volume and pressure decline, cells of the afferent arterioles in the kidneys secrete the enzyme renin. Renin converts a plasma protein called angiotensinogen into angiotensin I. In the lungs, angiotensin I is converted into angiotensin II which stimulates the adrenal cortexes to secrete aldosterone. Aldosterone promotes sodium reabsorption in the kidneys, which in turn causes water reabsorption and an increase in blood volume. 40. List and briefly describe the three primary components of extracellular fluid. Ans: Extracellular fluid includes 1) Tissue fluid that directly bathes the body cells, 2) Plasma, the fluid component of blood, and 3) Lymph fluid within lymphatic vessels. 41. Describe how carbonic acid and the bicarbonate ion function to help maintain a constant blood ph. Ans: When blood ph becomes too basic, carbonic acid dissociates releasing hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions. When blood ph becomes too acidic, bicarbonate ions combine with hydrogen ions to form carbonic acid. Page 134

7 42. Which is a function of the urinary system? A) excretion of metabolic wastes B) secretion of hormones C) maintenance of acid-base balance D) All of these choices are correct. 43. Hemodialysis A) can be used to add substances to the blood. B) removes waste products from the blood. C) utilizes an artificial kidney. D) All of these choices are correct. 44. A urinary tract infection that invades the kidneys is called A) cystitis B) pyelonephritis C) urethritis 45. Which structure is least important for the reabsorption of water? A) collecting duct B) distal convoluted tubule D) proximal convoluted tubule 46. Which structure is lined by cells bearing microville? A) collecting duct B) distal convoluted tubule D) proximal convoluted tubule 47. When is hemodialysis performed, and what does it accomplish? Ans: Hemodialysis is used to remove nitrogenous wastes from the blood and add needed substrates. It is used in patients with renal failure. 48. Mr. Black has been diagnosed as having benign prostate hyper-plasia. What symptoms would you expect him to have and why? Ans: When the prostate gland enlarges it causes pressure on the urethra, causing weak or interrupted urine flow, high frequency of urination, and painful urination. Page 135